In , the internment of Japanese Canadians occurred when over 22, Japanese Canadians , comprising over 90 percent of the total Japanese Canadian population, from British Columbia were forcibly relocated and interned in the name of national security. The majority were Canadian citizens by birth. This forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan.
From shortly after the December 7, attack on Pearl Harbor until , Japanese Canadians were stripped of their homes and businesses and sent to internment camps and farms in British Columbia and some other parts of Canada. The official policy stated that Japanese Canadians must move east of the Rocky Mountains or be repatriated to Japan following the end of the war. Yet it was not until April 1, , that Japanese Canadians were Fishing Boats For Sale Gold Coast 88 granted freedom of movement and could re-enter the "protected zone" along B.
Starting as early as with the influx of Asian immigrants during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush , beliefs and fears about Asian immigrants began to affect the populace in British Columbia. Canadian sociologist Forrest La Violette reported in the s that these early sentiments had often been " Due to this fear, Canadian academic Charles H.
Young concluded that many Canadians argued that "Oriental labour lowers the standard of living of White groups". The argument was that many Chinese and Japanese immigrants in British Columbia lived in unsanitary conditions and were not inclined to improve their living space, thereby proving their inferiority and their unwillingness to become truly Canadian. Forrest E. La Violette refuted this claim by stating that while Japanese and Chinese immigrants did often have poor living conditions, both of the groups were hindered in their attempt to assimilate due to the difficulty they had in finding steady work at equal wages.
In reference to Japanese Canadians specifically, human geographer Audrey Kobayashi argues that prior to the war, racism "had defined their communities since the first immigrants arrived in the s. In , 3, Japanese immigrants held fishing licences and 50 percent of the total licences issued that year were issued to Japanese fishermen.
These numbers were alarming to European descended Canadian fishermen who felt threatened by the growing number of Japanese competitors. It was asserted that the Japanese had their own manner of living, [16] and that many who had become naturalized in Canada did so to obtain fishing licences rather than out of a desire to become Canadian. The situation was exacerbated when, in , the United States began prohibiting Japanese immigrants from accessing mainland America through Hawaii , resulting in a massive influx over 7, as compared to 2, in [18] of Japanese immigrants into British Columbia.
Largely as a result, on August 12, , a group of Vancouver labourers formed an anti-Asiatic league, known as the Asiatic Exclusion League , with its membership numbering "over five hundred".
By the time of the meeting, it was estimated that at least 25, people had arrived at Vancouver City Hall and, following the speakers, the crowd broke out in rioting, marching into Chinatown and Japantown.
The rioters stormed through Chinatown first, breaking windows and smashing store fronts. Alerted by the previous rioting, Japanese Canadians in Little Tokyo were able to repel the mob without any serious injury or loss of life. The influx of female immigrants � and soon after, Canadian-born children � shifted the population from a temporary workforce to a permanent presence, and Japanese-Canadian family groups settled throughout British Columbia and southern Alberta.
Some Japanese Canadians enlisted in the Canadian Forces. On the home front , many businesses began hiring groups that had been underrepresented in the workforce including women , Japanese immigrants, and Yugoslavian and Italian refugees who had fled to Canada during the war to help fill the increasing demands of Britain and its allies overseas.
Businesses that had previously been opposed to doing so were now more than happy to hire Japanese Canadians as there was "more than enough work for all". While they had been fighting in Europe , the Japanese had established themselves securely in many business and were now, more than ever, perceived as a threat to white workers. While groups like the Asiatic Exclusion League and the White Canada Association viewed Japanese Canadians as cultural and economic threats, by Fishing Boats For Sale Gold Coast 70 the s, other groups had begun to come forward to the defence of Japanese Canadians, such as the Japan Society.
In contrast to rival groups' memberships consisting of mostly labourers, farmers, and fishermen, the Japan Society was primarily made up of wealthy white businessmen whose goal was to improve relations between the Japanese and Canadians both at home and abroad. The heads of the organization included a "prominent banker of Vancouver" and a "manager of some of the largest lumbering companies in British Columbia.
