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Among the first monuments was a statue of DeWitt Clinton , built in This incorporates a sculpture of the ship, half-submerged by the waves, as well as a Civil War Memorial.
Other monuments of note include the Pilot's Monument and the Sea Captain's Monument, each dedicated to a notable person in these respective professions. Marion Sims , a monument of gynecologist J. Marion Sims by Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller , is also planned to be installed in Green-Wood; the statue was formerly in Bryant Park and Central Park but was removed from the latter in Numerous other monuments to notable figures exist but are extremely simple in design, such as the tombs of Samuel Morse , William M.
On the other hand, several monuments commemorate less well-known figures, including a Gothic memorial for year-old Charlotte Canda, and a High Victorian pier designed by William or Edward Potter for their relatives.
The gates were designed by Richard Upjohn in Gothic Revival style. There are four gates in total. One of these, at 20th Street and Ninth Avenue, provides access from the northeast and is in Windsor Terrace. A fifth gate at Ninth Avenue and 37th Street no longer exists. The main entrance to the cemetery, a double-gate located at 25th Street and Fifth Avenue near its northwestern corner, was built in �65, though the entrance itself opened in The sculptured groups on Nova Scotia limestone panels depicting biblical scenes of death and resurrection from the New Testament including Lazarus , The Widow's Son , and Jesus' Resurrection over the gateways are the work of sculptor John M.
A cemetery office is located to one side of the gate, while the chapel and reception room are located on opposite side. Similar to the 25th Street gate, it is made of a double gateway made of brownstone. It is also flanked by two structures, a visitor's lounge and the gatekeeper's residence. To the east of the entrance is the visitor's lounge, a brownstone building. The visitor's lounge contains two side bays, each with a porch , as well as restrooms for men and women.
The hip roof is made of gray slate with metal ornamentation along the ridge at the top. The roof slopes down toward the perimeter walls of the building, though each of the four sides of the roof is punctuated by dormers with small windows. The corner porches feature stone banisters, and contain four yellow sandstone bas-reliefs sculpted by Moffitt.
The residence's main entrance is through the eastern pavilion, while there is another pavilion on the western facade. Both pavilions have hip roofs of gray slate, and the second floor contains dormers with windows that project from the hip roof. The central "tower" section contains entrances to both the north and south, as well as windows on the second, third, and attic floors that face north and south. The roof of the central tower contains a stone chimney.
The Green-Wood Cemetery chapel is located near the 25th Street gate. The chapel contains three levels: ground level, clerestory level, and the second story in the central tower. Plans for the Green-Wood chapel date to shortly after the chapel's establishment, when a "Chapel Hill" was set aside within the cemetery. Though Richard Upjohn submitted plans for such a chapel in , Green-Wood initially voted against such a chapel.
After Warren and Wetmore were selected, work started in , and the chapel was officially opened in June Following the founding of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts in , leaders of the cities of New York and Brooklyn began discussing locations to build a cemetery of their own.
At the time, over 10, people were being buried per year in the two cities. David Bates Douglass , Green-Wood's landscape architect, mostly kept the cemetery's natural landscaping intact, but worked on the cemetery until he resigned in Throughout the s, several churches were allocated plots in Green-Wood Cemetery These included the Presbyterian , Unitarian , and German Lutheran churches of Brooklyn. By the s, various fauna were being introduced to the cemetery.
After the initial opening of Green-Wood Cemetery, it was expanded multiple times. Originally acres were enclosed, stretching between 21st and 37th Streets from 5th to 9th Avenue. Another 85 acres 34 ha to the east was acquired in through the annexation of land in the then-separate village of Flatbush. Finally, in another 23 acres 9. A plot at the southeast corner of the cemetery was purchased in , allowing the commissioners to straighten out that border.
