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NCERT Solutions CBSE Class 10 History Print Culture and Modern World

Answer: Reflex action is a process by which we do something without thinking about it or without being in control of our reactions.

It is an automatic response to a stimulus which is done by only the ncert questions of class 10th origin cord without the help of brain. While walking is a process which is done by thinking, or it is performed by the brain under conscious control unlike reflex action. Question ncert questions of class 10th origin What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

Answer: A very small gap that occurs between the last portion of axon of one neuron and the dendron of another neuron is known as synapse. Synapse acts as one way valve to transmit impulses in one ncert questions of class 10th origin. The uni-directional transfer of impulses occur due to the release of some chemicals in only one side of the neuron, ie, the axon's.

These chemicals cross the synapse and start a simple impulse in the dendrite of next neuron. Question 3: Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body? Answer: Cerebellum, a part of hind brain is responsible for maintaining the posture and equilibrium of the body. Question 4: How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti incense sick? Answer: The smell of an agarbatti is detected by the forebrain.

There are separate areas in our forebrain which are specialised for hearing, smelling, sight, taste, touch. Our forebrain has also regions that collect information or impulses from the various receptors. When the smell of an agarbatti reaches us, our forebrain interprets it by putting it together with the information received from other receptors and also with the information already stored in the brain. Question 5: What is the role of the brain in reflex action?

Answer: Reflex actions are sudden ncert questions of class 10th origin to ncert questions of class 10th origin change in the environment which we do without thinking about it. The nerves from all over the body meet in a bundle in the spinal cord. Thus, reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord and the information input also goes on to reach the brain. In reflex arc instant and automatic responses possible.

The brain is only aware of the signal and the response that has taken place. Here, the brain has no role to play in the creation of the response done by reflex action. Answer: Plant hormones are the chemicals released by stimulated cells. This chemical compounds help to coordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.

These are synthesised at places away from where they act. The five different types of plant hormones phytohormones are Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid, and Ethylene. Question 2: How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a shoot towards light? Answer: The movement of leaves of the sensitive plant like Mimosa pudica or "touch-me-not" is either towards nor away from stimulus like touch.

While movement of shoot is towards stimulus like light. The movement of leaves of sensitive plants is not directional while the movement of shoot is directional. Post continues after the Ad- Question 3: Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth. Answer: i Auxins help to increase the length of plants. Question 4: How do Auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support? Answer: Auxin is synthesised at the shoot tip. The tendrils are sensitive to touch.

As these tendrils come in the contact with the support, the auxin diffuses towards the other side away from the support. As ncert questions of class 10th origin stimulates faster growth of the cells, so, this part grows more rapidly than the. This causes the tendril to circle around the support and thus climb upwards. Question 5: Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.

Answer: Positive hydrotropism can be demonstrated with germinated seedlings, which are allowed to grow on ground Fig. The soil below the roots is separated by a polythene partition.

The left side is kept moist but the right side is kept dry. The radicals at first grow in a downward direction due to the effect of gravity positive geotropismbut after sometime, the roots bend toward the moist soil positive hydrotropism. This is evidently due to the closeness of the germinating roots to water.

Answer: Chemical coordination takes place in animals with the help of some chemical substances called hormones. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. The timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms. Question 2: Why is the use of iodised salt advisable? Answer: The use of iodised salt is advisable because iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine hormone. Thyroxine relates carbohydrates, protein and ncert questions of class 10th origin metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth.

Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxine. Deficiency of this hormone results in the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This can lead to goitre. Therefore, iodised salt is advised for normal functioning of the thyroid gland. Question 3: How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?

Answer: Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in case of any danger, emergency or any kinds of stress. It is secreted directly into the blood and is carried to different parts of the body. It acts on heart. As a result, the heart beats faster in order to supply more oxygen to the muscles. This also increases the blood pressure. All these responses enable our body to deal with the situation. Question 4: Why are some patients of diabetes treated by injections of insulin?

Answer: Insulin is a hormone which is produced by the pancreas and helps in regulating blood sugar levels. If insulin is not secreted in proper amounts, the sugar level in the blood increases causing diabetes which has many harmful ncert questions of class 10th origin. Therefore, the patients of diabetes are treated by giving injections of insulin.

