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We can obtain per capita income of a country by calculating: [CBSE CCE ] a the total income of a person b by dividing the national income by the total population of a country c the total value of all goods and services d the total exports of the country. Kerala has low infant Mortality Rate because: [CBSE CCE ] a it has good climatic condition b it has adequate infrastructure c it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities d it has poor net attendance ratio.
Additional Questions 7. Identify which of the following cannot be a development goal for a landless rural labourer? Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek things like a equal treatment b freedom c security d all of them. A fair and just path for all should be achieved. Interpret the concept being discussed here. List how many tonnes of liquid toxic wastes a vessel dumped in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa?
Countries with higher income are ����.. In , India came in the category of a Rich countries b Low-income countries c Developed countries d Medium income countries. Comparing all states, identify the state which had the highest per capita income in � Which state had the least per capita income in ? Number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of live children born in that particular year is known as a Death rate b Survival rate c Infant mortality rate d Life death rate.
Proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group is called as a Knowledge rate b Literacy rate c Attendance rate d Excellence Rate.
Which age group of children is included for calculating Net Attendance Ratio? In , Infant Mortality Rate in Kerala was a 49 b 11 c 60 d For calculating Body Mass Index BMI , the weight of the person is divided by the a Square of the weight b Square of the height c Square root of the height d Square of the sum of height and weight.
If BMI is less than HDI Rank of India in the world out of countries in was a 93 b c d Nepal has nearly �����. What proportion of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves? Resources which will get exhausted after years of use is called ����� a Renewable resources b Non � durable resources c Non � renewable resources d Competing resources.
Development of a country can generally be determined by i its per capita income ii its average literacy level iii health status of its people iv all the above Answer: iv all the above Q2. The average income or the per capita income is the total income of the country divided by its population. India comes in the category of low-income countries because its per capital income in was just?
Rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries are generally called developed countries. A country may have more equitable distribution. People may be neither very rich nor extremely poor. In another country with same average income, one person may be extremely rich while others may be very poor. So, the method of average income does not give correct picture of a country. This system hides disparities among people.
The criterion used by World Bank: The average income, i. Human Development Index used by UNDP is better because it is a wider indicator in which besides per capital income, health and education are also included. By averages only one aspect income, size etc. All aspects or achievements are not compared.
As only one aspect is compared, it does not give true picture of different countries, persons or things. For example, students differ in height, health, talents and interests. The healthiest student may not be the most intelligent or topper in studies.
Similar is the case in respect of countries or states. A country may be ahead than the other country in one field but may lag behind in the other field. So averages do not give the correct picture. It is correct to say that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states due to reasons as mentioned below : Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you need to live well.
Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. There cannot be a pollution-free environment in a colony of rich people unless the whole community takes preventive steps.
Again a school may be opened for the children of the whole community than for one or two children of a rich person. Kerala has a better human development ranking than Punjab. In Kerala, Infant Mortality Rate is 11 in comparison to 49 in Punjab, where the per capita income is much more than Kerala. It is? It is because Kerala has adequate basic health and educational facilities. Similarly in some states, the Public Distribution System PDS functions well and people get ration regularly whereas in some states ration shops do not function properly.
At such places, people face a shortage of grains that affect their health. Thus it is clear that the states should not be compared on the basis of per capita income � alone. Some of the examples of environmental degradation in the area are as follows : Air pollution has increased due to the emission of smoke from factories and vehicles.
There is an increase in water pollution due to shops and small factories in residential areas. Salt is one of the products formed by acid, base reaction. The various types of salts are discussed based on the strength of acid or base. The pH scale Indicates if the solution is acidic, basic our neutral. It is an scale from So, is acidic, 7 is neutral, basic solution. Universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators. Chloro-alkali process is performed of salt solution.
The various chemical substances are formed after reactions, directly or in-directly are used for various process. Their formation and uses are explained in this chapter. Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals The chapter starts with physical properties of metals and non-metals. The parameters discussed are some physical properties, like melting and boiling points, physical state at room temperature, ductility, malleability, tensile strength, etc.
The metals and non �metals are differentiated on the basis of physical properties. But there are some expectations based on physical properties. For example iodine is non-metal but has lustrous appearance as metal. Mercury is metal but liquid at room temperature. There are more such exceptions.
Therefore, classification of metals and non-metals, are based on chemical properties. Chemical reactions of metals with oxygen gas, water, acids and other metal salts are discussed here. The reactions and their condition depends upon the reactivity series. The metals on top of reactivity series are sodium and Potassium. They perform vigorous reactions. Nature of metallic oxides is discussed.
