Biology Notes Form 1 Introduction to Biology Biology is a branch of science that deals with the study of living things. There are diverse forms of life on earth ranging from the invisible microscopic living things to the gigantic life forms. It aims at explaining the living world in terms of scientific principles. It is important to note, however, that living things interact with the non living things in the environment as Well.
Biology, therefore also entails the study of non living things as well. The role of human beings in shaping the environment is also investigated in biology. In summary, biology deals with the study of origins, types, nature, growth, development, interactions and maintenance of all life forms on earth.
Branches of Biology Biology is such a broad field of knowledge. It is divided into two broad branches 1. Zoology - This is a branch of biology that deals with the study of animal life. Botany - This is a branch of biology that deals with the study of plant life. Within the two branches, there exist even smaller branches Mathematics Ncert Book Of 10th Class Generator because the branches botany and Zoology are very wide and complex. The smaller branches of biology include: a Ecology - This is the study of Class 10 Maths Ncert Book Ch 1 Gene the interrelationships between organisms and their environment.
Ecology aims at establishing how organisms are related to each other and their environment. Ecology is further subdivided into smaller branches. These can be forest ecology, marine ecology, rangeland ecology etc. It deals with the study of how variations differences occur between parents and their offspring.
It is also concerned with how various characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring. It deals with the processes that take place in the body of organisms.
Importance of biology The study of biology is very important. The knowledge acquired from this study can benefit an individual in myriad ways. The study of biology is important in that: The knowledge acquired from the study of biology can be very helpful in solving environmental problems such as food shortage, poor health services, pollution and environmental degradation.
The study of biology can grant one an entry into various careers such as medicine, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, horticulture and dentistry. The study of biology leads to development of scientific skills which are very useful in life.
These include skills of observing, identifying, recording, classifying, measuring, analyzing and evaluating. These skills can enable one learn how to make right choices and lead an improved life.
Through the study of biology man learns the causes of human, plant and human diseases and how best these diseases can be prevented and cured. Biological knowledge acquired in the study of biology is very useful in enhancing international cooperation. Characteristics Of Living Things Living things share a lot of characteristics in common. These characteristics are discussed below. Living things require nutrients for various purposes; growth, repair of worn out tissues and for provision of energy.
Plants manufacture their own food using light energy, carbon IV oxide, water and mineral salts through the process of photosynthesis. Conversely, animals feed on already manufactured foods from plants and other animals. During respiration, oxygen is used while energy, carbon IV oxide and water are released. Respiration occurs in all living cells. The energy produced in living things is very useful as it enables the living things carry out some of their physiological processes.
The energy is also required for growth and development, movement and repair of worn out tissues. Animals always take in air rich in oxygen and give out air rich in carbon IV oxide. Carbon IV oxide is a waste product of chemical reactions in the body. Animals require oxygen for respiration. Gaseous exchange, therefore, enables animals obtain oxygen for respiration and get rid of carbon IV oxide, a waste product.
Plants, however, require carbon IV oxide for photosynthesis during the day. They give away oxygen as a by-product. The plants equally require oxygen for respiration and give away carbon IV oxide. These harmful waste products of metabolism maybe toxic to the body if they are left to accumulate in the cells of the living things e Growth and Development Growth refers to an irreversible increase in size and mass while development refers to the irreversible change in complexity of the structure of living things.
Growth and development of living things is essential as it enables the living things to attain maximum size that can enable them to perform their functions and roles. All living things reproduce. Reproduction is essential as it leads to perpetuation of species and it avoids extinction of certain animals and plants. Living things respond to changes in temperature, humidity, light, presence or absence of certain chemicals. Response of organisms to these changes is crucial as it enables them to escape from harmful stimuli.
Ability to detect changes in the environment also enables organisms to obtain resources in their environment. The change of position of an entire organism from one position to another is locomotion.
Study questions a Motor vehicles move, use energy and produce carbon dioxide and water. Similar characteristics occur in living organisms yet motor vehicles are not classified as living.
List the other characteristics of living things that do NOT occur in motor vehicles. Collection of Specimen We have defined biology as the study of living things. For effective study, a biologist may have to collect some living things or some parts of living things for observation and analysis. The living things or parts of living things that are used for biological study are called specimens. Biological studies always take place in laboratories. A laboratory is a building or a room that is designed and equipped for scientific studies.
Collections of living things especially animals may not be very easy. Some of the animals are not easy to catch while some are quite dangerous. Knowledge on proper specimen collection and handling of is very important. We will discuss some of the apparatus used in specimen collection.
They are of different sizes depending on the size of the specimen being studied. A hand lens is a common magnifying lens used in the laboratory. The magnifying power of the hand lenses is always indicated on the lens e. X10, X5, X8. The magnifying power of a lens shows how many times the image will be enlarged compared to the object. How to use a magnifying lens To use a magnifying lens, place the object to be enlarged on the bench.
Hold the magnifying lens on one hand and while closing one eye, move the lens towards the object until the image comes into clear focus. If a magnifying lens is used to make a drawing of a specimen, the magnification of the drawing will have no relation with the size of the drawing. The magnification of the drawing can be calculated using the formula shown below. X10, X5, X15 etc. Precautions During Collection and Observation of Specimen While collecting specimen for observation, a biologist should play close attention to the following: Collect only the number of specimen you need; do not collect more than you need.
Do not destroy the natural habitat of the specimens. Such injurious specimens can be stinging plants or insects. Forceps and hand gloves should be used in such cases. Comparison Between Plants and Animals Plants most posses chlorophyll which gives them their green color.
Chlorophyll is very useful in the process of photosynthesis their cells have cellulose cell walls they respond slowly to changes in their environment plants are immobile they lack specialized excretory organs Animals they lack chlorophyll content hence feed on already manufactured food materials their cells lack cellulose cell walls they respond quickly to changes in their environment most animals move around in search of food, shelter and mates have complex excretory organs Chapter Two: Classification 1 Introduction Biology has been defined as the study of living things living organisms.
Even though all living things share similar characteristics discussed in the introductory chapter, the living things exhibit a lot of differences. In particular, animals and plants are all living things yet they differ in many aspects. Amongst animals and plants also there exist a lot of differences. There are millions of different plant and animal types exhibiting a range of differences. This created a need for a classification system of living things to make study of the living organisms easier.
Classification refers to the grouping of living organisms according to their structure. In classification, organisms that share a lot of similarities are placed under one group referred to as a taxon plural: taxa. Other than the similarities, grouping of the organisms also takes into account the evolutionary relationships phylogeny of the organisms.
It is believed that all organisms once had a common ancestor theory of evolution. During classification, organisms that are believed to have evolved along the same line of evolution are placed in one taxon.
The scientific study of classification is known as taxonomy. A biologist studying taxonomy is a taxonomist. In classifying organisms taxonomists to a great extent rely on the use of external observable features of organisms. Stem presence and type. Presence and types of fruits and cones. Classification helps in identifying living organisms into their correct groups for reference Classification helps in avoiding chaos and confusion when dealing with animals as it arranges the information on organisms in an orderly manner.
Classification brings together living organisms with similar characteristics together but separate those with different features. Taxonomic systems provide relatively stable, unique, and unequivocal names for organisms It makes the study of such a wide variety of organisms easy. It projects before us a good picture of all life forms at a glance.
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