Question 1: What is the difference between a reflex action and walking? Ncert questions of class 10th origin 1: What are plant hormones?

Post continues after the Ad. Question 3: Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth. Question 1: How does chemical coordination take place in animals? Next Prev Post. Previous Next Post. No comments: Write comments. Subscribe to: Post Comments Atom. Subscribe Free Enter your email address:.

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For example, when we refer to a person as a Tamil or an Oriya, this means that he or she speaks Tamil or Oriya and lives in Tamil Nadu or Orissa respectively. Question 2. What do we tend to associate one region with? Answer: We tend to associate each region with distinctive kinds of food, clothes, poetry, dance, music and painting.

Sometimes these identities are taken for granted and are assumed that they have existed from time immemorial. When was the Chera kingdom established and where? Answer: The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the South-Western part of the Peninsula, part of present-day Kerala.

How did the Cheras draw upon Sanskritic traditions? Answer: The Cheras also drew upon Sanskritic traditions. The temple theatre of Kerala, which is traced to this period, borrowed stories from the Sanskrit epics. Who proclaimed himself as deputy of god? Briefly write about ideals of Rajput rulers. Answer: The ideals and aspirations were linked with their cultural traditions.

Rulers like Prithviraj Chauhan ruled; over the present day Rajasthan. These rulers cherished the ideal of valiant hero often choosing death on the battle field. Question 3. How have the memories of heroes been preserved in Rajasthan?

Did women find a place in these? Answer: The rulers of Rajasthan cherished the ideals of the hero who fought valiantly:. Which region attracted miniature painting artists displaced due to decline of Mughal empire? Give an account of miniature painting in the Himalayan foothills or Kangra Art.

Trace the growth of Bangla as a regional language. What were the divisions of Bengali Literature? Answer: Early Bengali literature is divided into two categories-one indebted to Sanskrit and the other independent of it.

The first includes translations of the Sanskrit epics, the Mangalakavyas and bhakti literature like the biographies of chaitanyadeva, the leader of the Vaishnava bhakti movement. The second includes Nath literature like the songs of Maynamati and Gopichandra, stories concerning the worship of Dharma Thakur, and fairy tales, folk tales and ballads.

The texts belonging to the first category are easier to date, as several J manuscripts have been found indicating that they were composed between the late fifteenth and mid-eighteenth centimes.

Texts belonging to the second category circulated orally and cannot be precisely dated. What was the effect of migration of people from West Bengal to South east Bengal? The cult of Pirs became popular in Bengal.

What is Animism? Answer: Attribution of living soul to plants and inanimate objects, and natural phenomena is known as animism. Question 4. Why were temples constructed in large numbers in Bengal? Answer: From late 15th century to 19th century large number of temples were constructed in Bengal. Individuals or groups often constructed temples to show their power and piety. European trading companies created economic opportunities.

As their social and economic position improved the construction of temples was further started. Local deities earlier worshipped in thatched huts were given recognition by the Brahmanas. Their images were being housed in temples. Question 5. Write about the architecture of the temples in Bengal. Answer: The temples began to copy the double roofed dochala or four roofed Chauchala structure of the thatched huts.

Temples were built on square platform. The interior was plain. Outer walls had paintings ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets for example, Vishnupur in Bankura district. With what do we associate each region? Fourteenth-century text of Sanskrit which deals with grammar and poetry was called a Lilatilakam b Miniature c Basohil d Dialect Answer: Lilatilakam. Chera kingdom was established in a 9th century b 10th century c 11th century d 12th century Answer: 9th century.

The conquerors tried to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri because a they were very devoted to God Jagannatha b the temple was very beautiful c the temple had huge wealth d none of the above Answer: the temple had huge wealth.

Who proclaimed himself as deputy of God? Which type of emotions were there in Rajputs? Basohli was a small sized paintings 6 bold and intense style of miniature paintings c old and very distinctive d traditions Answer: bold and intense style of miniature paintings.

Which of the following is the language of 13th century Brihaddharma Purana of Bengal? What type of traveller was Xuan Zang?

What was the capital of Bengal under the Mughal control? Brihaddharma Purana permitted which caste to eat certain variety of fish1? Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: 1. The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was a part of present day ������� 2. Lilatilakam was composed in �������.. Ruler Anantvarman erected a temple for lord �������� at Puri, Orissa.

