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Can boats sail faster than the wind propelling them? - BBC Science Focus Magazine Sep 04, �� Novice sailors often find the most difficult point of sail is sailing as close to the wind as you can get � sailing to windward, or close-hauled. You can�t sail directly into the wind so you have to steer what is called the best course to windward in English nautical terminology. This means pointing your boat up into the wind as high as possible while maintaining speed. If you go too far into the wind . In general, the closest angle to the wind that a ship can sail is usually around 35 to 45 degrees, and it depends on the exact boat, the exact sails and the exact wind strength. Most sailboats can sail at an angle closer to the wind as the wind gets stronger. Some modern yachts can sail very near to the wind, while older ships, especially square-rigged ships, are much worse at it. Thus when a ship is tacking, it is moving both upwind and across the wind. Sailing on a course as close to the wind as possible�approximately 45��is termed beating, a point of sail when the sails are close-hauled. At 90� off the wind, a craft is on a beam reach. At � off the wind, a craft is on a broad reach. At � off the wind (sailing in the same direction as the wind), a craft is running downwind.
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Some modern yachts can sail very near to the wind, while older ships, especially square-rigged ships, are much worse at it. Thus when a ship is tacking, it is moving both upwind and across the wind. Crosswind movement is not desired, and may be very much undesirable, if for instance the ship is moving along a narrow channel.

Therefore, the ship changes tack periodically, reversing the direction of cross-wind movement while continuing the upwind movement. The interval between tacks depends in part on the lateral space available: in a small navigable channel, tacks may be required every few minutes, while in the open ocean days may pass between tacks, provided that the wind continues to come from the same general direction. In older vessels that could not sail close to the wind, beating could be an expensive process that required sailing a total distance several times the distance actually traveled upwind.

When beating to windward , often your desired destination although still in the no sail zone, is not aligned directly upwind - to the eye of the wind. In this case one tack becomes more favorable than the other - it angles more closely in the direction you wish to travel than the other tack does.

Then the best strategy is to stay on this favorable tack as much as possible, and shorten the time you need to sail on the unfavorable tack.

This will result in a faster passage with less wasted effort. Your overall course then is not an equal zig-zag as in the diagrams above, but more of a saw tooth pattern. If while on this tack the wind shifts in your favor, called a "lift," and allows you to point up even more, so much the better, then this tack is even more favorable. But if the wind shifts against you and makes you fall off, called a "header," then the opposite tack may become the more favorable course.

Since conditions are always changing somewhat, a sailor must keep evaluating which tack, port or starboard is actually the most favorable. So with these concepts in mind, when the desired destination is exactly to windward, the most efficient strategy is given by the old racing adage to "Tack on a header. Sailing courses laid out for racing purposes always have one leg directly to windward. This is where the highest sailing skills often form the essence of the race.

Sail trim and keeping the boat moving most efficiently are of the utmost importance. In these circumstances tacking duels will often develop. Any boat in clear air to windward has an aerodynamic advantage over other boats.

To keep this advantage the lead boat will often try to "blanket" the trailing boat s by maneuvering to keep them in the disturbed foul air she is creating to her lee. This involves constant anticipation and balancing many different dynamic factors. Conversely the trailing boats will try to overtake or otherwise escape the bad air blanket created by the lead boat and head for clear air without losing too much speed or momentum. A tacking duel develops when two or more boats execute multiple usually excessive course changes tacking in very close quarters.

This often involves bending, or breaking, the safety right-of-way-rules , and intentionally creating dangerous and threatening conditions between the dueling boats.

Each skipper is trying to gain the lead and the advantage of clear air. This can sometimes become counter-productive as some speed and time is always lost in each tack. The method of tacking of sailing craft differs, depending on whether they are fore-and aft , square-rigged, a windsurfer , or a kitesurfer. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.

November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Basic sailing maneuver, where ship turns its bow through the wind. Tacking from starboard tack to port tack. Wind shown in red. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Sports portal Transport portal. The Price of Admiralty. But for a boat with normal sails, the catch is that, downwind, you can only ever sail more slowly than the wind, even with a spinnaker.

Which is comfortable, but not the most interesting sailing. You know this force: In a strong wind, it is easier to walk, run or bicycle with the wind pushing on your back. Usually, the wind pushes you in the direction it is going. Sailing directly upwind exactly anti-parallel to the wind, like the boat at right is also easy to understand: it's impossible impossible with sails: a boat with a wind turbine driving a propellor could go directly upwind.

You just sit there with your sails flapping. This is also not interesting sailing. So let's think about In this diagram, the quantities force and velocity have arrows, because they have a magnitude as well as a direction.

Try this link for an Introduction to vectors. Note that nowhere in this argument did we need to say that the wind was faster than the boat. Now this force is mainly sideways on the boat, and it gets more and more sideways as you get closer to the wind. However, part of the force is forward: the direction we want to go. Why doesn't the boat drift sideways? Well it does a little, but when it does, the keel , a large nearly flat area under the boat, has to push a lot of water sideways.

The water resists this, and exerts the sideways force F k on the keel. This cancels the sideways component of F w. A little digression: the sideways components of wind and water on the boat make the boat heel tilt away from the wind, as is shown in the diagram below. These two horizontal Boat Sailing Close To The Wind 3d components have equal size but opposite direction: as forces they cancel, but they make a torque tending to rotate the boat clockwise.

This is cancelled by another pair of forces. The buoyancy and the weight are also equal and opposite, and they make a torque in the opposite direction. As the boat heels to starboard, the lead on the bottom of the keel, which has a substantial fraction of the weight, moves to port and exerts an anticlockwise torque.

These two torques cancel. So now back to our question:. Lots of boats can � especially the eighteen footer skiffs on Sydney Harbour. Ask a sailor how, and he'll say "These boats are so fast that they make their own wind", which is actually true.

Ask a physicist, and she'll say that it's just a question of vectors and relative velocities. Downwind diagram at left is easy. If the wind is 10 kt, and the boat makes 6 kt in the same direction, then the crew feels a wind of 4 kt coming over the stern of the boat.

The true wind v w equals the speed of the boat v b plus the relative wind v r. So you can't go faster than the wind. When the wind is at an angle, we have to add the arrows representing these velocities vector addition. The faster that the boat goes, the greater the relative wind, the more force there is on the sails, so the greater the force dragging the boat forwards. So the boat accelerates until the drag from the water balances the forward component of the force from the sails.

Why are eighteen footers always sailing upwind? In a fast boat, there's no point going straight downwind: you can never go faster than the wind. So you travel at an angle. But if your boat is fast enough, then the relative wind always seems to be coming mainly from ahead of you, as these arrows show.

So the eighteen footers never set ordinary spinnakers: they have asymmetrical sails that they can set even when they are travelling at small angles to the apparent wind. A good list of links to technical material , courtesy of Sailboat Technology. How can you trim the mainsail using blocks and pulleys to multiply your force? More about hull shapes, bouyancy and sails. Australian Marine Services Directory has links to weather services, marine services and other information.

Coriolis forces and the reasons behind the major ocean currents and winds.

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