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Kamaraj was instrumental in achieving this result. In , following a poor performance in the general election, Indira Gandhi started moving towards the political left. In mid, she was involved in a dispute with senior party leaders on a number of issues. The two major issues were Gandhi supporting the independent candidate, V. Giri , rather than the official Congress party candidate, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , for the vacant post of the President of India.

Gandhi's abrupt nationalization of the 14 biggest banks in India, which resulted in the resignation of the finance minister, Morarji Desai. Later in the year, the Congress party president, S. Nijalingappa , expelled her from the party for indiscipline. Gandhi as a counter-move launched her own faction of the INC.

Gandhi's faction, called Congress R , was supported by most of the Congress MPs while the original party had the support of only 65 MPs.

It soon came to be known as the New Congress. After the separation of the two parties, there was also a dispute about the party logo. The "Old Congress" retained the party symbol of a pair of bullocks carrying a yoke while Indira's breakaway faction was given a new symbol of a cow with suckling calf by the Election Commission as the party election symbol. The split occurred when, in , a united opposition under the banner of Samyukt Vidhayak Dal , won control over several states in the Hindi Belt.

In the mid-term parliamentary elections held in , the Gandhi-led Congress R Party won a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as the elimination of poverty Garibi Hatao.

The New Congress Party's popular support began to wane in the mids. From , Gandhi's government grew increasingly more authoritarian and unrest among the opposition grew. On 12 June , the High Court of Allahabad declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India's parliament, void on the grounds of electoral malpractice. She moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest.

In response to increasing disorder and lawlessness, Gandhi's cabinet and government recommended that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declare a State of Emergency , which he did on 25 June based on the provisions of Article of the Constitution. During the nineteen-month emergency, widespread oppression and abuse of power by Gandhi's unelected younger son and political heir Sanjay Gandhi and his close associates occurred.

Gandhi lost her seat to her Janata opponent Raj Narain. On 2 January , she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress I �the "I" signifying Indira. During the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition. In November , Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat.

In January , following a landslide victory for Congress I , she was again elected prime minister. However, the designation I was dropped only in During Gandhi's new term as prime minister, her youngest son Sanjay died in an airplane crash in June Gradually, Indira Gandhi's politics and outlook grew more authoritarian and autocratic, and she became the central figure within the Congress Party.

As prime minister, she became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralization of power. Gandhi's term as prime minister also saw increasing turmoil in Punjab , with demands for Sikh autonomy by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his militant followers. This event is known as Operation Blue Star.

On 31 October , two of Gandhi's bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh , shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence in response to her authorisation of Operation Blue Star. In , Indira Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of Congress, and went on to become prime minister upon her assassination.

After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual. In , an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi. Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by P. Narasimha Rao , who was elected prime minister in June His administration oversaw major economic change and experienced several home incidents that affected India's national security.

Future prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies begun by Rao's government. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj, reversing the socialist policies of previous governments. By , the party's image was suffering from allegations of corruption, and in elections that year, Congress was reduced to seats, its lowest number in the Lok Sabha to that point.

Rao later resigned as prime minister and, in September, as party president. The general election saw Congress win seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest tally until then.

She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs, and had stayed away from politics.

After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party NCP , led by Sharad Pawar. The breakaway faction commanded strong support in the state of Maharashtra and limited support elsewhere. The remainder continued to be known as the Indian National Congress.

Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party in her early years as its president; she was under continuous scrutiny for her foreign birth and lack of political acumen. In the snap elections called by the National Democratic Alliance NDA government in , Congress' tally further plummeted to just seats. In the intervening years, the party was successful at various legislative assembly elections; at one point, Congress ruled 15 states.

With the subsequent support of the communist front, Congress won a majority and formed a new government. Despite massive support from within the party, Gandhi declined the post of prime minister, choosing to appoint Manmohan Singh instead. During its first term in office, the UPA government passed several social reform bills.

These included an employment guarantee bill, the Right to Information Act , and a right to education act. The NAC, as well as the Left Front that supported the government from the outside, were widely seen as being the driving force behind such legislation. The Left Front withdrew its support of the government over disagreements about the U.

Despite the effective loss of 62 seats in parliament, the government survived the trust vote that followed. The UPA as a whole won , enabling it to form a government for the second time. The social welfare policies of the first UPA government, and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP, are broadly credited with the victory.

