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Closets must also be provided for the storage of clothing, bedding, cleaning equipment, books, magazines, and phonograph records, toys and other children's and adults' recreation equipment, and certain items such as luggage that are used only seasonally or infrequently.
The discussion here relates only to "active" storage space. Clothes closet. For clothes closets in bedrooms or dressing rooms, 2 ft is standard depth 2 ft 6 in. This permits clothing to be on hangers on poles, with sufficient clearance. Clothing lengths are shown in Fig. Clothes closet width, parallel to the doors, should be from 3 to 6 ft per person, depending on amounts of clothing and.
Modern closets, by the efficient arrangement of space and fixtures, accommodate much more clothing and material than the inconvenient, space-wasting closets of a few decades ago. The modern closet often replaces pieces of furniture and thus provides a greater amount of free, uncluttered space in the room.
Doors should open the full width of the closet whenever possible. In most cases the most efficient and economical doors are the usual hinged type. Two doors for a 5-ft closet will eliminate dark, inaccessible, hard-to-clean corners. Hooks, racks, and accessories on the backs of swinging doors increase efficiency by using otherwise unoccupied space in the closet.
Some typical closet plans are illustrated in Fig. Coat closets, doors, the are and children are shown entrance or 3 in. Several designs for coat closets are shown in Figs. Closet for cleaning equipment : The dimensions of the storage space needed for cleaning equipment will depend in large part upon the type used ; horizontal, ommended shown in Fig. The closet should be located as near the center of the house as possible, and should be FHAI requirements for linen closets are as follows : minimum interior dimensions, 18 in.
A suggested design for a cleaning equipment closet is shown in Fig. Storage for bedroom linens and bedding : Limited and liberal lists of articles of bedding that require storage, and the minimum dimensions of the space required, are shown in Table 1.
These are minimum dimensions, and about twice this amount is recommended, espe cially if both bedroom and bathroom linen are to be stored. A suggested layout for such a combined Fig. A minimum size closet of a usual type. Shoes can be stored on the raised shelfrack and three additional pair on the floor in front of the rack. Door could be arranged for hats as shown below, Heaving shelf for other storage. Minimal closet arranged to make shoes more visible and reachable.
There is space for hats without crushing or for night clothes hooks if hats are normally stored in a hall closet. Neckties might be in two tiers. An alternate to the scheme above giving maximum view of shoes and an additional shelf. Trousers would have to be folded over the crossbar of the suit hanger rather than being hung separately from the pole with trouser-hangers.
Bedroom closets for men. A four-foot closet with seven drawers for shirts, socks, underwear, etc. Night clothes and bathrobe hooks are best on the right band door, necktie racks flat against the Heft hand door.
Another four-foot closet with ten standard drawers conveniently arranged. Shoes are placed tandem above the drawers for visibility and reachability.
Poles are one above the other, requiring reaching. A solution to the shallow closet problem. A pull-out rod takes care of the suit, coat and trouser hanging.
Five drawers take the place of a small bureau or chest. Shoes are at "no stoop, no squat, no squint" levels. Wide wardrobe closets of more luxurious size planned as part of walls separating two rooms. Four doors, sliding or swinging, can be used. Lower portion of shoetiers could be replaced with mothproof "dead-storage" drawers. A deep walk-in closet. High tiers of shoe racks flank the door jambs. Shelves for Hive and dead storage on three sides, upper levels. Suit poles range the back wall.
Ties are on the left wall, night clothes hooks on right wall. A small closet with shoe racks at the side under short hanging garments. Additional shoe pockets might be placed on the door under the hanging shelves. These handy shelves fold into the space in front of the hat and storage shelves. An alternate minimum closet arrangment with a high pole for Hong dresses.
Two drawers below the shorter hanging garments. Depth of closet permits a door type shoe rack and a hat rack. Wide bats can go on upper shelf. Alternate to closet above. It provides a high pole for banging evening dresses and a lower pole for other dresses and suits. A large hat shelf is provided above the low pole as well as a hat rack and shoe pockets on the door. Bedroom closets for women. A four-foot closet combining hanging and shelf space with drawers for stockings, underthings, and what-not.
Shoes are easily seen and chosen from the almost eye-level cleat rack above the drawers. Hat storage on the shelves. Another four-foot closet with a short cantilever pole at the left allowing two-decker hanging. Closet drawer space would naturally be supplemented by a bureau or other furniture.
A shoe rack on the door would increase capacity. The shallow closet problem solved by the use of a pull-out rod firmly anchored to the back wall. Drawers again at lower right with cleated shoe shelves above, and hat shelves above them. Drawers may have to be shorter than standard. Large double wardrobe type closet, almost half devoted to hanging space. Left half fitted with large and small drawers and wide shelf-counter with mirror above.
Sliding doors may be preferred and center partition minimized. A walk-in closet, shoe racks and shallow shelves at one side drawers and hanging pole at the other. Drawers next to door are convenient but hazardous if Heft open. They could be placed at the back with hanging space near door.
Closet for infants up to about 5 years old, LOW hanging pole shelves and drawers permit habits of care and orderliness to be developed at an early age. Note two sets of doors,. Small closet designed for a child of from 6 to 10 years. Pole at higher but easily reached level. Drawers and shoe racks convenient heights. Ample shelf room at provided above for the storage of possessions.
Alternate, and larger, closet for an infant up to 5 years of age. Trays or drawers for folded garments at an upper level for adult use. Hanging space, drawers and shelt available to child using the lower doors. Bedroom closets for children. Closet for youngster up to 10 years old, providing greater length of hanging pole and different shoe arrangement, trays instead of cleat racks. A large shelf for hats, toys.
Included in this category are books, magazines, phonograph records, card tables and chairs, games, movie and slide projectors, screens and film, toys, sports equipment,. If adequate and conveniently located built-in storage is not provided, then portable units furniture will have to be used for this purpose. Book storage is usually required in the living room, study, and each bedroom. Most books 85 per cent can fit comfortably on shelves 8 in. Vertical spacing between shelves varies from 8 to 16 in.
Horizontally, books average 7 to 8 volumes per linear foot of shelf. Phonograph records 12 in. Card tables are usually 30 in. Folded chairs vary widely in dimension, but a fair average is 30 by 16 by 3 in. Space should also be provided for cards, score cards,. Sports equipment, especially golf bags, skis, and camping equipment, may present a serious storage problem. For some families, a separate closet for this purpose may be justified ; a suggested design is shown in Fig.
Such a closet should be located near the outside entrance which is most used by the family. Tools and associated items should, of course, be stored in the workshop, which every house must have. Paints, because of odor and fire hazard, are best stored outside the house. General storage is required for bulky, seldom-used items, such as trunks, boxes, and extra furniture.
Outdoor storage i. Toy and game storage should be provided in children's bedrooms and wherever the toys are regularly used. Toy storage should be designed for future conversion to other use.
These last two types of storage general and outdoor were provided in the traditional house by the basement, attic, and garage. Modern houses may have none of these spaces, and, in such cases, the architect should take particular care to provide adequate general and outdoor storage space.
FHA minimum requirements are cu ft plus 75 cu ft per bedroom, of which at least 25 per cent and not more than 50 per cent should be indoors. Again, it should be emphasized that this is a minimum requirement; more is recommended. Basic elements The standard elements of closet storage are shelves, drawers, poles, hooks, and. Practically any object can be stored efficiently by one or another of these means. The choice and arrangement of the fixtures depend on the amount and nature of the materials to be stored.
Shelves : Shelves are simple and inexpensive to install, require a minimum of effort to use, and are adaptable to the storage of many types of things, especially those of odd or bulky shape, folded articles, and, of course, books, magazines, etc.
However, if open, they are exposed to dust. Also small objects become hidden behind one another if the shelves are deep. A in. Articles of larger dimensions or greater depth should have their special places ; linens, for instance, are frequently folded for a in. Drawers are growing in popularity in closet design because they accommodate numerous articles with a Model Ship Building Plank Bending 400 minimum of.
A recent logical outcome of this situation has been the development of molded plastic drawers in a variety of stock sizes. Fronts of various materials can be attached. All that is required of the builder is the construction of the supporting enclosure. Hanging pole length can be estimated roughly at 3 in. Height of pole above floor should average 64 in. They provide practically dust-free storage and present a neat appearance even when carelessly used.
Drawers of different widths and depths make possible classified "filing" of different items, thus providing a great saving in time and an incentive to orderliness. A cabinet made up of a battery of standard drawers, selected for the storage of the known possessions of the user, can easily be made from a comprehensive list, with allowance made for the accumulation. Drawer construction is cabinetwork requiring both skillful craftsmanship and the best materials. They must operate freely under all seasonal and climatic conditions.
Clearance between pole and shelf above should be 3 in. Hardwood poles 1 in. Consult manufacturers for special-purpose hanging rods, extension poles, brackets, etc. Hooks : A variety of hooks is available. Special features ; Such special features as shoe and hat racks and miscellaneous racks are on the market and greatly increase convenience in storage. This need for new housing, considered against a background of continuing urbanization, clearly indicates that an increasing proportion of an expanding housing market will be devoted to multifamily types of housing or apartments.
The inevitability of this trend contains a challenge to the architect to do more then merely meet a statistical demand. He must rather address, identify, and solve the problems of multifamily building types as an attractive alternative to freestanding singlefamily buildings. This article will deal with multifamily living in general, with some additional attention to the problems of the medium- and high-rise building type i.
This article will be developed in the same sequence as Table 1. It must be borne in mind that, as with any design development, the evolution of an apartment building design is not a sequential process but a process of continuing interaction, feedback, and reevaluation, and that the number and complexity of events will vary according to the program, scope, and funding sources involved.