Generally Metal oxides are basic in nature. But, some of them like aluminum oxide and zinc oxide can be both acidic and basic and hence known as amphoteric oxides.
After that how such reactions takes place is discussed. Ionic bond formation is discussed. Such bond formation can be represented in two forms. Electrons are loosed by metals and gained by non-metals. One get positively charged and another get negatively charged. They get attracted and a strong bond is formed. The first one is electronic configuration. The bond formation is discussed through Bohr model.
Another method is Lewis structure or electron-dot structure. The metals and non-metals are written with their symbol and dots. Number of dots represents number of outermost electron. The properties of ionic bond are discussed which are based on strong ionic bond formation. Extraction of metal is also taught. Metals are extracted from minerals, from their ores. Ores are minerals from which extraction of metal is profitable. Impurities are removed and after that processing take place according to reactivity of metals.
Higher reactive metals are extracted by electrolysis. Middle reactive metals are first converted into oxides and then reduced to metal. Metals lower in reactivity series such as gold, silver, platinum etc are found in native state and they need not be processed.
After this refining of metal is done which is another level of purification. The extracted metals are needed to be protected from corrosion. Lot of money is spent on this. Many methods such as oiling, greasing, electroplating, galavanisation are discussed.
Another method is alloying. It is the process of mixing metals with another metals or non-metals. It makes metal corrosion-free and enhances the strength. Steel is an alloy of metal Iron and Non-metal Carbon, used for construction. Other such alloys are stainless steel, brass, bronze, duralumin etc.
The reason of this is its tetravalency and catenation which has been discussed. Carbon form bond by sharing its electrons with other elements. Such bond formations of elements formed by sharing of electron is called covalent- bond formation. Covalent Bond formation is explained for other covalent bond formed compounds such as in oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, and covalent formed compounds. Structure of different carbon compounds is explained. For example, Organic compounds is formed in straight chains, or branched chains or cyclic chains.
Organic compounds are also categorised on the basis of saturated and Unsaturated compound. Saturated compounds are compounds with only single bond. Unsaturated carbon compounds are compounds with double or triple bond.
Organic compounds are basically chain of carbon-Hydrogen. Functional groups can be atom or group of atoms attached to the chain of hydrogen-Carbon. A system of naming that large number of atoms nomenclature is also taught. Some important carbon compounds like ethyl Alcohol used for making alcoholic drinks and Ethanoic acid used for making vinegar are discussed with their physical and chemical properties. Soaps and detergents are studied with their chemical structure and properties.
Their difference is also discussed. The detergents are used for cleaning purpose in hard water. Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements There are known elements found till date. It is better to study each elements in proper way. For this we need to classify them in an order. If categorized in order, we can easily predict some trends in physical and chemical properties of elements.
Therefore, scientists worked to arrange all elements such that alike elements can be placed in certain rows and column. But, this methodology did not worked for every element. Only three triads can be detected.
In , John Newlands, tried to arrange elements. Newlands Octave was another method to classify elements. In this every eighth element will show property of first element if placed in order of atomic mass. It was similar to musical notes where first node is similar to eighth.
It also failed as it was not able to work for more than 56 elements. Another method was adopted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev arranged the elements based on their atomic masses.
He observed that when the elements were arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses, there was a periodic recurrence in their physical and chemical properties. It was much accurate than previous models.
It also had some demerits. Finally, modern periodic came into existence. Atomic number was considered to be criteria for classification. Elements with same group have same number of outermost electron. Elements in same period have same number of outermost shell. A particular increase to decrease in certain pattern can be predicted. Many such trends are studied in this chapter. Such processes are digestive system, respiration system, circulation system etc. All these things are important to leave.
The thing is to consume food through digestive system, perform oxidation of food which involves the process of respiration, and transportation of food and water which is done through circulation. This chapter starts with process of nutrition. The process in which an organism takes in food, utilizes it to get energy, for growth, repair and maintenance, etc. Other modes of nutrition are autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition which are discussed in chapter. Autotrophic nutrition is done by plants by photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic nutrition is done by animals. Different types of Heterotrophic nutrition are discussed. Parasitic Nutrition, saprophytic Nutrition and Holozonic Nutrition are different types of heterotrophic nutrition. Cellular nutrition is done by unicellular organisms which has been discussed in this chapter. Next topic is nutrition by human beings. It starts with mouths which include salivary glands, tongue and teeth.
The food goes to stomach through oesophagus. The food goes to stomach. Liver secretes greenish yellow liquid called bile juice. Pancreas lies behind the lower portion of stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice which contains many digestive enzymes. All such processes are discussed in this digestive system.
