Class 10 Solutiond Chapter 4 Important Questions are given below for session These questions provide a complete histkry of Chapter 4 History of Class X. Ina popular music publisher E. She is gently perched on a wheel with wings, symbolising time. Her flight is taking her into the future. Floating about, behind her, are the signs of progress: railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market.
With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing.
But merchants could ncertt expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained ncert solutions class 10th history chapter 4 import, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside. In the countryside poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants that was a iimport when open fields were disappearing and commons xhapter being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income.
Many had tiny plots of land which could clzss provide work for all members of the household. So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households imoprt agreed.
By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue impotr cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources. A close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.
A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler, and carried it to the spinners; clasd yarn thread that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers. The finishing was histoey in London before ncert solutions class 10th history chapter 4 import export merchant sold the cloth in the international market.
London in fact came to be known as a finishing centre. The proto-industrial system was thus part of a network of commercial exchanges. It was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories.
At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. This meant that each clothier was controlling clads of workers. On the ncet page of magazine It shows two magicians. The one at the top is Aladdin from the Orient who built a beautiful palace with his magic lamp. The one at the ncert solutions class 10th history chapter 4 import is the modern mechanic, who with ncert solutions class 10th history chapter 4 import modern tools weaves a new magic: builds bridges, ships, towers and high-rise buildings.
Aladdin is shown as representing the East and the past, the mechanic stands solktions the West and modernity. These images offer us a triumphant account of the modern world.
Within this account the modern world is associated with rapid technological change and innovations, machines and factories, railways and steamships. The history of industrialisation thus becomes simply a story of development, and the modern nert appears as a wonderful time of technological progress.
The first symbol of the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. In Britain was importing 2. By this import soared to 22 million pounds. This increase was linked to a number of changes within the process of production.
A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of ncfrt step of hixtory production process carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling.
They enhanced the output per worker, hhistory each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn. Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton. Till this time, as you have seen, cloth production was spread all over the countryside and carried out within ncett households.
But now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in ncert solutions class 10th history chapter 4 import. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, solhtions watch over quality, and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside.
The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the Class 10th History Chapter 2 Ncert Solutions Singapore leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the s. After that the iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways, in England from the s and in the colonies from the s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly.
Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Histlry ordinary and small innovations were the basis ncert solutions class 10th history chapter 4 import growth in many chxpter sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements.
They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly.
They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal.
Gas works and soltuions were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Book- binders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too needed extra hands before December. At the waterfront, winter was the time that ships were repaired and spruced up.
In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season. A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass market.
But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In mid-nineteenth-century Britain, for instance, varieties ihstory hammers were produced 01th 45 ncert solutions class 10th history chapter 4 import of axes.
These required human skill, not mechanical technology. In Victorian Britain, the upper classes � the aristocrats and chaptet bourgeoisie � preferred things produced by hand.
Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed. Machine- made goods were for export to the colonies. In countries with labour shortage, industrialists hisstory keen on using mechanical power so flass the need for human labour can be minimised.
This was the case in nineteenth-century America. Britain, however, had no problem hiring human hands. James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model.
But for years he could find no buyers. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were no more than steam engines all over England.
Of these, 80 were in cotton industries, nine in wool industries, and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works. Steam engines were not used in any of the other industries till much later in the century. So even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was splutions to be accepted by industrialists.
The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations.
If you had a relative or a friend in a factory, you were more likely to get a job quickly. But not everyone had social connections. Many job- seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals; hsitory went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets. Some returned to the countryside after the winter, when the demand for labour in the rural areas opened up in places.
But most looked for odd jobs, ncert solutions class 10th history chapter 4 import till the mid-nineteenth century were difficult to. Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. But they tell us little about the welfare of the workers. The average figures hide the variations between trades and the fluctuations from year to year. For instance, when prices rose sharply during the prolonged Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned historg significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things.
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