The sequences shown are labeled as program development, site analysis, building planning, and building design. Program development is for the most pert evaluation of information over which the architect has relatively little control but which shapes the project in a basic way. Site analysis involves evaluation of physical data which must be recognized, identified, and weighed by the architect in making basic design decisions dealing with site use, allocation, and development.
PROGRAM Market Analysis A market analysis and program formulation may precede the retention of an architect ; however, to an increasing degree clients solicit the aid of an architect in these areas.
An investigation of the potential market should consider existing market conditions and trends with regard to 1. Type of occupancy a. Rental b. Cooperative c. Condominium 2. Price rent, maintenance, etc. Amenities 4. Apartment size area and number of rooms. Building types 6. Vacancy rates 7. Public facilities transportation, schools, shopping, recreation Program items to be resolved include Price range. What segment of the market is the project to be aimed at?
Identified in Table 2 as support facilities and closely interrelated with price range. How many units? Percentage of each type of unit. Building type or types. Funding in many cases a market analysis will conclude that conventional private financing is not economically feasible and that some type of public or semipublic assistance is required if a project is to proceed. There are a number of sources of such assistance at both federal and state levels. As a rule, an agency which provides assistance also requires conformance to agency standards, and frequently such an agency will require approval of or participation in program development.
While the client, local authorities, and funding sources will usually institute basic program direction, it nevertheless remains the responsibility of the architect to catalyze these decisions and formulate the finished program.
Density Figure t compares relative densities of various urban and suburban situations. It is helpful to "have a feel" for the physical reality of density figures as an aid in visualizing possible solutions and to anticipate implications of decisions which are made during program formulation. Appropriate local and regional authorities should be contacted in order to determine the type and extent of limitations or controls which may be imposed on a project and, further, to gauge the discretionary powers and flexibility of the governing authorities.
To an increasing degree, the philosophy of zoning is changing from one of restrictive limits and controls to an approach which attempts to lead and influence community growth. Many communities and regional authorities have guiding master plans which deal with long-range development and evaluation. The conceptual and planning freedom of the architect is linked with these considerations.
Failure to pursue a thorough investigation of these controls can result in serious problems later on in project development. Controls Zoning is concerned principally with questions of use, bulk, density, and location. Use, bulk, and density are usually controlled. Uses may be designated as, for example, residential, commercial, manufacturing, and, in some cases, park or recreational. Mixed uses are frequently allowed, end for large housing projects it is considered advantageous to incorporate retail shopping, entertainment, and dining facilities into a program.
Location of buildings is controlled in order to prevent oppressive proximity of building masses. See Figs. Density regulations limit the number of people per site-area unit.
The basis for density determination will vary from regulation to regulation. Density may range from a low of ten or fewer people per acre in low-density districts to a high of up to 1, or more per acre in the highest-density districts.
Borings and samples taken at the site will provide information regarding location and extent of rock, bearing capacity of the subsurface strata at various levels, and the level of a water table. A survey indicating boundaries, contours, or spot elevations is necessary and, in the case of difficult sites, such a survey may indicate terrain and other conditions which will strongly influence design decisions.
Limitations imposed by difficult terrain-in addition to those imposed by local laws or ordinancesmay limit such items as location of driveways and parking entrances.
Site Elements Figure 5 diagrams possible relationships among site layout elements which normally occur in apartment development. As suggested by the diagram, it is desirable to limit cross traffic among circulation elements such as vehicular access and pedestrian access and to maintain proximity or easy access among activity elements such as the dwelling unit, recreation, and parking.
The relationships may be horizontally or vertically arranged, depending on density or tightness of a site. Emphasis on the importance of certain relationships may vary with the program ; however, the basic elements and relationships remain.
Figure 6 shows examples of different arrangements of the site elements-arrangements which reflect program density relative to site area. Building Access Figure 7 diagrams various means of building access and internal circulation, each with different advantages and degrees of suitability to specific design solutions. Utilities Availability, adequacy, and location of site utilities enter into basic decision making. Bulk is frequently controlled by floor-area ratio, which limits total buildable floor area as a multiple of the site area.
In contemporary zoning regulations, floor-area ratio for apartment buildings will range from a low of 1 or less to a high in the range of 14 to 16 in dense metropolitan areas. Building codes are less regional and vary less than zoning regulations.
Many localities adopt national or state building codes as their standard. Such codes are concerned with health and safety requirements such as light and air, access, egress, construction standards, minimum dimensional standards, fire detection and protection, and fire equipment access. Inadequacy or unavailability of certain services may require on-site generation or disposal facilities. Building Orientation Building orientation may be influenced by a number of factors such as site, view desirable or undesirable , sun, and prevailing winds.
Closely interrelated to building orientation is the question of internal circulation and floor layout of the building. Figure 8 indicates how different layouts lend themselves to solutions of site problems. Standards Similar to zoning and codes and equally important in many cases are governmental agency standards, which apply when public or semipublic funding sources are involved or mortgage standards if private funding is involved.
The need for a thorough initial investigation and continuing review for conformance with controls imposed by zoning, codes and agencies cannot be overemphasized. Large Scale Large-scale residential developments involve special problems and opportunities.
Closing or rerouting of streets wholly within a project is frequently undertaken and can free up area, eliminate restrictions of a street grid pattern, and generally change the scale and feeling of a project. When through streets within a project are closed or otherwise restricted, compensatory widening and improvement of peripheral roads is usually in order not only to offset the effect of the closings but also to accommodate the increased traffic flow generated by the project itself.
Similarly, shutting down a utility line and adding to demand generally requires compensatory improvement. The shape of the repetitive typical floors influences the cost of constructing and enclosing the floors. For purposes of economy and efficiency, building shape should be such that expensive exterior walls are minie,ired in.
Area of a typical floor may affect costs. For example, pouring of a typical tier in a castin-place concrete building is a continuous process and requires a full concrete crew throughout. The area of a typical floor or part thereof should be such as to efficiently utilize the day's productivity of a concrete crew.
Similar analysis and considerations should be applied to other building techniques or systems. Building Height The cost of a building may be affected by building height.
A building may be of such height that it exceeds prevailing capacities in terms of available construction equipment and contractor experience. In addition to considerations of what is possible, there are considerations of what is practical and efficient from a cost standpoint. Of the various mechanical systems which serve an apartment building, each has various increments and "stepup" points.
For example, there is a situation such that the addition of a single extra floor could require a substantial increase in elevator service either through an additional elevator or an expensive increase in elevator speed. Similar situations exist for heating, cooling, plumbing, and ventilating systems, and opinions of the various consultants in these areas should be solicited.
Length and Width Additional costs resulting from an increase of building length or width are generally proportionate to increase in area, However, as with other such items, there are step-up points at which there are disproportionately large increases in cost for slight dimensional increases. Wind Bracing Wind bracing becomes a structural design consideration in buildings beyond the to 12story range, and one must then consider measures which may be introduced to resist the overturning tendency due to wind loads.
Wind bracing may be achieved by introduction of various structural measures. The extent and, therefore, the expense of these measures may be reduced if the building shape itself contributes to wind bracing. As the diagrams Fig. This structural approach has certain advantages which make it particularly adaptable to apartment construction. The horizontal services normally required in apartment construction may be imbedded.
Steel Although much less common than cast-inplace concrete, steel frame structures are also employed in the construction of apartment buildings. The advantages of strength and relative simplicity of erection may recommend steel for use in extremely tall structures or for use in locales where there is limited experience in the use of concrete. Steel structural frames tend to be laid out in a regular grid pattern, and this in turn regu-.
This reduces floor-to-floor and overall building height and eliminates the separate construction of a hung ceiling. The possibility of placing columns randomly adapts well to the inherently irregular module generated by a typical apartment floor layout. Columns may thus be "buried" in convenient locations within an efficient layout. As a rule, openings for vertical services may be located at will in this type of structure ; however, large openings near columns should be handled with care so as to assure continuity of vertical and horizontal reinforcing.
One should bear in mind that in this type of structure mechanical and structural lines may not coincide. Limitations As a rule of thumb, spacing between concrete columns may economically be in the range of to ft centers and spacing for steel columns may range from 16 to 24 ft.
Figure 12 may serve as a guide for sizing of concrete columns in preliminary layouts. Three common bay sizes or center-to-center distances have been shown for various building heights. Sizes are for internal columns, expressed in square inches. Peripheral and corner columns will be smaller. The smallest dimension per side considered acceptable for concrete columns is 10 in.
Columns with larger dimensions become, in effect, walls and are formed differently. It is significant to note from the chart that an internal column in a tall building may be on the order of 2 by 3 ft. Such a planning element cannot be overlooked even for preliminary sketching.
Systems Approach Any discussion of structural considerations in conjunction with housing must recognize that the housing industry appears to be at the beginning of an era of greatly increased prefabrication, which is leading towards full systems building and industrialization of the building process. Travel distance 2. Elevator speed 3.
Elevator capacity 4. Building population Travel distance is represented on the graph as "Number of stories" based on the assumption of normal floor-to-floor heights. Possible speeds for buildings of different heights are shown. Building population is represented on the graph as "population per floor," with curves shown for typical floor populations.
In determining population, two persons per bedroom are assumed. Egress and Safety. Prefabrication and systems building has been applied widely in European countries for a number of years, and there have been many prototypical developments and limited applications of techniques in this field in the United States.
It is anticipated that, within the foreseeable future, virtually all European housing will be the product of some type of system. It would appear inevitable that progress toward industrialized construction will likewise continue in the United States. At what precise point the utilization of systems building will become a major consideration in apartment design and what system or systems will survive to become a standard of the future is uncertain ; however, it is a significantly growing field which will be watched closely by practitioners in the housing field.
Of the number of systems which are presently available, the following categories may be drawn : 1. Steel or concrete frame with precast planks, self-formed concrete deck or metal deck 2.