By the Lok Sabha elections, the party had lost much of its popular support, mainly because of several years of poor economic conditions in the country, and growing discontent over a series of corruption allegations involving government officials, including the 2G spectrum case and the Indian coal allocation scam.

She was succeeded by her son Rahul Gandhi , who was elected unopposed in the Indian National Congress presidential election. Rahul Gandhi resigned from his post after the Indian general election , due to the party's dismal performance. The INC had managed to win only 52 seats, hence failing to provide an official Leader of the Opposition for a second consecutive term. The Congress Working Committee met on 10 August to make a final decision on the matter and passed a resolution asking Sonia Gandhi to take over as interim president until a consensus candidate could be picked.

As of [update] , the election symbol of Congress, as approved by the Election Commission of India , is an image of a right hand with its palm facing front and its fingers pressed together; [] this is usually shown in the centre of a tricolor flag.

The hand symbol was first used by Indira Gandhi when she split from the Congress R faction following the elections and created the New Congress I. The symbol of the original Congress during elections held between and was an image of two bullocks with a plough.

The party during the post-independence era has governed most of the States and union territories of India. In Maharashtra , it shares power as a junior ally with alliance partners Nationalist Congress Party , Shiv Sena and other smaller regional parties under the multi-party Maha Vikas Aghadi coalition. In Jharkhand , it shares power as a junior ally with Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.

The Congress has never been in power in Telangana upon its formation in Congress party supports the values of freedom , secularism , and equality. Throughout much of the Cold War period, Congress supported a foreign policy of nonalignment that called for India to form ties with both the Western and Eastern Blocs, but to avoid formal alliances with either.

The history of the economic policy of Congress-led governments can be divided into two periods. The first period lasted from independence, in , to and put great emphasis on the public sector. The second period began with economic liberalization in At the beginning of the first period, the Congress prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialization and advocated a mixed economy where the government-controlled public sector would co-exist with the private sector.

The government, therefore, directed investment primarily into key public-sector industries�steel, iron, coal, and power�promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.

Up to 80 government agencies had to be satisfied before private companies could produce something; and, if the licence were granted, the government would regulate production. In addition, many key sectors such as banking, steel coal, and oil were nationalized.

In , the new Congress-party government, led by P. Narasimha Rao, initiated reforms to avert the impending economic crisis. The goals of Rao's government were to reduce the fiscal deficit , privatize the public sector, and increase investment in infrastructure. Trade reforms and changes in the regulation of foreign direct investment were introduced in order to open India to foreign trade while stabilising external loans.

Rao chose Manmohan Singh for the job. Singh, an acclaimed economist and former chairman of the Reserve Bank, played a central role in implementing these reforms. Singh remained prime minister after the UPA won the general elections. The UPA government introduced policies aimed at reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies.

India was able to resist the worst effects of the global economic crisis of At present, Congress endorses a mixed economy in which the private sector and the state both direct the economy, which has characteristics of both market and planned economies. Congress advocates import substitution industrialisation�the replacement of foreign imports with domestic products.

Congress believes the Indian economy should be liberalised to increase the pace of development. In , The Congress-led government started the National Rural Health Mission, which employed about , community health workers.

It was praised by economist Jeffrey Sachs. Congress has continued the foreign policy started by P. Narasimha Rao. This includes the peace process with Pakistan , and the exchange of high-level visits by leaders from both countries. When in power between and , Congress worked on India's relationship with the United States.

US president George W. Bush visited India in March ; during this visit, a nuclear agreement that would give India access to nuclear fuel and technology in exchange for the IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors was proposed. Congress' policy has been to cultivate friendly relations with Japan as well as European Union countries including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Congress was structured in a hierarchical manner by Mahatma Gandhi when he took charge as the president of the party in Those elected as members of the states' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies; their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership.

The party is also organised into various committees, and sections; it publishes a daily newspaper, the National Herald. The AICC takes all important executive and political decisions. Since Indira Gandhi formed Congress I in , the President of the Indian National Congress has effectively been the party's national leader, head of the organisation, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman, and Congress' choice for Prime Minister of India.

Constitutionally, the president is elected by the PCCs and members of the AICC; however, this procedure has often been bypassed by the Working Committee, which has elected its own candidate.

