The wood industry or lumber industry is an industry concerned with forestrylogging, timber tradeand the production of forest productstimber, primary forest and wood products e. Some largest producers are also among the large scale model boats kits template timberland owners. Processing and products differs especially with regard to the distinction between softwood and hardwood. Both types can be of use for building and residential construction purposes e. After logging, which is Wood Ship Construction Project Management now typically done using large harvestersthe trunks of the felled trees are cut in lumber mills.
As ofthe top timberland owners in the USA were structured as real-estate investment trusts and include: [6]. In the largest lumber and wood producers in the USA were [7].
As these companies are often publicly traded, their ultimate owners are a diversified group of investors. There are also timber-oriented real-estate investment trusts. According to sawmilldatabase, the world top wood ship construction industry of sawn wood in were: [9]. Workers within forest nurseries and gathering of forest products are tasked with growing trees for reforestation and gathering products such as rhizomes and barks. Worker noise exposures in the forestry and logging industry have been found to be up to dBA.
If a worker were to develop a hearing loss as a result of occupational noise exposures, it would be classified as occupational hearing loss. Noise exposures within the forestry and logging industry can be reduced by enclosing engines and heavy equipment, installing mufflers and silencers, and performing wood ship construction industry maintenance on equipment. The Bureau of Labor Statistics BLS has found that fatalities of forestry and logging workers have increased from toup from 81 to per year.
The existence of a wood economyor more broadly, a forest economy in many countries a bamboo economy predominatesis a prominent matter in many developing countries as well as in many other nations with a temperate climate and especially in those with low temperatures.
These are generally the countries with greater forested areas so conditions allow for development of local forestry to harvest wood for local uses. The uses of wood in furniture, buildings, bridges, and as a source of energy are widely known. Additionally, wood from trees and bushescan be used in a variety of products, such as wood pulp wood ship construction industry, cellulose in paper, celluloid in early photographic film, cellophaneand rayon a substitute for silk.
At the end of their normal usage, wood products can be burnt to obtain thermal energy or can wood ship construction industry used as a fertilizer. The potential environmental damage that a wood economy could occasion include a reduction of biodiversity due to monoculture forestry the intensive cultivation of very few trees types ; and CO 2 emissions.
However, forests can aid in the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus limit climate change. The wood economy was the starting point of the civilizations worldwide, since eras preceding the Paleolithic [ clarification needed ] and the Neolithic. It necessarily preceded ages of metals by many millennia, as the melting of metals was possible only through the discovery of techniques to light fire usually obtained by the scraping of two very dry wooden rods and the building of many simple machines and rudimentary tools, as canes, club handles, bowsarrowslances.
One of the most ancient handmade articles ever found is a polished wooden spear tip Clacton Spearyears old third interglacial periodthat was buried under sediments in England, at Clacton-on-Sea.
Successive civilizations such as the Egyptians and Sumerians built sophisticated objects of furniture. Many types of furniture in ivory and valuable woods have survived to our time practically intact, because secluded in inviolated secret tombs, they were protected from decay also by the dry environment of desert.
The main source of the lumber used in the world is forestswhich can be classified as virginsemivirgin and plantations. Much timber is removed for firewood by local populations in many countries, especially in wood ship construction industry third worldbut this amount can only be estimated, with wide margins of uncertainty.
Inthe worldwide production of "Roundwood" officially counted wood not used as firewoodwas about 1,, cubic metres 2. In the s, the countries with the largest forest area were: Soviet Union approximately 8, km 2Brazil 5, km 2Canada 4, km 2United States 3, km 2Indonesia 1, km 2 and Democratic Republic of Congo 1, km 2. Other countries with important production and wood ship construction industry of wood usually have a low density of population in relation to their territorial extension, here we can include countries as ArgentinaChileFinlandLarge scale model boats kits templateSweden, Ukraine.
By the rainforest areas of Brazil were reduced by a fifth respect ofto around 4, km 2 ; the ground cleared was mainly destined for cattle pasture �Brazil is the world's largest exporter wood ship construction industry beef with almost , head of cattle.