Poured-in-place concrete tiers utilizing special reusable forms for transverse walls or columns 3. Prefabricated floor-size truss or beam systems with clear span capabilities. Preassembled modules, prepared site or on site, for stacking or insertion in a structural frame Figure 13 shows a composite structure including the categories described.
Any proposal to use a building system should be preceded by a thorough investigation as to availability, code and market accepts-. Except in rare circumstances, relatively little in the realm of egress and safety is left to the discretion of the architect. In general, the architect may choose only among accepted and approved procedures as set down in codes. In most codes, two means of egress must be provided within specified distances from each dwelling unit Fig.
Figure 1 5d diagrams a scissor stair which, as shown, is an arrangement which allows for construction of two stairs in one fire enclosure. This is an efficient and cost-saving solution to the two egress requirements. Most codes, however, effectively preclude the use of scissor stairs, in many cases by limiting the allowable length of dead-end corridors. Fire escapes are usually required for construction that is not fireproof ; and sprinklers, smoke doors, fire detectors, and alarms are additionally required for various classifications of construction in some codes.
Figure 14 may serve as a preliminary guide in determining number and type of elevators necessary for an efficient solution. Vertical plumbing risers and waste lines or "plumbing stacks" are expensive due to both material and labor costs. Reduction in the number of stacks saves money and is, therefore, to a greater or lesser extent advantageous and advisable. Reduction in the number of plumbing stacks is accomplished by doubling or even tripling up on each stack at each floor.
These dimensions, it should be remembered, are for rough layout purposes only and should be verified by consultants. Ventilation Interior spaces such as bathrooms, interior kitchens, and public halls require mechanical exhausting. Figures 17 and 18 may be used as guides, in making preliminary layouts, to determine the floor area to be allocated to exhaust ducts. Figure 18 indicates the area of exhaust and Fig. The ratio of dimensions should be as close to square as possible and should not exceed a ratio of 3 A mechanical engineer should be consulted to determine final data regarding size and Iotation of ducts.
The most common exception is the case in which ducts deliver conditioned air from either a tentral source or a unit in the apartment. In such a case, ducts may be of such size as to become a planning factor. Pipe risers as shown in Fig. It is desirable to avoid having a common riser between separate apartments. The principles of the pro-. Plan of story apartment building with hatched areas indicating space devoted to vertical service elements.
Procedure Sequentially, the steps in the determination of a typical floor in an ideal case could proceed as follows : See also Fig. Investigate program with regard to the total number and types of apartments. Identify repetitive groups with each group possibly representing a typical floor. Assign area figures to apartments as determined in program analysis or as required by governmental agency standards.
Total up the area of the apartments in a repetitive group and to this total add 10 to 15 percent for corridors and cores. This figure then may represent the area of a typical floor. If the area figure is reasonable and economical, if the size of the building thus generated conforms with various limits of the site, and if the typical floor area is otherwise acceptable, the investigation may proceed.
Tentative acceptance of a typical floor fixes a total number of floors. The implications of this number with regard to the potential for efficient utilization of the various mechanical systems, soil-bearing characteristics, zoning limits, etc.
If the oumber of floors checks out acceptably, actual planning and layout may proceed. The typical floor distribution must now be accommodated within the tentatively accepted area and within reasonable dimensions.
The elevator core and stairs should be located and apartments laid out around them. Figure 22 diagrams interrelationships among component elements of a typical living unit. Although many apartments tend to have much the same layout as the diagram, there are many alternative arrangements which retain the essential component relationships. Apartments may be arranged as corner or floor-through units and-in addition to flats, or apartments on one level-layouts may be on two or three floors or on split levels see Fig.
As the diagram indicates, it is considered desirable to have ready circulation from the entrance foyer to the activity elements of the kitchen, living room, and sleeping areas and at the same time to maintain degrees of separation among these three elements.
Ideally, each space in an apartment should have access or exposure to the outdoors. However, application of this principle could result in an excessively expensive building type. Therefore baths, foyers, and frequently kitchens and dining areas are usually developed as interior spaces see Fig.
It serves as a connection between the dwelling portion of a building and the outdoors ; it relates and interacts with both the outdoor functions and the dwelling units ; and, further, it accommodates the physical transition between the dwelling units and the first floor. Figure 25 illustrates possible interrelationships of first-floor functions with both the outdoors and the dwelling units. Program requirements for typical first-floor spaces frequently call for larger unobstructed areas than occur at dwelling floors above.
Common methods employed to achieve the unobstructed space at the first floor are 1 to ''push out" the walls at the ground floor and enclose a larger space with an appropriate structure or, 2 to hang a ceiling in the first floor and "collect" and redirect various vertical services which would otherwise break up space at the ground floor.
This is a common method used in the case of plumbing, heating,. Larger multibedroom units lay out more compactly with two exposures. Larger apartments at corners also can cut down on required public corridor. It electric heat is used, closets may occur more frequently. Delivery and exhaust ducts should he planned to be emote from one another.
This allows one fan and fireproof enclosure to serve two ducts but requires measures to avoid excessive sound transmission between backed up spaces. Ducts may be "buried" in closets, kitchen, etc. Kitchen exhausts are best located near the range and close to the ceiling. Bathroom exhausts should, if possible, be placed away from the door in order to pull as much bathroom air as possible.
Ducts are not necessary in kitchens or baths with windows however, baths with windows, like topfloor baths, should be heated.
Columns built into closets or kitchens should assume the dimensions of the closet or cabinet. Column size should be reduced at upper stories of tall buildings. Slab openings along an entire column face should be avoided. Dissimilar uses may be backed up, and it is possible to back up plumbing for more than two spaces. In any event, room depth relative to window size and location and natural light should be considered, and electrical lines and not unusual for ventilating ducts. If there is substantial advantage to be gained, structural columns may be picked up and carried on girders concealed by the hung ceiling.
Vertical Circulation Core For purposes of security and convenience, elevators should be well illuminated and visible from the lobby area.
At least one exit stair should empty directly to the outside but not necessarily at the lobby level. It should be borne in mind that the stair layout in the lobby will frequently differ from a typical floor due to a greater first-floor ceiling height.
Mail Room Mailboxes as well should be highly visible. If boxes are rear-loading, a locked room behind the boxes should be provided for the mailman's Front-loading boxes require no such room. However, in either case, an additional secure area for packages and deliveries may be advised. Current federal requirements which govern matters such as maximum and minimum height of boxes and size of mail rooms should be consulted.
Layout of the rooms for purposes of security should be such that all parts of the room are visible from the entrance. Lock rails, to which equipment may be secured, should be supplied.
Commercial Shops and service facilities at the ground floor provide many advantages in terms of activity and convenience.
However, much of the advantage to the building may be diminished if. Between the marble cenotaphs on either hand of the pulpit, the wall which formed its back was adorned with a large painting representing a gallant ship beating against a terrible storm off a lee coast of black rocks and snowy breakers. Nor was the pulpit itself without a trace of the same sea-taste that had achieved the ladder and the picture. What could be more full of meaning?
From thence it is the God of breezes fair or foul is first invoked for favourable winds. Father Mapple rose, and in a mild voice of unassuming authority ordered the scattered people to condense.
This ended, in prolonged solemn tones, like the continual tolling of a bell in a ship that is foundering at sea in a fog�in such tones he commenced reading the following hymn; but changing his manner towards the concluding stanzas, burst forth with a pealing exultation and joy�. Nearly all joined in singing this hymn, which swelled high above the howling of the storm. How billow-like and boisterously grand! We feel the floods surging over us; we sound with him to the kelpy bottom of the waters; sea-weed and all the slime of the sea is about us!
But what is this lesson that the book of Jonah teaches? Shipmates, it is a two-stranded lesson; a lesson to us all as sinful men, and a lesson to me as a pilot of the living God. As sinful men, it is a lesson to us all, because it is a story of the sin, hard-heartedness, suddenly awakened fears, the swift punishment, repentance, prayers, and finally the deliverance and joy of Jonah.
As with all sinners among men, the sin of this son of Amittai was in his wilful disobedience of the command of God�never mind now what that command was, or how conveyed�which he found a hard command. But all the things that God would have us do are hard for us to do�remember that�and hence, he oftener commands us than endeavors to persuade. And if we obey God, we must disobey ourselves; and it is in this disobeying ourselves, wherein the hardness of obeying God consists.
He thinks that a ship made by men will carry him into countries where God does not reign, but only the Captains of this earth. There lurks, perhaps, a hitherto unheeded meaning here. By all accounts Tarshish could have been no other city than the modern Cadiz. And where is Cadiz, shipmates? Cadiz is in Spain; as far by water, from Joppa, as Jonah could possibly have sailed in those ancient days, when the Atlantic was an almost unknown sea.
Because Joppa, the modern Jaffa, shipmates, is on the most easterly coast of the Mediterranean, the Syrian; and Tarshish or Cadiz more than two thousand miles to the westward from that, just outside the Straits of Gibraltar. See ye not then, shipmates, that Jonah sought to flee world-wide from God? Miserable man! So disordered, self-condemning is his look, that had there been policemen in those days, Jonah, on the mere suspicion of something wrong, had been arrested ere he touched a deck.
Jonah sees this; but in vain he tries to look all ease and confidence; in vain essays his wretched smile. Strong intuitions of the man assure the mariners he can be no innocent. He reads, and looks from Jonah to the bill; while all his sympathetic shipmates now crowd round Jonah, prepared to lay their hands upon him.
Frighted Jonah trembles, and summoning all his boldness to his face, only looks so much the more a coward. He will not confess himself suspected; but that itself is strong suspicion. So he makes the best of it; and when the sailors find him not to be the man that is advertised, they let him pass, and he descends into the cabin.