This era was also associated with the construction of other structures. A receiving tomb was installed in , and around the same time, the ponds were cleaned and landscaped. The main gate at 5th Avenue and 25th Street was built in �65, followed by other entrances near the cemetery's service yard; at 9th Avenue and 20th Street; and at 9th Avenue and 37th Street later removed.
Furthermore, the paths were paved in the s to allow for easier transport within the cemetery. At first, byfoot 4. At the same time, Prospect Park was being constructed and public streetcar and elevated lines were established across Brooklyn.
By the end of the 19th century, several florists, greenhouses, and monument sellers had opened shops near each of the gates. Improvements also continued throughout the late 19th century. In , Border Water was partially eliminated to make extra burial space, and in , the cemetery was slightly expanded to acres ha. Also, an underground drainage system, extra roads, and a permanent stone fence were built through the late s.
The cemetery was enlarged again in to acres ha via the acquisition of land on the northern border. To prevent the view being marred by the construction of tenements, Green-Wood also purchased lots on the southwest corner.
Washington, the highest point in the cemetery, while two ponds had been removed. During this period, thousands of trees were planted, and roads continued to be graded. Most famous New Yorkers who died during the second half of the 19th century were buried at Green-Wood.
Out of that total, unidentified victims were interred in a common grave at Green-Wood Cemetery. Green-Wood has remained non-sectarian, but was generally considered a Christian burial place for white Anglo-Saxon Protestants of good repute.
One early regulation was that no one executed for a crime, or even dying in jail, could be buried there. While people with underlying health conditions are now able to sign up for vaccination appointments, Scripps Health said the number of vaccines it received this week necessitates shutting down the Del Mar site Wednesday, Friday and Saturday following a weekend shutdown that started Friday.
The site is scheduled to be open Thursday. Patients who had appointments at the super station on one of those days are being rescheduled automatically through the MyTurn online appointment system. Medical guidance suggests patients can wait up to six weeks between doses of the vaccine without losing any efficacy.
So far, , � or The super station has administered more than , vaccines, accounting for nearly one-quarter of all those given in the county so far. A vaccine shortage is forcing Scripps Health to close Del Mar Fairgrounds vaccination super station for several days this week, the hospital system announced Monday. The vaccination station will close Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after Scripps Health received fewer than expected vaccines this weekend.
Patients with appointments on those dates are being scheduled through the MyTurn appointment system. County Supervisor Nathan Fletcher made the announcement last week but added that first appointments may be hard to find. The underlying medical conditions that qualify someone for a vaccine include, but are not limited to: cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, sickle cell, obesity and Down syndrome.
A complete list of those eligible can be found on the county's website. People who qualify will not have to show documentation of their illness but will be asked to sign a self-attestation that they meet the criteria.
San Diego County is reporting new cases of COVID and eight additional deaths, bringing the total number of cases to , and the death toll to 3, With Sunday's data, the total number of cases in the county rose to , and the death toll edged up to 3, There were three community outbreaks reported Sunday with 15 reported in the last seven days. Cases associated with those outbreaks totaled On Monday, vaccine eligibility will expand again, this time to people with underlying health conditions, subject to vaccine availability.
All told, , � or A possible change to California's COVID reopening schedule could have San Diego County promoted to the less-restrictive red tier by as early as Wednesday, according to county officials. San Diego County is reporting new cases of COVID and 10 additional deaths, bringing the total number of cases to , and the death toll to 3, The red tier will feature a limited allowance of indoor dining, gyms, movie theaters and other businesses and services.
California on Friday announced it has administered 2 million vaccine doses to people in vulnerable, low-income ZIP codes. This will allow counties to more quickly reopen activities such as indoor dining and indoor gyms at reduced capacity. Gavin Newsom announced last week that he would tie reopening standards to ensuring that the people most impacted by the pandemic are protected against the virus.
By hitting the 2 million mark, the state will reassess counties and allow them to move to the red tier within 48 hours instead of waiting until Tuesday. On Tuesday, the state expects 13 more counties to move into the red tier, including Sacramento, San Diego, Riverside and Ventura.