Dynasticism is fairly common in many political parties in India, including the Congress party. This was characterized by servility and sycophancy towards the family which later led to hereditary succession of Rajiv Gandhi as successor after Indira Gandhi's assassination, as well as the party's selection of Sonia Gandhi as Rajiv's successor after his assassination, which she turned down.

Source: Pradesh Congress Committee []. The Congress has governed a majority of the period of independent India for 55 years , whereby Jawaharlal Nehru , Indira Gandhi and Manmohan Singh are country's longest-serving Prime Ministers.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Political party in India. Indian political party. Indian National Congress. Big tent [5] [6] Secularism [7]. Politics of India Political parties Elections. National State Working. Grassroots Women Students Youth Labour. Main article: History of the Indian National Congress. See also: Indian independence movement. BJP Coalition with BJP 6. INC 3. Coalition with INC 2. President's rule 2. No legislature 5.

See also: List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress. Legislative Assembly. Legislative Council. Further information: List of Prime Ministers of India. Main article: List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress. India portal Politics portal.

The Hindu. Retrieved 10 August Retrieved 17 December India Today. Retrieved 16 August Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. ISBN Retrieved 7 April Christopher; Fetzer, Joel S. Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press. Washington Post. Retrieved 31 May British Journal of Political Science. S2CID Progressive Alliance.

Archived from the original on 2 March Retrieved 20 March Socialist International. Archived from the original on 20 April India: Election Commission of India. Retrieved 9 May Rajya Sabha. Retrieved 14 July Retrieved 26 February Retrieved 29 July The Times of India.

Archived from the original on 5 November Retrieved 29 June The Quint. Times of India. Retrieved 27 July Encyclopaedia Britannica. It subsequently formed most of India's governments from the time of independence and often had a strong presence in many state governments. The History of the Indian National Congress. Working Committee of the Congress. The Indian Express. Pattabhi The history of the Indian National Congress � A Brief History of India.

Infobase Publishing. Wolpert University of California Press. Without any funds or any secretariat, however other than Hume Congress remained, during its first decade at least, more of a sounding board for elite Indian aspirations than a political party. South African History Online. Retrieved 25 May Grove Press. CAD India. Main Bharat Hun.

Archived from the original on 21 July Retrieved 3 May Ikram Indian Muslims and Partition of India. Atlantic Publishers. History Modern India. New Age International. Explaining Indian Democracy: The realm of institutions: state formation and institutional change.

Political ideas and movements in India. Retrieved 6 June The Economist. Hinton Major governments of Asia. Cornell University Press. Sachs Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Asia and Australasia. Worldmark Press. Rose School of Social and Political Science, Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 June Economic and Political Weekly. Daily News and Analysis. The British Broadcasting Corporation.

Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World. Penguin Books India. The Guardian. The Guardian archive. The Guardian News Portal. Kamaraj -Life History". The Perun Thalaivar organization. Press Information Bureau: Government of India. Abhinav Publications. Kamaraj: The Life and Times of K. Rupa Publications.

Gehlot The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandh. New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. Pradhan; Madhav Godbole 1 January Debacle to Revival: Y. Chavan as Defence Minister, � Orient Blackswan. Oxford University Press. Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 28 August Lal Bahadur Shastri, Churn of Conscience.

Eternal Gandhi. Pacific Affairs. Digital library of academic journals. JSTOR Indian Navy. Business Standard. Ananda Publishers. Wikileaks Forum. Archived from the original on 1 May Abhinav Publications, pp. Asian Survey , 10 3 , pp. The Economic Times. The Times Group.

Nijalingappa expelled Indira Gandhi from the Party". Aroon Purie. Retrieved 25 June Barkley; Rosser, Marina V. Comparative Economics in Transforming the World Economy. MIT Press. The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi. Gyan Publishing House. Election Commission of India.

Archived from the original PDF on 18 July Forbes India. Retrieved 17 September It is mentioned that this pattern is on the lines of Preliminary examination. There will be 3 Qs. Find all the details about the admit card below. Also, check the latest result updates Applicants must check and verify all the details mentioned on the admit card before the examination.

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Sahayak Samiksha Adhikari U. Public Service Commission 1 Bachelor's degree from a University established by law in India or a qualification recognized by the Government as equivalent thereto. Click on "Apply" Complete the application form with all the required details to finish the registration.

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