For the instant he almost turns to flee again. But he rallies. But he swiftly calls away the Captain from that scent. And taken with the context, this is full of meaning. In this world, shipmates, sin that pays its way can travel freely, and without a passport; whereas Virtue, if a pauper, is stopped at all frontiers.
Then the Captain knows that Jonah is a fugitive; but at the same time resolves to help a flight that paves its rear with gold. Yet when Jonah fairly takes out his purse, prudent suspicions still molest the Captain. He rings every coin to find a counterfeit. Not a forger, any way, he mutters; and Jonah is put down for his passage.
All dressed and dusty as he is, Jonah throws himself into his berth, and finds the little state-room ceiling almost resting on his forehead. The air is close, and Jonah gasps.
The lamp alarms and frightens Jonah; as lying in his berth his tormented eyes roll round the place, and this thus far successful fugitive finds no refuge for his restless glance. But that contradiction in the lamp more and more appals him. The floor, the ceiling, and the side, are all awry. That ship, my friends, was the first of recorded smugglers!
But the sea rebels; he will not bear the wicked burden. A dreadful storm comes on, the ship is like to break. He sees no black sky and raging sea, feels not the reeling timbers, and little hears he or heeds he the far rush of the mighty whale, which even now with open mouth is cleaving the seas after him. Aye, shipmates, Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship�a berth in the cabin as I have taken it, and was fast asleep. But at that moment he is sprung upon by a panther billow leaping over the bulwarks.
Wave after wave thus leaps into the ship, and finding no speedy vent runs roaring fore and aft, till the mariners come nigh to drowning while yet afloat. And ever, as the white moon shows her affrighted face from the steep gullies in the blackness overhead, aghast Jonah sees the rearing bowsprit pointing high upward, but soon beat downward again towards the tormented deep. In all his cringing attitudes, the God-fugitive is now too plainly known.
The sailors mark him; more and more certain grow their suspicions of him, and at last, fully to test the truth, by referring the whole matter to high Heaven, they fall to casting lots, to see for whose cause this great tempest was upon them. Whence comest thou? Thy country? What people? But mark now, my shipmates, the behavior of poor Jonah. The eager mariners but ask him who he is, and where from; whereas, they not only receive an answer to those questions, but likewise another answer to a question not put by them, but the unsolicited answer is forced from Jonah by the hard hand of God that is upon him.
Aye, well mightest thou fear the Lord God then! Straightway, he now goes on to make a full confession; whereupon the mariners became more and more appalled, but still are pitiful. For when Jonah, not yet supplicating God for mercy, since he but too well knew the darkness of his deserts,�when wretched Jonah cries out to them to take him and cast him forth into the sea, for he knew that for his sake this great tempest was upon them; they mercifully turn from him, and seek by other means to save the ship.
But all in vain; the indignant gale howls louder; then, with one hand raised invokingly to God, with the other they not unreluctantly lay hold of Jonah.
He goes down in the whirling heart of such a masterless commotion that he scarce heeds the moment when he drops seething into the yawning jaws awaiting him; and the whale shoots-to all his ivory teeth, like so many white bolts, upon his prison. But observe his prayer, and learn a weighty lesson.
For sinful as he is, Jonah does not weep and wail for direct deliverance. He feels that his dreadful punishment is just. He leaves all his deliverance to God, contenting himself with this, that spite of all his pains and pangs, he will still look towards His holy temple. And here, shipmates, is true and faithful repentance; not clamorous for pardon, but grateful for punishment. And how pleasing to God was this conduct in Jonah, is shown in the eventual deliverance of him from the sea and the whale.
Shipmates, I do not place Jonah before you to be copied for his sin but I do place him before you as a model for repentance. Sin not; but if you do, take heed to repent of it like Jonah. His deep chest heaved as with a ground-swell; his tossed arms seemed the warring elements at work; and the thunders that rolled away from off his swarthy brow, and the light leaping from his eye, made all his simple hearers look on him with a quick fear that was strange to them.
There now came a lull in his look, as he silently turned over the leaves of the Book once more; and, at last, standing motionless, with closed eyes, for the moment, seemed communing with God and himself. But again he leaned over towards the people, and bowing his head lowly, with an aspect of the deepest yet manliest humility, he spake these words:. I have read ye by what murky light may be mine the lesson that Jonah teaches to all sinners; and therefore to ye, and still more to me, for I am a greater sinner than ye.
And now how gladly would I come down from this mast-head and sit on the hatches there where you sit, and listen as you listen, while some one of you reads me that other and more awful lesson which Jonah teaches to me , as a pilot of the living God. How being an anointed pilot-prophet, or speaker of true things, and bidden by the Lord to sound those unwelcome truths in the ears of a wicked Nineveh, Jonah, appalled at the hostility he should raise, fled from his mission, and sought to escape his duty and his God by taking ship at Joppa.
But God is everywhere; Tarshish he never reached. And what was that, shipmates? To preach the Truth to the face of Falsehood! That was it! Woe to him whom this world charms from Gospel duty! Woe to him who seeks to pour oil upon the waters when God has brewed them into a gale!
Woe to him who seeks to please rather than to appal! Woe to him whose good name is more to him than goodness! Woe to him who, in this world, courts not dishonor! Woe to him who would not be true, even though to be false were salvation!
Yea, woe to him who, as the great Pilot Paul has it, while preaching to others is himself a castaway! Is not the main-truck higher than the kelson is low? Delight is to him�a far, far upward, and inward delight�who against the proud gods and commodores of this earth, ever stands forth his own inexorable self. Delight is to him whose strong arms yet support him, when the ship of this base treacherous world has gone down beneath him. Delight is to him, who gives no quarter in the truth, and kills, burns, and destroys all sin though he pluck it out from under the robes of Senators and Judges.
Delight,�top-gallant delight is to him, who acknowledges no law or lord, but the Lord his God, and is only a patriot to heaven. Delight is to him, whom all the waves of the billows of the seas of the boisterous mob can never shake from this sure Keel of the Ages. And eternal delight and deliciousness will be his, who coming to lay him down, can say with his final breath�O Father! Yet this is nothing: I leave eternity to Thee; for what is man that he should live out the lifetime of his God?
He said no more, but slowly waving a benediction, covered his face with his hands, and so remained kneeling, till all the people had departed, and he was left alone in the place. Returning to the Spouter-Inn from the Chapel, I found Queequeg there quite alone; he having left the Chapel before the benediction some time.
He was sitting on a bench before the fire, with his feet on the stove hearth, and in one hand was holding close up to his face that little negro idol of his; peering hard into its face, and with a jack-knife gently whittling away at its nose, meanwhile humming to himself in his heathenish way. But being now interrupted, he put up the image; and pretty soon, going to the table, took up a large book there, and placing it on his lap began counting the pages with deliberate regularity; at every fiftieth page�as I fancied�stopping a moment, looking vacantly around him, and giving utterance to a long-drawn gurgling whistle of astonishment.
He would then begin again at the next fifty; seeming to commence at number one each time, as though he could not count more than fifty, and it was only by such a large number of fifties being found together, that his astonishment at the multitude of pages was excited. With much interest I sat watching him.
Savage though he was, and hideously marred about the face�at least to my taste�his countenance yet had a something in it which was by no means disagreeable. You cannot hide the soul. Through all his unearthly tattooings, I thought I saw the traces of a simple honest heart; and in his large, deep eyes, fiery black and bold, there seemed tokens of a spirit that would dare a thousand devils. And besides all this, there was a certain lofty bearing about the Pagan, which even his uncouthness could not altogether maim.
He looked like a man who had never cringed and never had had a creditor. Whether it was, too, that his head being shaved, his forehead was drawn out in freer and brighter relief, and looked more expansive than it otherwise would, this I will not venture to decide; but certain it was his head was phrenologically an excellent one. It had the same long regularly graded retreating slope from above the brows, which were likewise very projecting, like two long promontories thickly wooded on top.
Queequeg was George Washington cannibalistically developed. Whilst I was thus closely scanning him, half-pretending meanwhile to be looking out at the storm from the casement, he never heeded my presence, never troubled himself with so much as a single glance; but appeared wholly occupied with counting the pages of the marvellous book.
Considering how sociably we had been sleeping together the night previous, and especially considering the affectionate arm I had found thrown over me upon waking in the morning, I thought this indifference of his very strange. But savages are strange beings; at times you do not know exactly how to take them. At first they are overawing; their calm self-collectedness of simplicity seems a Socratic wisdom. I had noticed also that Queequeg never consorted at all, or but very little, with the other seamen in the inn.
He made no advances whatever; appeared to have no desire to enlarge the circle of his acquaintances. All this struck me as mighty singular; yet, upon second thoughts, there was something almost sublime in it.
Here was a man some twenty thousand miles from home, by the way of Cape Horn, that is�which was the only way he could get there�thrown among people as strange to him as though he were in the planet Jupiter; and yet he seemed entirely at his ease; preserving the utmost serenity; content with his own companionship; always equal to himself.
Surely this was a touch of fine philosophy; though no doubt he had never heard there was such a thing as that. But, perhaps, to be true philosophers, we mortals should not be conscious of so living or so striving. As I sat there in that now lonely room; the fire burning low, in that mild stage when, after its first intensity has warmed the air, it then only glows to be looked at; the evening shades and phantoms gathering round the casements, and peering in upon us silent, solitary twain; the storm booming without in solemn swells; I began to be sensible of strange feelings.
I felt a melting in me. No more my splintered heart and maddened hand were turned against the wolfish world. This soothing savage had redeemed it.
There he sat, his very indifference speaking a nature in which there lurked no civilized hypocrisies and bland deceits. Wild he was; a very sight of sights to see; yet I began to feel myself mysteriously drawn towards him. And those same things that would have repelled most others, they were the very magnets that thus drew me.