With Thursday's data, the total number of cases rose to , and the death toll edged up to 3, The humber of hospitalizations declined to , with 99 people in intensive care beds. On Wednesday, those numbers were and 97, respectively. California's Department of Public Health modified the Blueprint for a Safer Economy to lead with opening activities when vaccines have been deployed to the hardest-hit communities.
The modification will shift Blueprint tier thresholds to allow slightly higher case rates per , population once more inoculations have occurred in the communities suffering the most, allowing counties to move to less restrictive tiers. The California Department of Public Health CDPH on Thursday updated public health guidance that allows reopening with modifications in breweries, wineries, distilleries, bars and sleepaway camps.
Starting Saturday, breweries, wineries and distilleries that do not serve meals may open outdoors only with modifications in the purple and red tiers. The modifications include a reservations system and enforcing a minute time limit per customer. On-site consumption must end by 8 p. Breweries, wineries and distilleries that do serve food will continue to follow restaurant guidance previously set forth by the state. The state is also allowing overnight sleepaway camps to resume June 1 with modifications in red, orange and yellow tiers.
President Joe Biden will use his first prime-time address on Thursday night to announce that he is directing states to make all American adults eligible for a coronavirus vaccine no later than May 1. The officials say the president will also say that there is a good chance Americans will be able to safely gather in small groups by July 4.
County Supervisor Nathan Fletcher made the announcement Wednesday but added that first appointments may be hard to find and people will need to show documentation for medical conditions. Officials said underlying medical conditions include, but are not limited to: cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease, sickle cell, obesity and Down syndrome.
Moving to the less-restrictive red tier allows for limited indoor operations at restaurants and gyms. It also means more schools can reopen. Officials announced on Wednesday they would begin closing a bed federal field hospital set up in Escondido to deal with the surge in hospitalizations.
At the same time, plans were revealed to convert the downtown San Diego Convention Center into a vaccination site, once more doses arrive to the region.
The county is also launching a new media campaign that will have TV ads running in English and Spanish, hoping to reach those hesitant about getting vaccinated. With some appointment delays piling up, officials are saying it is OK if second dose appointments are pushed beyond the recommended six-week window. A possible change to California's COVID reopening schedule could have San Diego County promoted to the less-restrictive red tier by as early as next Wednesday, county officials announced this Wednesday, while reporting new infections and eight additional deaths.
The initial goal of the vaccine equity metric is to deliver a minimum of 2 million doses to the hardest-hit quarter of the state as measured by the Healthy Places Index. The state estimates it will deliver the 2 million doses to that quartile this week.
The floor for the most-restrictive purple tier will move to 10 daily cases per , population once the state hits that benchmark. As of Tuesday's state update, San Diego County has a case rate of 8.
San Diego County will remain in the most-restrictive purple tier of the state's four-tiered coronavirus reopening plan, it was announced Tuesday, but there is a still a possibility to be promoted to the less-restrictive red tier by the end of the month. According to state data released Tuesday, San Diego County has an adjusted case rate of 8. To be promoted to the red tier � and its limited allowance of indoor dining, gyms, movie theaters and other businesses and services � the county must report a daily case rate of fewer than 7 per , and then maintain that rate for two weeks.
By these numbers, the earliest the county could move to the red tier is March The California Department of Public Health assesses counties on a weekly basis and schedules updates for Tuesdays. The testing positivity percentage is 3. While the testing positivity rate for the county qualifies it for orange, the state uses the most restrictive metric � in this case the adjusted case rate � and assigns counties to that tier. The county's health equity metric, which looks at the testing positivity for areas with the lowest healthy conditions, is 4.
Patients who had appointments at the Scripps Del Mar Fairgrounds Vaccination Super Station on one of those three closed days are being rescheduled for either Thursday, March 11, or early next week automatically through the MyTurn online appointment system.