The legends of ��������.. Bengali now recognized as a language was derived from ���������� Answer: 1. Kerala 2. Maniveravalam 3. Jagannatha 4. Radha-Krishna 5. Miniature 6. State whether the given statements are true or false: 1. Malayalam was the first regional language to be used in official record. The Kathaks were originally a caste of priests in temples of North India. Kathaks developed into two traditions or Gharanas�Rajasthan and Lucknow.

Nath literature includes songs of Mayanmati and Gopichandra. Kangra style of miniature was inspired by Shaivite traditions. Brahmanas were allowed to eat fish by Brihaddharma Purana from Bengal. Answer: 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. How have regional cultures evolved? Answer: Regional cultures today are often the products of complex processes of intermixing of local traditions with ideas from other parts of the subcontinent.

Some traditions appear specific to some regions, others seem to be similar across regions, and yet others derive from older practices in a particular area, but take a new form in other regions. The Cheras and the Development of Malayalam Question 1. Malayalam was the spoken language in this area.

The rulers introduced the Malayalam language and script in their inscriptions. The first literary works in Malayalam, dated to about the twelfth century, are directly indebted to Sanskrit. How did regional cultures grow around religious traditions? Answer: In other regions, regional cultures grew around religious traditions. The best example of this process is the cult of Jagannatha literally, lord of the world, a name for Vishnu at Puri, Orissa.

To date, the local tribal people make the wooden image of the deity, which suggests that the deity was originally a local god. He was later identified with Vishnu. In the twelfth century, one of the most important rulers of the Ganga dynasty, Anantavarman, decided to erect a temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri. Afterwards, in , king Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to the deity.

With the temple gaining importance as a centre of pilgrimage, its authority in social and political matters also increased. All those who conquered Orissa, like the Mughals, the Marathas and the English East India Company, attempted to gain control over the temple. They felt that this would make their rule acceptable to local people.

The Rajputs and Traditions of Heroism Question 1. What was called Rajputana by the British? Was it true? What were the reasons of decline of Surat? Answer: Surat began to decline towards the end of the seventeenth century. The factors responsible for it were:. Describe Masulipatnam as a trading town. Answer: The town of Masulipatnam lay on the delta of Krishna river.

In the 17th century it was the centre of trading activity:. How did the Mughals extend their control over Golconda? Answer: Mughals begem to extend their control over Golconda. Their representative Mir Jumla, a merchant began to play off Dutch and the English against each other.

In Aurangzeb annexed Golconda. This made European trading companies look for alternatives. What was policy of English East India Company during this period? They wanted to have political, commercial and administrative control over their trading areas.

Answer: William Methwold described Masulipatnam as main port of Golconda. He described it as a small but populous, unwalled, ill built town.

As per him it was a poor fisher town with brackish springs. A road made it a residence for merchants who came to this coast. How did the English traders emerge as most successful commercial and political power of the subcontinent?

Explain the changes that occurred in the craftsmanship in the 17th � 18th centuries. How did Bombay, Calcutta and Madras see rise in the 18th century? What type of towns existed during Medieval period? Which of the following was also an example of a temple town The capital ofCholas?

Which of the following was a pilgrim centre? What was Mandapika? Which of the following was I were NOT the kind of traders? Associations or unions of persons of any particular craft was were termed as a emporium b factor c guilds d sthapatis Answer: guilds. Hampi was the capital of which Empire of the following? The people from distant land visited Surat because a it was the Gateway to West Asia b it was a beautiful place c it was the pilgrim centre d none of the above Answer: it was the Gateway to West Asia.

Masulipatnam was famous for its a elephant trade b temples c crafts production of copper and silver d trading port Answer: trading port. The part of the town where artisans and merchants of Indian origin used to live was called a administrative town b port town c commercial town d black town Answer: black town.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: 1. Bronze is an alloy of copper and ������� 4. The textiles of ������.. Answer: 1. Hampi 2. Ajmer 3. Devdasi 5. Surat 6. Vasco De Gama. State whether the given statements are true or false: 1. Cloth bags in Thanjavur were produced by Saliya weavers. Uraiyur made bronze idols and ornamental bell metal lamps.