I drew my bench near him, and made some friendly signs and hints, doing my best to talk with him meanwhile. I told him yes; whereat I thought he looked pleased, perhaps a little complimented. We then turned over the book together, and I endeavored to explain to him the purpose of the printing, and the meaning of the few pictures that were in it.
Thus I soon engaged his interest; and from that we went to jabbering the best we could about the various outer sights to be seen in this famous town. Soon I proposed a social smoke; and, producing his pouch and tomahawk, he quietly offered me a puff.
And then we sat exchanging puffs from that wild pipe of his, and keeping it regularly passing between us. In a countryman, this sudden flame of friendship would have seemed far too premature, a thing to be much distrusted; but in this simple savage those old rules would not apply.
After supper, and another social chat and smoke, we went to our room together. He made me a present of his embalmed head; took out his enormous tobacco wallet, and groping under the tobacco, drew out some thirty dollars in silver; then spreading them on the table, and mechanically dividing them into two equal portions, pushed one of them towards me, and said it was mine. I let them stay. He then went about his evening prayers, took out his idol, and removed the paper fireboard.
By certain signs and symptoms, I thought he seemed anxious for me to join him; but well knowing what was to follow, I deliberated a moment whether, in case he invited me, I would comply or otherwise.
I was a good Christian; born and bred in the bosom of the infallible Presbyterian Church. How then could I unite with this wild idolator in worshipping his piece of wood? But what is worship? Do you suppose now, Ishmael, that the magnanimous God of heaven and earth�pagans and all included�can possibly be jealous of an insignificant bit of black wood?
And what is the will of God? Now, Queequeg is my fellow man. And what do I wish that this Queequeg would do to me?
Why, unite with me in my particular Presbyterian form of worship. Consequently, I must then unite with him in his; ergo, I must turn idolator. So I kindled the shavings; helped prop up the innocent little idol; offered him burnt biscuit with Queequeg; salamed before him twice or thrice; kissed his nose; and that done, we undressed and went to bed, at peace with our own consciences and all the world. But we did not go to sleep without some little chat. How it is I know not; but there is no place like a bed for confidential disclosures between friends.
Man and wife, they say, there open the very bottom of their souls to each other; and some old couples often lie and chat over old times till nearly morning. We had lain thus in bed, chatting and napping at short intervals, and Queequeg now and then affectionately throwing his brown tattooed legs over mine, and then drawing them back; so entirely sociable and free and easy were we; when, at last, by reason of our confabulations, what little nappishness remained in us altogether departed, and we felt like getting up again, though day-break was yet some way down the future.
Yes, we became very wakeful; so much so that our recumbent position began to grow wearisome, and by little and little we found ourselves sitting up; the clothes well tucked around us, leaning against the head-board with our four knees drawn up close together, and our two noses bending over them, as if our kneepans were warming-pans.
We felt very nice and snug, the more so since it was so chilly out of doors; indeed out of bed-clothes too, seeing that there was no fire in the room. The more so, I say, because truly to enjoy bodily warmth, some small part of you must be cold, for there is no quality in this world that is not what it is merely by contrast.
Nothing exists in itself. If you flatter yourself that you are all over comfortable, and have been so a long time, then you cannot be said to be comfortable any more. But if, like Queequeg and me in the bed, the tip of your nose or the crown of your head be slightly chilled, why then, indeed, in the general consciousness you feel most delightfully and unmistakably warm. For this reason a sleeping apartment should never be furnished with a fire, which is one of the luxurious discomforts of the rich.
For the height of this sort of deliciousness is to have nothing but the blanket between you and your snugness and the cold of the outer air. Then there you lie like the one warm spark in the heart of an arctic crystal.
We had been sitting in this crouching manner for some time, when all at once I thought I would open my eyes; for when between sheets, whether by day or by night, and whether asleep or awake, I have a way of always keeping my eyes shut, in order the more to concentrate the snugness of being in bed.
Because no man can ever feel his own identity aright except his eyes be closed; as if darkness were indeed the proper element of our essences, though light be more congenial to our clayey part. Nor did I at all object to the hint from Queequeg that perhaps it were best to strike a light, seeing that we were so wide awake; and besides he felt a strong desire to have a few quiet puffs from his Tomahawk.
Be it said, that though I had felt such a strong repugnance to his smoking in the bed the night before, yet see how elastic our stiff prejudices grow when love once comes to bend them. For now I liked nothing better than to have Queequeg smoking by me, even in bed, because he seemed to be full of such serene household joy then.
I was only alive to the condensed confidential comfortableness of sharing a pipe and a blanket with a real friend. With our shaggy jackets drawn about our shoulders, we now passed the Tomahawk from one to the other, till slowly there grew over us a blue hanging tester of smoke, illuminated by the flame of the new-lit lamp.
Whether it was that this undulating tester rolled the savage away to far distant scenes, I know not, but he now spoke of his native island; and, eager to hear his history, I begged him to go on and tell it. He gladly complied. Though at the time I but ill comprehended not a few of his words, yet subsequent disclosures, when I had become more familiar with his broken phraseology, now enable me to present the whole story such as it may prove in the mere skeleton I give.
Queequeg was a native of Rokovoko, an island far away to the West and South. It is not down in any map; true places never are. His father was a High Chief, a King; his uncle a High Priest; and on the maternal side he boasted aunts who were the wives of unconquerable warriors. There was excellent blood in his veins�royal stuff; though sadly vitiated, I fear, by the cannibal propensity he nourished in his untutored youth.
But Queequeg vowed a vow. Alone in his canoe, he paddled off to a distant strait, which he knew the ship must pass through when she quitted the island. On one side was a coral reef; on the other a low tongue of land, covered with mangrove thickets that grew out into the water.
Hiding his canoe, still afloat, among these thickets, with its prow seaward, he sat down in the stern, paddle low in hand; and when the ship was gliding by, like a flash he darted out; gained her side; with one backward dash of his foot capsized and sank his canoe; climbed up the chains; and throwing himself at full length upon the deck, grappled a ring-bolt there, and swore not to let it go, though hacked in pieces. In vain the captain threatened to throw him overboard; suspended a cutlass over his naked wrists; Queequeg was the son of a King, and Queequeg budged not.
Struck by his desperate dauntlessness, and his wild desire to visit Christendom, the captain at last relented, and told him he might make himself at home. They put him down among the sailors, and made a whaleman of him. But like Czar Peter content to toil in the shipyards of foreign cities, Queequeg disdained no seeming ignominy, if thereby he might happily gain the power of enlightening his untutored countrymen.
For at bottom�so he told me�he was actuated by a profound desire to learn among the Christians, the arts whereby to make his people still happier than they were; and more than that, still better than they were. But, alas!
Arrived at last in old Sag Harbor; and seeing what the sailors did there; and then going on to Nantucket, and seeing how they spent their wages in that place also, poor Queequeg gave it up for lost.
And thus an old idolator at heart, he yet lived among these Christians, wore their clothes, and tried to talk their gibberish. Hence the queer ways about him, though now some time from home. By hints, I asked him whether he did not propose going back, and having a coronation; since he might now consider his father dead and gone, he being very old and feeble at the last accounts. He answered no, not yet; and added that he was fearful Christianity, or rather Christians, had unfitted him for ascending the pure and undefiled throne of thirty pagan Kings before him.
But by and by, he said, he would return,�as soon as he felt himself baptized again. For the nonce, however, he proposed to sail about, and sow his wild oats in all four oceans. They had made a harpooneer of him, and that barbed iron was in lieu of a sceptre now. I asked him what might be his immediate purpose, touching his future movements.
He answered, to go to sea again, in his old vocation. Upon this, I told him that whaling was my own design, and informed him of my intention to sail out of Nantucket, as being the most promising port for an adventurous whaleman to embark from. He at once resolved to accompany me to that island, ship aboard the same vessel, get into the same watch, the same boat, the same mess with me, in short to share my every hap; with both my hands in his, boldly dip into the Potluck of both worlds.
To all this I joyously assented; for besides the affection I now felt for Queequeg, he was an experienced harpooneer, and as such, could not fail to be of great usefulness to one, who, like me, was wholly ignorant of the mysteries of whaling, though well acquainted with the sea, as known to merchant seamen. As we were going along the people stared; not at Queequeg so much�for they were used to seeing cannibals like him in their streets,�but at seeing him and me upon such confidential terms.
But we heeded them not, going along wheeling the barrow by turns, and Queequeg now and then stopping to adjust the sheath on his harpoon barbs. I asked him why he carried such a troublesome thing with him ashore, and whether all whaling ships did not find their own harpoons. To this, in substance, he replied, that though what I hinted was true enough, yet he had a particular affection for his own harpoon, because it was of assured stuff, well tried in many a mortal combat, and deeply intimate with the hearts of whales.
Shifting the barrow from my hand to his, he told me a funny story about the first wheelbarrow he had ever seen. It was in Sag Harbor. The owners of his ship, it seems, had lent him one, in which to carry his heavy chest to his boarding house. Not to seem ignorant about the thing�though in truth he was entirely so, concerning the precise way in which to manage the barrow�Queequeg puts his chest upon it; lashes it fast; and then shoulders the barrow and marches up the wharf.
Upon this, he told me another story. The people of his island of Rokovoko, it seems, at their wedding feasts express the fragrant water of young cocoanuts into a large stained calabash like a punchbowl; and this punchbowl always forms the great central ornament on the braided mat where the feast is held.
Grace being said,�for those people have their grace as well as we�though Queequeg told me that unlike us, who at such times look downwards to our platters, they, on the contrary, copying the ducks, glance upwards to the great Giver of all feasts�Grace, I say, being said, the High Priest opens the banquet by the immemorial ceremony of the island; that is, dipping his consecrated and consecrating fingers into the bowl before the blessed beverage circulates.