A small number of appointments at that site on Wednesday will be rescheduled to Thursday because of a programming error on the MyTurn system. However, patients with second dose appointments will be rescheduled from Friday, Saturday and Sunday to Monday, March San Diego Mayor Todd Gloria had announced on March 5 a timeline and plans for residents of the Convention Center shelter to be relocated to several other city shelters by the end of March.
San Diego County public health officials reported new COVID infections Monday, as the county awaits state data Tuesday which could promote it to the less-restrictive red tier of the state's four-tiered economic recovery plan. San Diego County remains in the most restrictive purple tier, but just barely.
The county's state-calculated, adjusted case rate is currently It needs to be below seven per , to head into the red tier. The testing positivity percentage is 4. While the testing positivity rate for the county qualifies it for orange, the state uses the most restrictive metric � in this case, the adjusted case rate � and assigns counties to that tier.
The California Department of Public Health assesses counties on a weekly basis. The next report is scheduled for Tuesday. Fully vaccinated Americans can gather with other vaccinated people indoors without wearing a mask or social distancing. That's according to long-awaited guidance from federal health officials.
The recommendations were announced Monday. They also say that vaccinated people can come together in the same way with people considered at low-risk for severe disease, such as in the case of vaccinated grandparents visiting healthy children and grandchildren. Officials say a person is considered fully vaccinated two weeks after receiving the last required dose of vaccine. San Diego County public health officials reported new COVID infections and five deaths Sunday, increasing the totals to , cases and 3, deaths.
As of Sunday, of the county's population over the age of 16, San Diego County public health officials reported new COVID infections and 14 deaths Saturday, increasing the totals to , cases and 3, deaths as stadiums and theme parks have been cleared to reopen in California beginning April 1 subject to strict conditions.
The number of hospitalizations declined to , with of those in intensive care units. There are 61 staffed, available ICU beds in the county. There were no new community outbreaks reported Saturday. There have been 28 outbreaks over the last seven days with cases associated with those outbreaks.
San Diego County is in the most restrictive, purple, tier, but numbers are trending downward at such a rate the county could be promoted to the red tier this month.
Of the county's population over the age of 16, San Diego County public health officials reported new COVID infections and 12 deaths Friday, increasing the county's totals to , cases and 3, deaths. The day rolling average decreased to 3. There are 67 staffed, available ICU beds in the county. California is allowing people to attend Major League Baseball games and other sports, go to Disneyland and watch live performances in limited capacities starting April 1. The rules announced Friday coincide with baseball's opening day.
California divides its counties into four color-coded tiers based on the spread of the coronavirus. Attendance limits are based on what tier a county is in. Sports in areas with the most spread will be limited to people. There are 27 vaccination sites or events located throughout the San Diego County region, though delays in vaccine shipments have caused some sites to temporarily close lately.
The county has the capacity to administer 33, vaccinations on a daily basis and more than 1 million per month, but is averaging about 14, vaccinations each day because of the shortage. Legoland California Resort begins its "Build 'N Play Days" Friday, allowing families to enjoy some of the park's outdoor attractions in a socially distanced environment. The limited-time event, running through May 5, is also allowing the park to bring back hundreds of employees furloughed as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.
Guests will have access to play structures within the park such as Kai's Spinners and Cole's Rock Climb, building activities, a scavenger hunt in Miniland U. Build 'N Play activities include a Miniland dance party where guests can do the "Lego limbo" and design their own Minifigure on the roof of the model shop.
Two building activities are intended to stretch children's imaginations with separate sanitized brick packs and a space for children's creations to stay on display each weekend. Legoland was forced to shut down last March, along with other theme parks, which are not allowed to fully reopen until the least-restrictive yellow tier of California's four-tiered reopening system is reached.