Regarding the problem of climate change, it is known that burning forests increase CO 2 in the atmosphere, while intact virgin forest or plantations act as sinks for CO 2for these reasons wood economy fights greenhouse effect. The amount of CO 2 absorbed depends on the type of trees, lands and the climate of the place where trees naturally grow or are planted.
Moreover, by night plants do not photosynthesizeand produce CO 2eliminated the successive day. Paradoxically in summer oxygen created by photosynthesis in forests near to cities and urban parks, interacts with urban air pollution from cars.
In a low-carbon economyforestry operations will be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Forest managers will make sure that they do not disturb soil-based carbon reserves too. Specialized tree farms will large scale model boats kits template the main source of material for many products.
Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations in order to maximize output. Brazil has a long tradition in the harvesting of several types of trees with specific uses. Since the s, imported species of pine tree and eucalyptus have been grown mostly for the plywood and paper pulp industries. Currently high-level research is being conducted, to apply the enzymes of sugar cane fermentation to cellulose in wood, in order to obtain methanolbut the cost is much higher when compared with ethanol derived from corn costs.
There is a close relation in the forestry economy between these countries; they have many tree genera wood ship construction industry common, and Canada is the main producer of wood and wooden items large scale model boats kits template to the US, the biggest consumer of wood and its byproducts in the world.
The water systems of the Great LakesErie CanalHudson River and Saint Lawrence Seaway to the east coast and the Mississippi River to the central plains and Louisiana allows transportation of logs at very low costs. On the west coastthe basin of the Columbia River has plenty of forests with excellent timber. For many years products derived large scale model boats kits template trees in Canadian forests had been the most important export items of the country.
Canada is the world leader in sustainable forest management practices. The species that are ideal for the many uses in this type of economy are those employed by arboriculturethat are very well known for their features and the need for certain types of ground and climates. In Sweden, Finland and to an extent Norway, much of the land area is large scale model boats kits template, the pulp and paper industry is one of the most significant industrial sectors. Chemical pulping produces an excess of energy, since the organic matter in black liquormostly lignin and hemicellulose breakdown products, is burned in the recovery boiler.
Considerable effort is directed towards increasing the value and usage of forest products by companies and by government projects. The burning of wood is currently the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel may be available as firewood e. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating through stoves and fireplacesand occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity.
For many centuries many types of traditional ovens were used in order to benefit from the heat generated by wood combustion. Now, more efficient and clean solutions have been developed: advanced fireplaces with heat exchangerswood-fired ovenswood-burning stoves and pellet stovesthat are able to filter and separate pollutants centrifuging wood ship construction industry with rotative filtersthus eliminating many emissions, also allowing to recover a higher quantity of heat that escaped with the chimney wood ship construction industry. Combustion of wood is, however, linked to the production of micro-environmental pollutants, as carbon dioxide CO 2carbon monoxide CO an invisible gas able to provoke irreversible saturation of blood 's hemoglobineas well as nanoparticles.
In Italy poplar has been proposed as a tree cultivated to be transformed into biofuelsbecause of the excellent ratio of energy extracted from its wood because of poplar's fast growing and capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the small amount of energy needed to cultivate, cut and transport the trees.
Populus x wood ship construction industry 'I', grows so fast that is able to reach 14 inches 36 cm in diameter and heights large scale model boats kits template feet 30 m in ten years.
Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other wood ship construction industry constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysisthe heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. Charcoal can then be used as a fuel with a higher combustion temperature.
Wood gas generator gasogen : is a bulky and heavy device but technically large scale model boats kits template that transforms burning wood in a mix of molecular hydrogen H 2carbon monoxide COcarbon dioxide CO 2molecular nitrogen N 2 and water vapor H 2 O. In the time between World War I and World War II included, because of the lack of oilin many countries, like Italy, France, Great Britain and Sweden, several gasoline -powered cars were modified, with the addition of a wood gas generator a " gasogen "a device powered by wood, coal, or burnable waste, able to produce and purify gas that immediately, in the same vehicle, could power a slightly modified ICE engine of a standard car low-compression engine.