At last, passage paid, and luggage safe, we stood on board the schooner. Hoisting sail, it glided down the Acushnet river. On one side, New Bedford rose in terraces of streets, their ice-covered trees all glittering in the clear, cold air.
Huge hills and mountains of casks on casks were piled upon her wharves, and side by side the world-wandering whale ships lay silent and safely moored at last; while from others came a sound of carpenters and coopers, with blended noises of fires and forges to melt the pitch, all betokening that new cruises were on the start; that one most perilous and long voyage ended, only begins a second; and a second ended, only begins a third, and so on, for ever and for aye.
Such is the endlessness, yea, the intolerableness of all earthly effort. Gaining the more open water, the bracing breeze waxed fresh; the little Moss tossed the quick foam from her bows, as a young colt his snortings. How I snuffed that Tartar air! At the same foam-fountain, Queequeg seemed to drink and reel with me. His dusky nostrils swelled apart; he showed his filed and pointed teeth. On, on we flew; and our offing gained, the Moss did homage to the blast; ducked and dived her bows as a slave before the Sultan.
Sideways leaning, we sideways darted; every ropeyarn tingling like a wire; the two tall masts buckling like Indian canes in land tornadoes. So full of this reeling scene were we, as we stood by the plunging bowsprit, that for some time we did not notice the jeering glances of the passengers, a lubber-like assembly, who marvelled that two fellow beings should be so companionable; as though a white man were anything more dignified than a whitewashed negro.
But there were some boobies and bumpkins there, who, by their intense greenness, must have come from the heart and centre of all verdure. Queequeg caught one of these young saplings mimicking him behind his back. Dropping his harpoon, the brawny savage caught him in his arms, and by an almost miraculous dexterity and strength, sent him high up bodily into the air; then slightly tapping his stern in mid-somerset, the fellow landed with bursting lungs upon his feet, while Queequeg, turning his back upon him, lighted his tomahawk pipe and passed it to me for a puff.
But it so happened just then, that it was high time for the Captain to mind his own eye. The prodigious strain upon the main-sail had parted the weather-sheet, and the tremendous boom was now flying from side to side, completely sweeping the entire after part of the deck. The poor fellow whom Queequeg had handled so roughly, was swept overboard; all hands were in a panic; and to attempt snatching at the boom to stay it, seemed madness.
It flew from right to left, and back again, almost in one ticking of a watch, and every instant seemed on the point of snapping into splinters. Nothing was done, and nothing seemed capable of being done; those on deck rushed towards the bows, and stood eyeing the boom as if it were the lower jaw of an exasperated whale.
In the midst of this consternation, Queequeg dropped deftly to his knees, and crawling under the path of the boom, whipped hold of a rope, secured one end to the bulwarks, and then flinging the other like a lasso, caught it round the boom as it swept over his head, and at the next jerk, the spar was that way trapped, and all was safe.
The schooner was run into the wind, and while the hands were clearing away the stern boat, Queequeg, stripped to the waist, darted from the side with a long living arc of a leap. For three minutes or more he was seen swimming like a dog, throwing his long arms straight out before him, and by turns revealing his brawny shoulders through the freezing foam.
I looked at the grand and glorious fellow, but saw no one to be saved. The greenhorn had gone down. A few minutes more, and he rose again, one arm still striking out, and with the other dragging a lifeless form. The boat soon picked them up. The poor bumpkin was restored. All hands voted Queequeg a noble trump; the captain begged his pardon. From that hour I clove to Queequeg like a barnacle; yea, till poor Queequeg took his last long dive. Was there ever such unconsciousness?
He did not seem to think that he at all deserved a medal from the Humane and Magnanimous Societies. We cannibals must help these Christians. Nothing more happened on the passage worthy the mentioning; so, after a fine run, we safely arrived in Nantucket.
Take out your map and look at it. See what a real corner of the world it occupies; how it stands there, away off shore, more lonely than the Eddystone lighthouse. Look at it�a mere hillock, and elbow of sand; all beach, without a background.
There is more sand there than you would use in twenty years as a substitute for blotting paper. But these extravaganzas only show that Nantucket is no Illinois. Look now at the wondrous traditional story of how this island was settled by the red-men.
Thus goes the legend. In olden times an eagle swooped down upon the New England coast, and carried off an infant Indian in his talons. With loud lament the parents saw their child borne out of sight over the wide waters. They resolved to follow in the same direction. Villefort looked disdainfully at Morrel, and replied coldly:. Is it not true? The magistrate laid emphasis on these words, as if he wished to apply them to the owner himself, while his eyes seemed to plunge into the heart of one who, interceding for another, had himself need of indulgence.
He replied, however, in a tone of deep interest:. He was, if I recollect, arrested in a tavern, in company with a great many others. As he had now arrived at the door of his own house, which adjoined the Palais de Justice, he entered, after having, coldly saluted the shipowner, who stood, as if petrified, on the spot where Villefort had left him.
The antechamber was full of police agents and gendarmes, in the midst of whom, carefully watched, but calm and smiling, stood the prisoner. He had recognized intelligence in the high forehead, courage in the dark eye and bent brow, and frankness in the thick lips that showed a set of pearly teeth. He stifled, therefore, the feelings of compassion that were rising, composed his features, and sat down, grim and sombre, at his desk.
He was pale, but calm and collected, and saluting his judge with easy politeness, looked round for a seat, as if he had been in M. I am hardly nineteen; I know nothing; I have no part to play.
If I obtain the situation I desire, I shall owe it to M. Thus all my opinions�I will not say public, but private�are confined to these three sentiments,�I love my father, I respect M. This, sir, is all I can tell you, and you see how uninteresting it is. I shall have at least a pressure of the hand in public, and a sweet kiss in private.
As for my disposition, that is, perhaps, somewhat too hasty; but I have striven to repress it. I have had ten or twelve sailors under me, and if you question them, they will tell you that they love and respect me, not as a father, for I am too young, but as an elder brother. You are about to become captain at nineteen�an elevated post; you are about to marry a pretty girl, who loves you; and these two pieces of good fortune may have excited the envy of someone. You seem a worthy young man; I will depart from the strict line of my duty to aid you in discovering the author of this accusation.
Here is the paper; do you know the writing? A cloud passed over his brow as he said:. Whoever did it writes well. I will tell you the real facts. As we had no doctor on board, and he was so anxious to arrive at Elba, that he would not touch at any other port, his disorder rose to such a height, that at the end of the third day, feeling he was dying, he called me to him. You will accomplish what I was to have done, and derive all the honor and profit from it.
At these words he gave me a ring. It was time�two hours after he was delirious; the next day he died. Everywhere the last requests of a dying man are sacred; but with a sailor the last requests of his superior are commands. I sailed for the Island of Elba, where I arrived the next day; I ordered everybody to remain on board, and went on shore alone.
As I had expected, I found some difficulty in obtaining access to the grand-marshal; but I sent the ring I had received from the captain to him, and was instantly admitted. I undertook it because it was what my captain had bade me do. I landed here, regulated the affairs of the vessel, and hastened to visit my affianced bride, whom I found more lovely than ever. Thanks to M. Morrel, all the forms were got over; in a word I was, as I told you, at my marriage feast; and I should have been married in an hour, and tomorrow I intended to start for Paris, had I not been arrested on this charge which you as well as I now see to be unjust.
If you have been culpable, it was imprudence, and this imprudence was in obedience to the orders of your captain. Give up this letter you have brought from Elba, and pass your word you will appear should you be required, and go and rejoin your friends. He sank into his seat, and hastily turning over the packet, drew forth the fatal letter, at which he glanced with an expression of terror.
After reading the letter, Villefort covered his face with his hands. You are ill�shall I ring for assistance? It is for me to give orders here, and not you. Attend to yourself; answer me. Villefort fell back on his chair, passed his hand over his brow, moist with perspiration, and, for the third time, read the letter. Should anyone else interrogate you, say to him what you have said to me, but do not breathe a word of this letter. Villefort rang.
A police agent entered. Villefort whispered some words in his ear, to which the officer replied by a motion of his head. Hardly had the door closed when Villefort threw himself half-fainting into a chair.
This accursed letter would have destroyed all my hopes. Oh, my father, must your past career always interfere with my successes? Now to the work I have in hand. A door that communicated with the Palais de Justice was opened, and they went through a long range of gloomy corridors, whose appearance might have made even the boldest shudder.
The Palais de Justice communicated with the prison,�a sombre edifice, that from its grated windows looks on the clock-tower of the Accoules. The door opened, the two gendarmes gently pushed him forward, and the door closed with a loud sound behind him. The air he inhaled was no longer pure, but thick and mephitic,�he was in prison. He was conducted to a tolerably neat chamber, but Model Ship Building Plank Bending Controls grated and barred, and its appearance, therefore, did not greatly alarm him; besides, the words of Villefort, who seemed to interest himself so much, resounded still in his ears like a promise of freedom.
It was, as we have said, the 1st of March, and the prisoner was soon buried in darkness. He had advanced at first, but stopped at the sight of this display of force. A carriage waited at the door, the coachman was on the box, and a police officer sat beside him. The prisoner glanced at the windows�they were grated; he had changed his prison for another that was conveying him he knew not whither.
Soon he saw the lights of La Consigne. The two gendarmes who were opposite to him descended first, then he was ordered to alight and the gendarmes on each side of him followed his example. They advanced towards a boat, which a custom-house officer held by a chain, near the quay. In an instant he was placed in the stern-sheets of the boat, between the gendarmes, while the officer stationed himself at the bow; a shove sent the boat adrift, and four sturdy oarsmen impelled it rapidly towards the Pilon.
