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Solution: From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie the fatherland and le citoyen the citizen emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. Question 3.
Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? The importance of the way in which they were portrayed was to remind the public of their national symbols of unity and to persuade them to identify with them.
Question 4. Briefly trace the process of German unification. Solution: Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners called Junkers of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years � with Austria, Denmark and France � ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. Question 5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Solution: The following changes were introduced by Napoleon to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him :. Question 1. Explain what is meant by the revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? Solution: Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property. The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless continued to inspire liberals. One of the major issues taken up by Class 10th Ncert History Notes And the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press. Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the year , a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
Events of February in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.
In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist � such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire � men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles � a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe? Solution: In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.
It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones � such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
Question Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans? Solution: The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success.
One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. The revision notes always keep a track of all the information you have learned.
These notes, during the exam time, will act as a ready referral to go through. This method not only helps in saving the energy and time of the students during the Class 10 Examination but also helps them to recall all the things which they have studied in less time. The Class 10 revision notes have also aided the students to remember the things which they have studied because they might have read each sentence line by line and have prepared the notes.
The above notes will help you to excel in exams. You should always revise the Class 10 History concepts and notes before the exams and will help you to recap all important topics and you will be able to score better marks. The study material has been made by experienced teachers of leading schools and institutes in India is available for free download in pdf format. Important updates relating to your studies which will help you to keep yourself updated with latest happenings in school level education.
Keep yourself updated with all latest news and also read articles from teachers which will help you to improve your studies, increase motivation level and promote faster learning. Revised date sheet for Class 12 - scroll down for datesheet for class 10 Revised datesheet for Class SOF is the educational foundation involved in the academic upgradation of students. This Olympiad is a maths competitive examination conducted for the aspiring Till last year, the window for Practical Examinations was provided from 1st January to 7th Ncert Class 10th History Notes Javascript February.
However, this By that time Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan and entire south India had independent rulers who established flourishing states and prosperous capitals. It was during this period that some new ruling groups like the Afghans and the Rajputs emerged. Some small but powerful and extremely well-administered states also emerged.
Sher Shah Sur � was the most powerful of them all. He even challenged the Mughal emperor Humayun and captured Delhi. In a very short period of fifteen years , he introduced many reforms and a lot of welfare works. His administration became the model followed by the great emperor Akbar � when he consolidated the Mughal Empire. The Rulers of Delhi. Hinterland: It refers to the land adjacent to a city or port that supply it with goods and services.
Mosque: It is called a masjid in Arabic, and literarily means a place where a Muslim prostrates in reverence to Allah. Client: Someone who is under the protection of another, a dependent or hanger-on. Bandagan: The early Delhi Sultans especially lltutmish favoured their slaves purchased for military service. These slaves were known as bandagan in Persian. If you have any query regarding The Delhi Sultans Class 7 History Chapter 3 Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.
Rulers of Delhi Tomars: Early 12th century Sayyid Dynasty: It was the only Shia dynasty Lodi Dynasty: Finding out about the Delhi Sultans Inscriptions, coins and architecture provide a lot of information. The authors of tawarikh were learned men; secretaries administrators, poets and courtiers who both recounted events and advised rulers on governance, emphasizing the importance of the just rule. From Garrison Town to Empire In the early 13th century the control of the Delhi Sultans rarely went beyond heavily fortified towns occupied by garrisons.
The Khiljis and Tughluqs continued to use Bandage and also raised people of humble birth, who were their clients, to high positions like governors and generals. The Khiljis and Tughluqs appointed military commanders as governors of territories of varying sizes. These lands were called iqta and their holder was called muqti or iqtadar.
The duty of muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas. In return, muqtis collected the revenues of their assignments as salary. They also paid their soldiers from this revenue. Under Alauddin Khilji and Muhammad, Tughluq accountants were appointed to check the amount collected by the muqtis.
As Delhi Sultans brought the hinterland of the cities under their control, they forced the samants and the rich landlords to accept their authority. By then Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan and entire South India had Independent rulers who had established flourishing states and prosperous capitals.
New ruling dynasties like the Afghans and Rajputs also arose during the period.
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