Carburetor had to be changed with an air-gas mixer. There were several setbacks, as the great reduction of maximum speed and the need to drive using low gears and wisely dosing the amount of air. In modern cars, modified with a wood gas generator, gas emissions CO, CO 2 and NOx are lower to those of the same vehicle running with gasoline keeping the same catalytic converter.
Rarely, when unwise wine -makers mix small chunks of wood and leaves with grapes, methanol can be found as a pollutant of the blend of water, ethanol and other substances derived from grape 's fermentation.
The best way to obtain methanol from wood is through syngas CO, CO 2H 2 produced by the anhydrous pyrolysis of wood, a method discovered by ancient Egyptians. Methanol can be used as an oxygen-rich additive for gasoline. However, it is usually much cheaper to produce methanol from methane or from syngas.
Methanol is the most important base material for industrial chemistry, where it is often used to make more complex molecules through reactions of halogenation and chemical addition reaction. Its advantages over turbo - diesel engineare the small size and light weight, wood ship construction industry lack of a radiator which gives an advantage against the effect of gun and cannon shots and missile strikes suffered in battle.
A setback is the high fuel consumption, since the turbine engine has not the ability to work at a low revolutions per minute rate, much lower than ideal, and during the march this engine consumes twice as much fuel as a modern turbo-diesel engine with intercooler and direct injection.
Wood is strong, because the efficiency of wood for structural purposes has qualities that are similar to steel. Wood is used to build bridges as the Magere bridge in Amsterdamas well as water and air mills, and microhydro generators for electricity. Hardwood is used large scale model boats kits template a material in wooden large scale model boats kits templateand other structures with a broad range of dimensions.
In traditional homes wood is preferred for ceilingsdoorsfloorings and windows. Wooden frames were traditionally wood ship construction industry for home ceilings, but they risk collapse during fires. The development of energy efficient houses including the " passive house " has revamped the importance of wood in construction, because wood provides wood ship construction industry and thermal insulationwith much better results than concrete.
In Japan, ancient buildings, of relatively high elevation, like pagodashistorically had shown to be able to resist earthquakes of high wood ship construction industrythanks to the traditional building techniques, employing elastic jointsand to the excellent ability of wooden frames to elastically deform and absorb severe accelerations and compressive shocks.
InItalian scientists from CNR patented [45] a building system that they called " SOFIE ", [46] a seven- storey wooden building, 24 meters high, built by the "Istituto per la valorizzazione del legno e delle specie arboree" Ivalsa of San Michele all'Adige. In it was tested with the hardest Japanese antiseismic test for civil structures: the simulation of Kobe's earthquake 7.
This Italian project, employed very thin and flexible panels in glued laminated timberand large scale model boats kits template to CNR researchers could brought to the construction of much more safe houses in seismic areas. As an example, the main component in the structure of battle ship USS Constitutionthe world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat launched in is white oak.
Woodworking is the activity or skill of making items from woodand includes cabinet making cabinetry and furniturewood carvingjoinerycarpentryand woodturning. Millions of people make a livelihood on woodworking projects. One of the most famous crisis of a wood-based economy is what happened in Classical Greecewhere trees began to disappear specially in the areas of AtticaBoeotia and Peloponnesus where indiscriminate cutting of trees for several uses, large scale model boats kits template to drought and wildfires led to a severe lack of timber in order to build lances, shields, ships.
The secret weapon of the Sarissaphoros soldiers supported by peltast javelineerscommanded by Philipp II in the Battle of Chaeronea BC and in those that followed fought by Alexander the Great which brought to the conquest of Lesser AsiaBabylonPersia and Egyptwas the sarissaa type of pikelonger and stronger 5�7 m.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The wood industry plays a dominating role in today's wood economy. See also: Canada�United States softwood lumber dispute. Main article: Wood production. See also: Category:Forest products companies. The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this sectiondiscuss the issue on the talk pageor create a new section, as appropriate.
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