San Diego County remains in the most restrictive purple tier. Legoland California Resort President Kurt Stocks said he is optimistic they'll be able to reopen in the near future. San Diego County public health officials reported new COVID cases and 17 additional deaths Thursday, increasing the totals to , cases and 3, deaths. There are 62 staffed, available ICU beds in the county. Patients who had appointments at the super station on Saturday, which were all for second doses of the Pfizer vaccine, are being rescheduled for Sunday automatically through the MyTurn online appointment system.
Local vaccination sites are prioritizing people with second dose appointments because of the ongoing vaccine shortage, the county announced Wednesday. There is currently a delay in Moderna vaccine shipments because of bad weather a few weeks ago across the U.
The county shortage of Moderna vaccines is conflated with the Pfizer vaccines being used almost exclusively for people due for their second doses. Those two issues are causing delays in the release of new appointments for people getting the vaccines for the first time.
Wilma Wooten said. On Wednesday, Supervisor Nathan Fletcher said the county should be proud of the sacrifice it had made during the pandemic and suggested a change in the formula the state uses to calculate its four-tiered reopening structure could be on the way. Currently high-level research is being conducted, to apply the enzymes of sugar cane fermentation to cellulose in wood, to obtain methanol , but the cost is much higher when compared with ethanol derived from corn costs.
There is a close relation in the forestry economy between these countries; they have many tree genera in common, and Canada is the main producer of wood and wooden items destined to the US, the biggest consumer of wood and its byproducts in the world. The water systems of the Great Lakes , Erie Canal , Hudson River and Saint Lawrence Seaway to the east coast and the Mississippi River to the central plains and Louisiana allows transportation of logs at very low costs.
On the west coast , the basin of the Columbia River has plenty of forests with excellent timber. For many years products derived from trees in Canadian forests had been the most important export items of the country. Canada is the world leader in sustainable forest management practices. The species that are ideal for the many uses in this type of economy are those employed by arboriculture , that are very well known for their features and the need for certain types of ground and climates.
In Sweden, Finland and to an extent Norway, much of the land area is forested, the pulp and paper industry is one of the most significant industrial sectors. Chemical pulping produces an excess of energy, since the organic matter in black liquor , mostly lignin and hemicellulose breakdown products, is burned in the recovery boiler.
Considerable effort is directed towards increasing the value and usage of forest products by companies and by government projects. The burning of wood is currently the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel may be available as firewood e. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating through stoves and fireplaces , and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity.
For many centuries many types of traditional ovens were used to benefit from the heat generated by wood combustion.
Now, more efficient and clean solutions have been developed: advanced fireplaces with heat exchangers , wood-fired ovens , wood-burning stoves and pellet stoves , that are able to filter and separate pollutants centrifuging ashes with rotative filters , thus eliminating many emissions, also allowing to recover a higher quantity of heat that escaped with the chimney fumes.
Combustion of wood is, however, linked to the production of micro-environmental pollutants, as carbon dioxide CO 2 , carbon monoxide CO an invisible gas able to provoke irreversible saturation of blood's hemoglobine , as well as nanoparticles. In Italy poplar has been proposed as a tree cultivated to be transformed into biofuels , because of the excellent ratio of energy extracted from its wood because of poplar's fast growing and capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the small amount of energy needed to cultivate, cut and transport the trees.
Populus x canadensis 'I', grows so fast that is able to reach 14 inches 36 cm in diameter and heights of feet 30 m in ten years.
Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis , the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. Charcoal can then be used as a fuel with a higher combustion temperature.
Wood gas generator gasogen : is a bulky and heavy device but technically simple that transforms burning wood in a mix of molecular hydrogen H 2 , carbon monoxide CO , carbon dioxide CO 2 , molecular nitrogen N 2 and water vapor H 2 O. In the time between World War I and World War II included, because of the lack of oil, in many countries, like Italy, France, Great Britain and Sweden, several gasoline-powered cars were modified, with the addition of a wood gas generator a " gasogen " , a device powered by wood, coal, or burnable waste, able to produce and purify gas that immediately, in the same vehicle, could power a slightly modified ICE engine of a standard car low-compression engine.