Despite the work of organizations like the Japan Society, many groups still opposed Japanese immigration to Canada, especially in B.
Prior to the s, many Japanese labourers were employed as pullers, a job that required them to help the net men row the boats out to fish. The job required no licence, so it was one of the few jobs for first-generation Japanese immigrants who were not Canadian citizens. In , however, the government lifted a ban on the use of motorboats and required that pullers be licensed.
This meant that first-generation immigrants, known as Issei , were unable to get jobs in the fishing industry, which resulted in large�scale unemployment among these Issei. Second-generation Japanese Canadians, known as Nisei , and who were born in Canada, began entering the fishing industry at a younger age to compensate for this, but even they were hindered as the increased use of motorboats resulted in less need for pullers and only a small number of fishing licences were issued to Japanese Canadians.
This situation escalated in May when the Governor General abolished the puller licence entirely despite Japanese-Canadian protests. This resulted in many younger Japanese Canadians being forced from the fishing industry, leaving Japanese-Canadian net men to fend for themselves.
Later that year, in August, a change to the borders of fishing districts in the area resulted in the loss of licences for several Japanese-Canadian fishermen, who claimed they had not been informed of the change. Japanese Canadians had already been able to establish a secure position in many businesses during World War I, but their numbers had remained relatively small as many had remained in the fishing industry.
As Japanese Canadians began to be pushed out of the fishing industry, they increasingly began to work on farms and in small businesses. This outward move into farming and business was viewed as more evidence of the economic threat Japanese Canadians posed towards white Canadians, leading to increased racial tension. Racial tensions often stemmed from the belief of many Canadians that all Japanese immigrants, both first-generation Issei and second-generation Nisei , remained loyal to Japan alone.
As a result, as early as , there was talk of encouraging Japanese Canadians to begin moving east of the Rocky Mountains , [29] a proposal that was reified during World War II.
Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in , ignored the naval ratio set up by the Washington Naval Conference of , refused to follow the Second London Naval Treaty in , and allied with Germany with the Anti-Comintern Pact.
Because many Canadians believed that resident Japanese immigrants would always remain loyal to their home country, the Japanese in British Columbia, even those born and raised in Canada, were often judged for these militant actions taken by their ancestral home. When the Pacific War began, discrimination against Japanese Canadians increased.
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December , Japanese Canadians were categorized as enemy aliens under the War Measures Act , which began to remove their personal rights. The federal government also enacted a ban against Japanese-Canadian fishing during the war, banned shortwave radios, and controlled the sale of gasoline and dynamite to Japanese Canadians. Roosevelt signed Executive Order , which called for the removal of , people of Japanese ancestry from the American coastline.
Anne Sunahara , a historian of internment, argues that "the American action sealed the fate of Japanese Canadians. On February 25, the federal government announced that Japanese Canadians were being moved for reasons of national security.
Others were deported to Japan. Anne Sunahara argues that Keenleyside was a sympathetic administrator who advocated strongly against the removal of Japanese Canadians from the BC coast. He unsuccessfully tried to remind other government officials of the distinction between Japanese foreign nationals and Canadian citizens in regards to personal and civil rights. Frederick J. Mead was given the task of implementing several federal policies, including the removal of Japanese Canadians from the "protected zone" along the coast in Mead attempted to slow down the process, allowing individuals and families more time to prepare by following the exact letter of the law, which required a complicated set of permissions from busy government ministers, rather than the spirit of quick removal it intended.
However, it was not just government officials, but also private citizens, who were sympathetic to the Japanese-Canadian cause. Writing his first letter in January , Captain V. Best, a Salt Spring Island resident, advocated against mistreatment of Japanese Canadians for over two years.
William Lyon Mackenzie King served his final term as Prime Minister between and , at which point he retired from Canadian politics. He had served two previous terms as Prime Minister, but this period was perhaps his most well-known. His policies during this period included unemployment insurance and tariff agreements with the UK and the United States. Prime Minister King wrote in his diary daily for most of his life. These diary entries have provided historians with a sense of the thoughts and feelings King held during the war.