Next is respiration. The process of respiration involves: a Gaseous exchange i. Breathing: Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of CO 2. And b Cellular respiration: Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell. Both are discussed. The human respiration system is discussed with some special attention. Pharynx ,bronchio lungs, diaphragm are different elements of human respiratory system. Mechanisam of process involves inhale and exhale.
Both are explained. Circulation involves the process of transportation of food and other materials from one place to another. The blood is pumped through heart and transported through veins. So, all of them are discussed. Different components of blood are discussed-Red blood cells and White blood cells. Four chambers of heart are discussed.
In plants, We have discussed earlier how plants take in simple compounds such as CO 2 and photosynthesise energy stored in their chlorophyll-containing organs, namely leaves. The other kinds of raw materials needed for building plant bodies will also have to be taken up separately.
For plants, the soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals. The absorption of these substances therefore occurs through the part in contact with the soil, namely roots.
It has been discussed in details. The biological process involved in the removal of these harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion.
Different organisms use varied strategies to do this. It is discussed in details for human beings. The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, an urinary bladder and urethra. Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination System Earlier, we had started with a notion we all have, that if we see something moving, it is alive. Some of these movements are in fact the result of growth, as in plants. A seed germinates and grows, and we can see that the seedling moves over the course of a few days, Control and coordination are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in our bodies.
The responses of the nervous system can be classified as reflex action, voluntary action or involuntary action. The nervous system uses electrical impulses to transmit messages. The nervous system gets information from our sense organs and acts through our muscles. Chemical coordination is seen in both plants and animals.
Hormones produced in one part of an organism move to another part to achieve the desired effect. A feedback mechanism regulates the action of the hormones. Chapter 8 - How do organisms reproduce? Reproduction, unlike other life processes, is not essential to maintain the life of an individual organism. It involves creation of a DNA copy and additional cellular apparatus by the cell involved in the process.
Various organisms use different modes of reproduction depending on their body design such as fission, fragmentation, regeneration, budding, spore formation and vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves two individuals for the creation of a new individual.
Modes of sexual reproduction allow for greater variation to be generated. Reproduction in flowering plants involves transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma which is referred to as pollination followed by fertilisation.
The male reproductive system in human beings consists of testes which produce sperms, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis.
The female reproductive system in human beings consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. Sexual reproduction in human beings involves the introduction of sperm in the vagina of the female. Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube. Chapter 9 - Heredity and Evolution We have seen that reproductive processes give rise to new individuals that are similar, but subtly different.
We have discussed how some amount of variation is produced even during asexual reproduction. Heredity and evolution deals with the fact � the long-term consequences of the accumulation of variations.
The fact of sex determination in newborn individual is completely solved. Evolution can be worked out by the study of not just living species, but also fossils. Complex organs may have evolved because of the survival advantage of even the intermediate stages. Changes in the non-reproductive tissues caused by environmental factors are not inheritable indicates about different traits like Acquired and Inherited.
Speciation may take place when variation is combined with geographical isolation. Evolutionary relationships are traced in the classification of organisms. Study of the evolution of human beings indicates that all of us belong to a single species that evolved in Africa and spread across the world in stages. Chapter 10 - Light: Reflection and Refraction Light is source of energy which generates sensation of vision in human beings. In this chapter first reflection of light is discussed.
Reflection is governed by its laws. The chapter is concerned with laws of reflection. Here we are basically concerned with the Class 10th Ncert Our Environment Journal spherical mirrors. After that image formation by spherical mirrors are discussed. The different types of spherical mirror, convex and concave are taught.
The various terms related with spherical mirrors like centre of curvature, radius of curvature etc, focus, pole etc are discussed with ray diagrams. Uses of spherical mirror has been discussed in chapter. Mirror formula is the way to relate object distance, image distance and focal length of mirror. Magnification is the ratio of size of image by size of object. This is related to ratio of image distance and object distance.
Distances are majored from pole of mirror. Sign convention is kept in mind to find relative distances of image and object. Refraction is the phenomena of bending of light when light travels from one medium to another. The phenomena of refraction can be understood easily by the concepts of refractive index and optical density.
This is better explained by an example of rectangular glass slab. This example is dealt. After that concept of Lens is explained. It is transparent medium bounded by refractive index. Types of Lens �converging and diverging is discussed. Example of converging lens double convex lens and diverging double concave lens. Image formation and terminology is discussed for both convex and concave lens. Lens formula relates focal length of lens with image distance and object distance.
Magnification is related with image and object distance. Sign convention is kept in mind. Power of lens is also discussed. Numerical based on lens formula and mirror formula are to be solved.
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