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The Great Lakes and a network of rivers opened the vast American heartland to a nation moving west. They guided the travels of Native Americans, explorers from Europe, and streams of newcomers who established businesses, towns, and cities. The same waters linked people back to hometowns, families, and markets on the East Coast and in Europe.

Inland waterways helped hold together the ,akes and economy of the nation as it grew throughout the s. Miners, loggers, and farmers sent the riches of the Midwest to market across the Great Lakes. In the mids, the people streaming into the Midwest�and the grain, lumber, great lakes boating maps university iron pouring out�created a maritime industry across the Great Lakes. Fleets of ships served industries around the lakes and helped create thriving port cities, such as Cleveland, Milwaukee, and Chicago.

For all their value and beauty, the waters were dangerous. Thousands of ships lie at the bottom of the Great Lakes. Beginning in the s, the Great Lakes became busy highways for moving wheat, corn, lumber, coal, and iron ore. Crops from midwestern farms crossed the lakes to markets in the East.

Iron biating from the region traveled east on ships that returned great lakes boating maps university with coal from Pennsylvania. To this day, iron ore makes up nearly half the cargo on the lakes. Canals helped the Great Lakes prosper. The state of Michigan mapd the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal, called the Soo Locks, from to to speed ore and grain from Lake Superior to markets and industries along the lower lakes.

Farms on the American prairies produced the grain that was shipped east through the Great Lakes or down the Mississippi River. Threshing time�when the grain was removed from the stalks�required many hands to help process the grain for shipment. Logging thrived around the Great Lakes from the s through the great lakes boating maps university, cutting whole forests from the landscape.

The sled of logs displayed here�surrounded by stumps�yielded 13, board feet of lumber. Workers mined great lakes boating maps university by hand untilwhen steam shovels were adopted.

From towheat was the primary bulk cargo carried on the Great Lakes. By the s it was still the leading grain carried on the lakes. The complex of elevators there still receives and stores grain for shipment across the Great Lakes. Iron ore from the Mahoning Mine has been shipped down the Great Lakes since Railroads brought iron ore to giant lakefront piers, where it Great Lakes Boating Maps China was loaded into the holds of universjty.

The first trestle ore dock was built at Marquette, Michigan, in The design took advantage of gravity to unload railroad cars and fill the holds of waiting ships.

Each of these steam-powered great lakes boating maps university could remove 15 tons of ore every 2 minutes, drastically reducing the time and manpower needed to empty an ore carrier. Loggers steadily depleted the forests around the Great Lakes during the s and s.

Many small lumbering towns died, including this unidentified community. The sailing vessels they supported disappeared as. The Milton collided with another ship and twice ran aground.

Infive men died�three of them brothers�when the Milton sank during an autumn storm. Schooners like this dominated the movement Gold Coast Boating Maps Email of grain and lumber on the Lakes from the s into the s. The Ed McWilliams was designed with a shallow hull to enter small harbors.

Inonly 20 percent of the sailors in Chicago were born in the United States. Bythat number was 51 percent. Early steam engines freed ships from unpredictable winds, but they were inefficient and great lakes boating maps university to run.

Many Lakes boats relied on both sail and steam. The Edward Smith could sail its cargoes of lumber, ore, or coal on the open lakes and still use its engine to maneuver in confined channels. Inthe ship sank in a storm on Lake Superior, with no loss of life.

To make vessels more stable, steamer captain Alexander McDougall patented a rounded hull that would be almost submerged when loaded.

The Frank Rockefeller carried iron ore, sand, grain, petroleum, and even automobiles for 73 years. Inships on the Great Lakes carried Three thousand boats worked the Great Lakes in Bythe number was less thanbut the huge vessels in use today carry more cargo. The James R. Barker is one of the largest ships working the Lakes today.

In one trip, the Barker can carry more than 60, tons of ore, enough to produce the steel for 16, automobiles. The Great Lakes are among the most dangerous waters in the world. Powerful gales churn the waters, especially in late autumn, and the Lakes freeze in winter.

Experienced captains understand and respect the limits of the shipping season. Still, sudden changes in the weather have brought many ships great lakes boating maps university crews to grief.

As commerce expanded after mzps mids, growing numbers of mariners faced the dangers of the Lakes. Grrat four-day gale in wrecked 97 ships, and in there were sinkings, collisions, groundings, and explosions�one for every four boats on the Lakes.

Between maspthe Lakes claimed almost 6, ships. Great lakes boating maps university frigid Great Lakes winters, strong winds whipped up spray that coated ships in ice. The ice could overload a ship and often contributed to sinkings in violent weather. Photograph by A. On November 9,the Edmund Fitzgerald pushed across the waters of Lake Superior with a cargo of iron ore.

A storm came up in the afternoon and pounded the ship great lakes boating maps university the night great lakes boating maps university winds up to 75 mph, blinding snow, and waves reaching 25 feet. That evening, the ship radioed another vessel, Avaforswith a warning:. And am taking heavy seas over the deck. Less than two hours later, the Edmund Fitzgerald had disappeared from radar.

No distress calls were ever received. Rescuers found a few empty lifeboats, buoys, and other bits of debris on the lake. Several days later, the remains of the ship were discovered in two pieces on the bottom of Lake Superior, only 17 miles from the safety of Whitefish Bay.

All 29 crew members were lost. On the Water Exhibition Collection. Threshing rig, Goodhue County, Minnesota, s Ggreat on the American grest produced the grain that was shipped east through the Great Lakes or down the Mississippi River.

Courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. Camp 15, about Logging thrived univerxity the Great Lakes from the s through the s, cutting boatig forests from the landscape. Courtesy of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Wheat flowing into a freighter at Duluth, Minnesota, about From towheat was the primary bulk cargo carried on the Great Lakes. McCullough, Jr. Aerial view of ore-loading docks, Superior, Wisconsin, s The first trestle ore dock was built at Marquette, Michigan, in Hulett ore unloaders at the hold of the Leon FraserGary, Indiana, about Each of these unkversity scoops could remove Great Lakes Boating Maps 3d 15 tons of ore every 2 minutes, drastically reducing the time and manpower needed to empty an ore carrier.

Courtesy of United States Steel. Scow Schooner Milton. Bulk Cargo Carrier View Object Record Schooners like this dominated the movement of grain and lumber great lakes boating maps university the Lakes from the s into the s. Steam Barge Edward Smith. Wind and Steam View Object Record Early steam engines freed ships from unpredictable winds, but they were inefficient and costly to run. Whaleback steamer Frank Rockefeller.

Great lakes boating maps university Whaleback View Object Record To make vessels obating stable, steamer captain Alexander McDougall patented great lakes boating maps university rounded hull that would be almost submerged when loaded.

Self-unloading Ore Carrier James R. Lakes Weather The Great Lakes are among the most dangerous waters in the world. Ore boat William H. Ice covering the bow of a Lakes freighter, s During frigid Great Lakes winters, strong winds whipped up spray that coated ships in ice. The steamer Irving S.

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The Great Lakes of the United States and Canada are not only the largest body of lakes in the world but also afford the cruiser some of the most spectacular and beautiful Aluminum Boats Great Lakes Corporation vistas in the world. If your cruising Lake Erie, take the opportunity to stroll the downtown in Sandusky, Ohio to view the interesting 19th century limestone buildings. If you're transiting between Lake Huron and Lake. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. Freighters in the Soo Locks, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, about Canals helped the Great Lakes prosper. The state of Michigan built the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal, called the Soo Locks, from to to speed ore and grain from Lake Superior to markets and industries along the lower lakes.

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