Craftspersons of Bidar were famous for their inlay work. Murshidabad on the banks of Ravi became capital of Bengal in Mulla Abdul Ghaffur and Viiji Vora owned number of ships. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. Administrative Centres Question 1. Rajarajeshvara temple was situated in this beautiful town. It was designed by Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan. It had a massive Shiva linga inside. Besides the temple there were other architectural splendours also.

Answer: Thanjavur was an example of temple town and was regarded as a great town: It represented a pattern of urbanization and was central to Chola economy. It was the capital city on the delta of Kaveri with the most important temple Rajarajeshvara. It had tanks and wells for water supply and army barracks. It had the mandapas or pavilions for royal court. It had huge markets selling grains, spices, clothes and jewellery.

Many communities like the Sthapatis or sculpture makers, Saliya weavers related to temple activities lived here. It was a great pilgrim town of the period. Temple Towns and Pilgrimage Centres Question 1. Rulers built temples to show their devotion to deities. These temples became central to the economy and society. Rulers endowed these temples with grants of land, money to carry out rituals, feed pilgrims, celebrate festivals.

Temple authorities got donations from pilgrims also. This wealth was used to finance trade and banking. How was wealth of the temples used? How did temple towns grow? In course of time a large number of priests, workers, artisans, traders, etc. In this way temple towns grew.

Other important temple towns are: Kanchipuram and Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. Which pilgrimage centres develop into townships? Answer: Pilgrimage centres also slowly developed into townships.

Ajmer Rajasthan was the capital of the Chauhan kings in the twelfth century and later became the sub headquarters under the Mughals. It provides an excellent example of religious coexistence. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, the celebrated Sufi saint settled there in the twelfth century. He attracted devotees from all creeds. Near Ajmer is a lake, Pushkar. It attracts pilgrims from ancient times. A network of Small Towns Question 1.

Describe the functions of small towns. Answer: From the eighth century onwards the Indian subcontinent had several small towns. They probably emerged from large villages. They usually had a mandapika or mandi of later times to which nearby villagers brought their produce to sell.

They also had market streets called hatta haat of later time lined with shops. There were also streets for different kinds of artisans like potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, toddy makers, smiths, stone-masons, etc. Some of the traders lived in the town.

Others travelled from town to town. Many came from far and near to these towns to buy local articles and sell products of distant places like horses, salt, camphor, saffron, betel nut and spices like pepper, cloves, cardamom. They levied taxes on traders, artisans and sometimes donated the right to collect revenue to the local temples. These temples were built by these rich merchants themselves. Traders Big and Small Question 1.

Answer: Traders Big and Small There were many kinds of traders. They included the Banjaras. Several traders, especially horse traders, formed associations, with headmen who negotiated on their behalf with warriors who bought horses. There were several such guilds in south India from the eighth century onwards. The most famous were: Manigramam Nanadesi These guilds traded extensively both within the peninsula and with South-east Asia and China.

Which were the other business communities? Answer: There were also communities like the Chettiars and the Marwari Oswal. They went on to become the principal trading groups of the country. They sold textiles and spices in these ports. In exchange they brought gold and ivory from Africa. They also bought spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from South-east Asia and China.

Trade in horses was mainly carried through this route which was amounted to be around? Slaves were brought here for sale. Camels carried dry fruits, carpets, dates, silk and even fruits from Kabul to Subcontinent. Horse trade was estimated to be about Rs. Answer: The craftspersons of Bidar Karnataka were so famous for their inlay work in copper and silver that this craft was called Bidri.

The Panchalas or Vishwakarma community, consisted of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths, masons and carpenters. They were essential to the building of temples. They also played an important role in the construction of palaces, big buildings, tanks and reservoirs. Weavers like the Saliyar or Kaikkolars emerged as prosperous communities, making donations to temples. Some aspects of cloth making like cotton cleaning, spinning and dyeing became specialised and independent crafts.

Hampi founded in fell to ruins by due to defeat of Vijayanagara by Deccani rulers. The Architectural Splendour of Hampi Question 1. The architecture of Hampi was distinctive: No mortar or cementing agent was used in walls, the technique used was wedge together by interlocking.

The buildings in the royal complex had arches, domes and pillared halls with sculptures. They had well planned orchards, pleasure gardens with sculptural motifs such as lotus and corbels.

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