The boat continued her voyage. The most vague and wild thoughts passed through his mind. The boat they were in could not make a long voyage; there was no vessel at anchor outside the harbor; he thought, perhaps, they were going to leave him on some distant point. He was not bound, nor had they made any attempt to handcuff him; this seemed a good augury.
Besides, had not the deputy, who had been so kind to him, told him that provided he did not pronounce the dreaded name of Noirtier, he had nothing to apprehend? Had not Villefort in his presence destroyed the fatal letter, the only proof against him?
They had left the Ile Ratonneau, where the lighthouse stood, on the right, and were now opposite the Point des Catalans. A loud cry could be heard by her. But pride restrained him and he did not utter it. What would his guards think if they heard him shout like a madman? An intervening elevation of land hid the light. While he had been absorbed in thought, they had shipped their oars and hoisted sail; the boat was now moving with the wind. You see I cannot escape, even if I intended.
I have committed no crime. Come, come, do not look so astonished, or you will make me think you are laughing at me in return for my good nature. But what are you doing?
Help, comrades, help! He fell back cursing with rage. Believe soft-spoken gentlemen again! Hark ye, my friend, I have disobeyed my first order, but I will not disobey the second; and if you move, I will blow your brains out. For a moment the idea of struggling crossed his mind, and of so ending the unexpected evil that had overtaken him. But he bethought him of M.
He remained motionless, but gnashing his teeth and wringing his hands with fury. At this moment the boat came to a landing with a violent shock. His guards, taking him by the arms and coat-collar, forced him to rise, and dragged him towards the steps that lead to the gate of the fortress, while the police officer carrying a musket with fixed bayonet followed behind.
He did not even see the ocean, that terrible barrier against freedom, which the prisoners look upon with utter despair. They halted for a minute, during which he strove to collect his thoughts. He looked around; he was in a court surrounded by high walls; he heard the measured tread of sentinels, and as they passed before the light he saw the barrels of their muskets shine.
They waited upwards of ten minutes. They seemed awaiting orders. The orders came. Tomorrow, perhaps, he may change you. In the meantime there is bread, water, and fresh straw; and that is all a prisoner can wish for.
He found the prisoner in the same position, as if fixed there, his eyes swollen with weeping. He had passed the night standing, and without sleep.
He touched him on the shoulder. Edmond started. All his emotion then burst forth; he cast himself on the ground, weeping bitterly, and asking himself what crime he had committed that he was thus punished. The day passed thus; he scarcely tasted food, but walked round and round the cell like a wild beast in its cage. He had no fears as to how he should live�good seamen are welcome everywhere. The next morning at the same hour, the jailer came again.
The jailer saw by his tone he would be happy to die; and as every prisoner is worth ten sous a day to his jailer, he replied in a more subdued tone. I will make you another offer. I will send word to the governor. The jailer went out, and returned in an instant with a corporal and four soldiers.
He descended fifteen steps, and the door of a dungeon was opened, and he was thrust in. Now, excuse the indiscretion, marquis, but have you any landed property? And, sitting down, he wrote a letter to his broker, ordering him to sell out at the market price.
The keeper would leave me in the background, and take all the glory to himself. I tell you, marquis, my fortune is made if I only reach the Tuileries the first, for the king will not forget the service I do him. I will call Salvieux and make him write the letter. Villefort hastily quitted the apartment, but reflecting that the sight of the deputy procureur running through the streets would be enough to throw the whole city into confusion, he resumed his ordinary pace.
At his door he perceived a figure in the shadow that seemed to wait for him. As Villefort drew near, she advanced and stood before him.
Her beauty and high bearing surprised him, and when she inquired what had become of her lover, it seemed to him that she was the judge, and he the accused.
And desirous of putting an end to the interview, he pushed by her, and closed the door, as if to exclude the pain he felt. Then the first pangs of an unending torture seized upon his heart. In this case he was not the judge, but the executioner. As he thus reflected, he felt the sensation we have described, and which had hitherto been unknown to him, arise in his bosom, and fill him with vague apprehensions.
Villefort rose, or rather sprang, from his chair, hastily opened one of the drawers of his desk, emptied all the gold it contained into his pocket, stood motionless an instant, his hand pressed to his head, muttered a few inarticulate sounds, and then, perceiving that his servant had placed his cloak on his shoulders, he sprang into the carriage, ordering the postilions to drive to M.
She loved Villefort, and he left her at the moment he was about to become her husband. She had met Fernand at the corner of the Rue de la Loge; she had returned to the Catalans, and had despairingly cast herself on her couch. She passed the night thus. The lamp went out for want of oil, but she paid no heed to the darkness, and dawn came, but she knew not that it was day. Grief had made her blind to all but one object�that was Edmond.
Morrel had not readily given up the fight. Caderousse was equally restless and uneasy, but instead of seeking, like M. But he did not succeed, and became too intoxicated to fetch any more drink, and yet not so intoxicated as to forget what had happened.
With his elbows on the table he sat between the two empty bottles, while spectres danced in the light of the unsnuffed candle�spectres such as Hoffmann strews over his punch-drenched pages, like black, fantastic dust. Danglars alone was content and joyous�he had got rid of an enemy and made his own situation on the Pharaon secure. Danglars was one of those men born with a pen behind the ear, and an inkstand in place of a heart. Everything with him was multiplication or subtraction.
The life of a man was to him of far less value than a numeral, especially when, by taking it away, he could increase the sum total of his own desires. He went to bed at his usual hour, and slept in peace. Villefort, after having received M. But we know very well what had become of Edmond. W e will leave Villefort on the road to Paris, travelling�thanks to trebled fees�with all speed, and passing through two or three apartments, enter at the Tuileries the little room with the arched window, so well known as having been the favorite closet of Napoleon and Louis XVIII.
There, seated before a walnut table he had brought with him from Hartwell, and to which, from one of those fancies not uncommon to great people, he was particularly attached, the king, Louis XVIII. But here is M. Did you forget that this great man, this hero, this demigod, is attacked with a malady of the skin which worries him to death, prurigo?
Now, you must agree that these are indubitable symptoms of insanity. Villefort, who did not choose to reveal the whole secret, lest another should reap all the benefit of the disclosure, had yet communicated enough to cause him the greatest uneasiness.
However, sire, if I might advise, your majesty will interrogate the person of whom I spoke to you, and I will urge your majesty to do him this honor. Baron, have you any report more recent than this, dated the 20th February, and this is the 3rd of March? Are you not a sportsman and a great wolf-hunter? Well, then, what do you think of the molli anhelitu? If only for the sake of M. I told you Villefort was ambitious, and to attain this ambition Villefort would sacrifice everything, even his father.
The duke left the royal presence with the speed of a young man; his really sincere royalism made him youthful again. The king was seated in the same place where the duke had left him. Sire, the usurper is arming three ships, he meditates some project, which, however mad, is yet, perhaps, terrible.
At this moment he will have left Elba, to go whither I know not, but assuredly to attempt a landing either at Naples, or on the coast of Tuscany, or perhaps on the shores of France. Your majesty is well aware that the sovereign of the Island of Elba has maintained his relations with Italy and France?
But proceed, I beg of you. How did you obtain these details? This person, a sailor, of turbulent character, and whom I suspected of Bonapartism, has been secretly to the Island of Elba. For the last ten months my ministers have redoubled their vigilance, in order to watch the shore of the Mediterranean. If Bonaparte landed at Naples, the whole coalition would be on foot before he could even reach Piombino; if he land in Tuscany, he will be in an unfriendly territory; if he land in France, it must be with a handful of men, and the result of that is easily foretold, execrated as he is by the population.
Take courage, sir; but at the same time rely on our royal gratitude. At this instant the minister of police appeared at the door, pale, trembling, and as if ready to faint.
Villefort was about to retire, but M. Has your uneasiness anything to do with what M. I am, indeed, to be pitied. I can never forgive myself!
Well, sir, what you tell me is impossible. You must have received a false report, or you have gone mad. Then they did not watch over this man. Who knows? Sire, we have all been blind, and the minister of police has shared the general blindness, that is all.
Will your majesty deign to excuse me? The mountaineers are Bonapartists, sire. And how many men had he with him? Have you neglected to obtain information on that point?
The minister bowed his head, and while a deep color overspread his cheeks, he stammered out:. A miracle of heaven replaced me on the throne of my fathers after five-and-twenty years of exile. I have, during those five-and-twenty years, spared no pains to understand the people of France and the interests which were confided Model Ship Building Plank Bending 804 to me; and now, when I see the fruition of my wishes almost within reach, the power I hold in my hands bursts and shatters me to atoms!
We have learnt nothing, forgotten nothing! If I were betrayed as he was, I would console myself; but to be in the midst of persons elevated by myself to places of honor, who ought to watch over me more carefully than over themselves,�for my fortune is theirs�before me they were nothing�after me they will be nothing, and perish miserably from incapacity�ineptitude! Oh, yes, sir, you are right�it is fatality! The minister quailed before this outburst of sarcasm.
Villefort smiled within himself, for he felt his increased importance. Ridicule, sir�why, you know not its power in France, and yet you ought to know it! Yes�that is a great word, sir. Unfortunately, there are great words, as there are great men; I have measured them.
Really impossible for a minister who has an office, agents, spies, and fifteen hundred thousand francs for secret service money, to know what is going on at sixty leagues from the coast of France! Well, then, see, here is a gentleman who had none of these resources at his disposal�a gentleman, only a simple magistrate, who learned more than you with all your police, and who would have saved my crown, if, like you, he had the power of directing a telegraph.