Historian N. Dreisziger has written that "though he undoubtedly considered himself a man of humanitarian outlook, he was a product of his times and shared the values of his fellow Canadians. He was�beyond doubt�an anti-Semite , and shouldered, more than any of his Cabinet colleagues, the responsibility of keeping Jewish refugees out of the country on the eve of and during the war.
Prior to the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan , Prime Minister King was not considered a racist. He seemed concerned for humanity and was against the use of the atomic bomb and even its creation. When King learned of the estimated date of the bomb dropping, he wrote in his diary: "It makes one very sad at heart to think of the loss of life that it [the bomb] will occasion among innocent people as well as those that are guilty".
For many Japanese Canadians, World War I provided an opportunity to prove their loyalty to Canada and their allies through military service in the hopes of gaining previously denied citizenship rights. In the early years of the war, however, the supply of enlisting men surpassed demand, so recruiting officers could be selective in who they accepted.
Still, large numbers of Japanese Canadians volunteered, as did members of other visible minorities like Black Canadians and First Nations , so the Canadian government proposed a compromise that, if enlisted, minorities could fight separately. The Canadian Japanese Association of Vancouver offered to raise a battalion in and, upon receiving a polite reply, proceeded to enlist and train volunteers at the expense of the Japanese Canadian community.
Yet, by the summer of , the death toll in the trenches had risen, creating a new demand for soldiers and an increased need for domestic labour, Fishing Boats For Sale Gold Coast Taipei which meant that the recruitment of minorities was reconsidered. Under this new policy, Japanese Canadians were able to enlist individually by travelling elsewhere in Canada where their presence was deemed less of a threat.
Despite the first iterations of veterans affairs associations established during World War II, fear and racism drove policy and trumped veterans' rights, meaning that virtually no Japanese-Canadian veterans were exempt from being removed from the BC coast.
Throughout the war, Canadians of "Oriental racial origin" were not called upon to perform compulsory military service. After Canada's declaration of war on Japan on 8 December , many called for the uprooting and internment of Japanese Canadians under the Defence of Canada Regulations.
Since the arrival Japanese, Chinese, and South Asian immigrants to British Columbia in the late s, there had been calls for their exclusion. He wrote to a constituent that "their country should never have been Canada. I do not believe the Japanese are an assimilable race. Even though both the RCMP and the Department of National Defence lacked proof of any sabotage or espionage, there were fears that they supported Japan in the war. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , for example, agreed with the view that all Japanese Canadians "would be saboteurs and would help Japan when the moment came.
Widespread internment was authorized on March 4, , with order-in-council passed under the Defence of Canada Regulations of the War Measures Act , which gave the federal government the power to intern all "persons of Japanese racial origin. Thereafter, the entire Japanese Canadian population was uprooted from this designated zone.
By November , 22, people were displaced. Japanese Canadians on the west coast were forcibly moved to interior British Columbia or to other provinces. Some were sent to Hastings Park in Vancouver while others were sent immediately for various destinations eastward. Many of the Japanese nationals removed from the coast after January 14, , were sent to road camps in the British Columbia interior or sugar beet projects on the Prairies , such as in Taber, Alberta. Despite the mile quarantine, a few Japanese-Canadian men remained in McGillivray Falls , which was just outside the protected zone.
However, they were employed at a logging operation at Devine near D'Arcy in the Gates Valley , which was in the protected zone but without road access to the coast. Japanese-Canadians interned in Lillooet Country found employment within farms, stores, and the railway.
The Liberal government also deported able-bodied Japanese-Canadian labourers to camps near fields and orchards, such as the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia.
The Japanese-Canadian labourers were used as a solution to a shortage of farm workers. During the s, the Canadian government created policies to direct Chinese, Japanese, and First Nations into farming, and other sectors of the economy that "other groups were abandoning for more lucrative employment elsewhere".
The forced removal of many Japanese-Canadian men to become labourers elsewhere in Canada created confusion and panic among families, causing some men to refuse orders to ship out to labour camps.
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