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In this case, the total resistance of the system is equal to the sum of the resistance of all the resistors in the system. Let, three resistors R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 get connected in series. Resistors in Parallel: When resistors are joined in parallel, the reciprocal of the total resistance of the system is equal to the sum of reciprocal of the resistance of resistors. Let three resistors R 1 , R 2 and R 3 connected in parallel. The total current through the circuit can be calculated by adding the electric current through individual resistors.
Heating Effect of Electric Current: When electric current is supplied to a purely resistive conductor, the energy of electric current is dissipated entirely in the form of heat and as a result, resistor gets heated. The heating of resistor because of dissipation of electrical energy is commonly known as Heating Effect of Electric Current.
Some examples are as follows : When electric energy is supplied to an electric bulb, the filament gets heated because of which, it gives light. The heating of electric bulb happens because of heating effect of electric current. Cause of Heating Effect of Electric Current: Electric current generates heat to overcome the resistance offered by the conductor through which it passes. Higher the resistance, the electric current will generate higher amount of heat.
Thus, generation of heat by electric current while passing through a conductor is an inevitable consequence. This heating effect is used in many appliances, such as electric iron, electric heater, electric geyser, etc. Electric Bulb: In an electric bulb, the filament of bulb gives light because of the heating effect of electricity. Electric Fuse: Electric fuse is used to protect the electric appliances from high voltage if any.
Electric fuse is made of metal or alloy of metals, such as aluminum, copper, iron, lead, etc. In the case of flow of higher voltage than specified, fuse wire melts and protect the electric appliances. Suppose, if an electric heater consumes W at V. Electric Power S. Unit of electric energy is kilowatt-hour kWh. Conductor: The material which can allow the flow of electrons through itself is called the conductor. It has a large number of free electrons. It offers low opposition in the flow of current.
Insulator: The material which does not allow the flow of electrons through itself is called insulator. It has less or no free electrons. It offers high opposition in the flow of current. Electric Current: The amount of flow charge through any cross-sectional area of a conductor in unity time is called Electric Current. Electric Current is a scalar quantity. It is measured by an ammeter.
Direction: The direction of conventional current or practical current Electricity Class 10th Ncert Notes Go is opposite to the flow of electrons. Electric potential: Electric Potential at any point in the electric field is defined as the amount of work done to bring the unit positive charge from infinity from outside the electric field to that point. It is a scalar quantity. The -ve charge flows from lower to a higher potential. When cell is connected to a conducting wire, current flows from high potential to low potential.
Electric circuit is a continuous and closed path of electric current. For example figure given below shows a typical electric circuit comprising a cell, an electric bulb and a switch. We know that electric circuit is a continuous path consisting of cell, switch plug key , electric components and connecting wires. Electric circuits can be represented conveniently through a circuit diagram. A diagram which indicates how different components in a circuit have to be connected by using symbols for different electric components is called a circuit diagram.
Ammeter: An apparatus to measure the value of current. It is always connected in series in a circuit through which the current is to be measured.
Where R is constant for the given conductor and called resistance. Resistance is the property of conductor which resists the flow of electric current through it. Component that is used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit is called resistor. Length of conductor: Resistance R is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
This means, Resistance increases with increase in length of the conductor. This is the cause that long electric wires create more resistance to the electric current.
Area of cross section: Resistance R is inversely proportional to the area of cross section A of the conductor. This means R will decrease with increase in the area of conductor and vice versa. More area of conductor facilitates the flow of electric current through more area and thus decreases the resistance.
This is the cause that thick copper wire creates less resistance to the electric current. Nature of material: Wire used in electric circuit is made up of different materials and different materials have different value of resistivity. It is the property of material. Temperature: Resistance also varies with temperature. Resistance increases with increase in temperature and decreases with decrease in temperature.
The device which is used to vary the resistance in an electric circuit; without changing the voltage from the source; is called Rheostat and that resistance is called variable resistance. Set up a circuit as shown above. Note reading in the ammeter and voltmeter; at different values of potential by changing the battery.
Every time you will find different values of current i and potential difference V in ammeter and voltmeter. Plot these values on graph and observe the nature of the graph.
The graph of V potential difference versus i electric current is always a straight line. Resistors in Series : When resistors are joined from end to end, they are said to be in series combination. Value of current in the ammeter is same irrespective of its position in the circuit. So we conclude that in a series combination of resistors the current is same in every part of the circuit or same current flow through each resistor.
If we add potential difference across each one of resistors R 1 , R 2 and R 3 then we get. Resistors in parallel: When resistors are joined in parallel, they are said to be in parallel combination.
Note : When number of resistors are connected in parallel then their combined resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance. While in series combination, equivalent resistance is always greater than any individual resistance. Let I current flowing through a resistor of resistance R and potential across the resistor is V. When charge Q moves against the potential difference V in time t, the amount of work is. Battery has chemical energy due to which it can do work.
But total energy is always conserved. Chemical energy of battery is converted to heat energy in the resistor. This heating of resistor is commonly known as Heating Effect of Electric Current. It states that heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional to the square of current given to the resistor, directly proportional to the resistance for a given current and directly proportional to the time for which the current is flowing through the resistor.
For exploiting the heating effect, the element of appliances must have high melting point to retain more heat. The heating effect of electric current is used in the following applications:. The heating of electric bulb happens because of heating effect of electric current. The filament of bulb is generally made of tungsten metal; having melting point equal to 0 C. The element of electric iron is made of alloys having high melting point. Electric fuse is made of metal or alloy of metals, such as aluminium, copper, iron, lead, etc.
In the case of flow of higher voltage than specified, fuse wire melts and protects the electric appliances. Thus, in this case a fuse of 5A should be used to protect the electric heater in the case of flow of higher voltage.
Rating of device is the value of electric power and potential of that electric device. If we know the rating of any electrical device we can easily find the value of resistance. As i know number of free electrons increase when temperature increase so its resistance should be decressed?
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The notes are very good and helful to me but your vedios are also very much good. But where they are. My wife pashmeen is also interested abt the site Thank u. Login Register. November 4, at am Reply. April 20, at am Reply. July 20, at pm Reply. March 11, at pm Reply. April 15, at pm Reply. May 14, at pm Reply. October 5, at pm Reply. June 21, at pm Reply. S kushwaha. May 20, at pm Reply. Very good sir i need helpful for board examination and very short notes May 20, at am Reply. I understand easily sir and I always make my notes by this website so thanks a lot.
May 4, at pm Reply. April 25, at pm Reply. April 6, at am Reply. April 3, at am Reply. I want to know about electric potential of electricity chapter class Gaurav Darjee.
April 2, at pm Reply. Asif Ansari. March 22, at pm Reply. March 23, at am Reply. Please post your doubts in doubts. March 14, at am Reply. The unit of current is Ampere.
Potential Difference:. The potential difference between two separate points is defined as the work done to move a unit positive charge from one point to another. The unit of potential difference is Volt. Resistance in a series connection:. Resistance in parallel:.
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