Carburetor had to be changed with an air-gas mixer. There were several setbacks, as the great reduction of maximum speed and the need to drive using low gears and wisely dosing the amount of air. In modern cars, modified with a wood gas generator, gas emissions CO, CO 2 and NOx are lower to those of the same vehicle running with gasoline keeping the same catalytic converter.
Rarely, when unwise wine-makers mix small chunks of wood and leaves with grapes, methanol can be found as a pollutant of the blend of water, ethanol and other substances derived from grape's fermentation.
The best way to obtain methanol from wood is through syngas CO, CO 2 , H 2 produced by the anhydrous pyrolysis of wood, a method discovered by ancient Egyptians. Methanol can be used as an oxygen-rich additive for gasoline.
However, it is usually much cheaper to produce methanol from methane or from syngas. Methanol is the most important base material for industrial chemistry, where it is often used to make more complex molecules through reactions of halogenation and chemical addition reaction. Its advantages over turbo - diesel engine , are the small size and light weight, the lack of a radiator which gives an advantage against the effect of gun and cannon shots and missile strikes suffered in battle.
A setback is the high fuel consumption, since the turbine engine has not the ability to work at a low revolutions per minute rate, much lower than ideal, and during the march this engine consumes twice as much fuel as a modern turbo-diesel engine with intercooler and direct injection. Wood is strong, because the efficiency of wood for structural purposes has qualities that are similar to steel.
Wood is used to build bridges as the Magere bridge in Amsterdam , as well as water and air mills, and microhydro generators for electricity. Hardwood is used as a material in wooden houses, and other structures with a broad range of dimensions. In traditional homes wood is preferred for ceilings, doors , floorings and windows.
Wooden frames were traditionally used for home ceilings, but they risk collapse during fires. The development of energy efficient houses including the " Wood Ship Construction 101 passive house " has revamped the importance of wood in construction, because wood provides acoustic and thermal insulation , with much better results than concrete. In Japan, ancient buildings, of relatively high elevation, like pagodas , historically had shown to be able to resist earthquakes of high intensity , thanks to the traditional building techniques, employing elastic joints , and to the excellent ability of wooden frames to elastically deform and absorb severe accelerations and compressive shocks.
In , Italian scientists from CNR patented [45] a building system that they called " SOFIE ", [46] a seven-storey wooden building, 24 meters high, built by the "Istituto per la valorizzazione del legno e delle specie arboree" Ivalsa of San Michele all'Adige.
In it was tested with the hardest Japanese antiseismic test for civil structures: the simulation of Kobe's earthquake 7. This Italian project, employed very thin and flexible panels in glued laminated timber , and according to CNR researchers could brought to the construction of much more safe houses in seismic areas.
As an example, the main component in the structure of battle ship USS Constitution , the world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat launched in is white oak.
Woodworking is the activity or skill of making items from wood, and includes cabinet making cabinetry and furniture , wood carving , joinery , carpentry, and woodturning. Millions of people make a livelihood on woodworking projects. One of the most famous crisis of a wood-based economy is what happened in Classical Greece , where trees began to disappear specially in the areas of Attica , Boeotia and Peloponnesus where indiscriminate cutting of trees for several uses, associated to drought and wildfires led to a severe lack of timber to build lances, shields, ships, etc.
The secret weapon of the Sarissaphoros soldiers supported by peltast javelineers , commanded by Philipp II in the Battle of Chaeronea BC and in those that followed fought by Alexander the Great which brought to the conquest of Lesser Asia , Babylon , Persia and Egypt , was the sarissa , a type of pike , longer and stronger 5�7 m.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Group of economic activities related to the production of wood and forest products. See also: Canada�United States softwood lumber dispute. Main article: Wood production.
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