Any other than yourself would have considered the disclosure of M. Realizing this, Villefort came to the rescue of the crest-fallen minister, instead of aiding to crush him. Do not attribute to me more than I deserve, sire, that your majesty may never have occasion to recall the first opinion you have been pleased to form of me. Yet, speaking of reports, baron, what have you learned with regard to the affair in the Rue Saint-Jacques?
General Quesnel, it appears, had just left a Bonapartist club when he disappeared. The king looked towards him. He is a man of from fifty to fifty-two years of age, dark, with black eyes covered with shaggy eyebrows, and a thick moustache.
He was dressed in a blue frock-coat, buttoned up to the chin, and wore at his button-hole the rosette of an officer of the Legion of Honor.
I will no longer detain you, M. Noirtier are not on the best terms possible, and that is another sacrifice made to the royal cause, and for which you should be recompensed. Blacas, let it be your care to see that the brevet is made out and sent to M. Baron, send for the minister of war. Blacas, remain. One passed at the moment, which he hailed; he gave his address to the driver, and springing in, threw himself on the seat, and gave loose to dreams of ambition.
Ten minutes afterwards Villefort reached his hotel, ordered horses to be ready in two hours, and asked to have his breakfast brought to him. He was about to begin his repast when the sound of the bell rang sharp and loud. The valet opened the door, and Villefort heard someone speak his name.
Is it the custom in Marseilles for sons to keep their fathers waiting in their anterooms? The servant quitted the apartment with evident signs of astonishment.
Noirtier�for it was, indeed, he who entered�looked after the servant until the door was closed, and then, fearing, no doubt, that he might be overheard in the antechamber, he opened the door again, nor was the precaution useless, as appeared from the rapid retreat of Germain, who proved that he was not exempt from the sin which ruined our first parents.
Noirtier then took the trouble to close and bolt the antechamber door, then that of the bedchamber, and then extended his hand to Villefort, who had followed all his motions with surprise which he could not conceal.
Noirtier, stretching himself out at his ease in the chair. But go on, what about the club in the Rue Saint-Jacques? Yes, I heard this news, and knew it even before you could; for three days ago I posted from Marseilles to Paris with all possible speed, half-desperate at the enforced delay. Had that letter fallen into the hands of another, you, my dear father, would probably ere this have been shot.
Shot, my dear boy? What an idea! Where is the letter you speak of? I know you too well to suppose you would allow such a thing to pass you. But I have nothing to fear while I have you to protect me. Why, really, the thing becomes more and more dramatic�explain yourself. When the police is at fault, it declares that it is on the track; and the government patiently awaits the day when it comes to say, with a sneaking air, that the track is lost.
People are found every day in the Seine, having thrown themselves in, or having been drowned from not knowing how to swim. No, no, do not be deceived; this was murder in every sense of the word. I thought he was philosopher enough to allow that there was no murder in politics. In politics, my dear fellow, you know, as well as I do, there are no men, but ideas�no feelings, but interests; in politics we do not kill a man, we only remove an obstacle, that is all.
Would you like to know how matters have progressed? Well, I will tell you. It was thought reliance might be placed in General Quesnel; he was recommended to us from the Island of Elba; one of us went to him, and invited him to the Rue Saint-Jacques, where he would find some friends. He came there, and the plan was unfolded to him for leaving Elba, the projected landing, etc. When he had heard and comprehended all to the fullest extent, he replied that he was a royalist.
Then all looked at each other,�he was made to take an oath, and did so, but with such an ill grace that it was really tempting Providence to swear thus, and yet, in spite of that, the general was allowed to depart free�perfectly free. Yet he did not return home. What could that mean? A murder? You, a deputy procureur, to found an accusation on such bad premises! He is pursued. You do not know at all, and in this way they will chase him to Paris, without drawing a trigger.
Believe me, we are as well informed as you, and our police are as good as your own. Would you like a proof of it? You gave your direction to no one but your postilion, yet I have your address, and in proof I am here the very instant you are going to sit at table. Ring, then, if you please, for a second knife, fork, and plate, and we will dine together.
You who are in power have only the means that money produces�we who are in expectation, have those which devotion prompts. Villefort caught his arm. And what may be that description? Villefort watched him with alarm not devoid of admiration. You think he is tracked, pursued, captured; he is advancing as rapidly as his own eagles.
The soldiers you believe to be dying with hunger, worn out with fatigue, ready to desert, gather like atoms of snow about the rolling ball as it hastens onward. Sire, go, leave France to its real master, to him who acquired it, not by purchase, but by right of conquest; go, sire, not that you incur any risk, for your adversary is powerful enough to show you mercy, but because it would be humiliating for a grandson of Saint Louis to owe his life to the man of Arcola, Marengo, Austerlitz. Keep your journey a secret; do not boast of what you have come to Paris to do, or have done; return with all speed; enter Marseilles at night, and your house by the back-door, and there remain, quiet, submissive, secret, and, above all, inoffensive; for this time, I swear to you, we shall act like powerful men who know their enemies.
Noirtier left the room when he had finished, with the same calmness that had characterized him during the whole of this remarkable and trying conversation. Villefort, pale and agitated, ran to the window, put aside the curtain, and saw him pass, cool and collected, by two or three ill-looking men at the corner of the street, who were there, perhaps, to arrest a man with black whiskers, and a blue frock-coat, and hat with broad brim.
Villefort stood watching, breathless, until his father had disappeared at the Rue Bussy. Then he turned to the various articles he had left behind him, put the black cravat and blue frock-coat at the bottom of the portmanteau, threw the hat into a dark closet, broke the cane into small bits and flung it in the fire, put on his travelling-cap, and calling his valet, checked with a look the thousand questions he was ready to ask, paid his bill, sprang into his carriage, which was ready, learned at Lyons that Bonaparte had entered Grenoble, and in the midst of the tumult which prevailed along the road, at length reached Marseilles, a prey to all the hopes and fears which enter into the heart of man with ambition and its first successes.
Noirtier was a true prophet, and things progressed rapidly, as he had predicted. Everyone knows the history of the famous return from Elba, a return which was unprecedented in the past, and will probably remain without a counterpart in the future. However, scarcely was the imperial power established�that is, scarcely had the emperor re-entered the Tuileries and begun to issue orders from the closet into which we have introduced our readers,�he found on the table there Louis XVIII.
Villefort retained his place, but his marriage was put off until a more favorable opportunity. The deputy procureur was, therefore, the first magistrate of Marseilles, when one morning his door opened, and M. Morrel was announced. Anyone else would have hastened to receive him; but Villefort was a man of ability, and he knew this would be a sign of weakness. Morrel to be admitted. Morrel expected Villefort would be dejected; he found him as he had found him six weeks before, calm, firm, and full of that glacial politeness, that most insurmountable barrier which separates the well-bred from the vulgar man.
He stopped at the door; Villefort gazed at him as if he had some difficulty in recognizing him; then, after a brief interval, during which the honest shipowner turned his hat in his hands,. What was the other day a crime is today a title to favor. Villefort by a strong effort sought to control himself. Villefort would probably have rather stood opposite the muzzle of a pistol at five-and-twenty paces than have heard this name spoken; but he did not blanch. Villefort had calculated rightly.
I have known him for ten years, the last four of which he was in my service. Do not you recollect, I came about six weeks ago to plead for clemency, as I come today to plead for justice.
You received me very coldly. Oh, the royalists were very severe with the Bonapartists in those days. The miraculous return of Napoleon has conquered me, the legitimate monarch is he who is loved by his people.
I recollect now; it Model Ship Building Plank Bending Processing was a very serious charge. Some fine morning he will return to take command of your vessel. But how is it he is not already returned? It seems to me the first care of government should be to set at liberty those who have suffered for their adherence to it. The emperor is more strict in prison discipline than even Louis himself, and the number of prisoners whose names are not on the register is incalculable. Villefort shuddered at the suggestion; but he had gone too far to draw back.
It was evident that at the sight of this document the minister would instantly release him. The petition finished, Villefort read it aloud. Twice during the Hundred Days had Morrel renewed his demand, and twice had Villefort soothed him with promises.
At last there was Waterloo, and Morrel came no more; he had done all that was in his power, and any fresh attempt would only compromise himself uselessly. He therefore informed M. He then left for Madrid, and was no more heard of. What had become of him he cared not to inquire. But Fernand was mistaken; a man of his disposition never kills himself, for he constantly hopes. During this time the empire made its last conscription, and every man in France capable of bearing arms rushed to obey the summons of the emperor.
Bathed in tears she wandered about the Catalan village. Sometimes she stood mute and motionless as a statue, looking towards Marseilles, at other times gazing on the sea, and debating as to whether it were not better to cast herself into the abyss of the ocean, and thus end her woes.
It was not want of courage that prevented her putting this resolution into execution; but her religious feelings came to her aid and saved her.
Caderousse was, like Fernand, enrolled in the army, but, being married and eight years older, he was merely sent to the frontier. Morrel paid the expenses of his funeral, and a few small debts the poor old man had contracted. He guessed something uncommon was passing among the living; but he had so long ceased to have any intercourse with the world, that he looked upon himself as dead.
The inspector visited, one after another, the cells and dungeons of several of the prisoners, whose good behavior or stupidity recommended them to the clemency of the government. He inquired how they were fed, and if they had any request to make. The universal response was, that the fare was detestable, and that they wanted to be set free. The inspector asked if they had anything else to ask for. They shook their heads.
What could they desire beyond their liberty? The inspector turned smilingly to the governor. Are there any others? Let us see the dungeons. Two soldiers were accordingly sent for, and the inspector descended a stairway, so foul, so humid, so dark, as to be loathsome to sight, smell, and respiration. Is it not true, Antoine? Besides, he is almost mad now, and in another year he will be quite so.
He was, as this remark shows, a man full of philanthropy, and in every way fit for his office. He used to weep, he now laughs; he grew thin, he now grows fat.
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