Overview With this chapter we resume the tour of democracy 10th Ncert Polity Valve that we 10th ncert polity distribution last year. We noted last year that in a democracy all power does not rest with any one organ of the state. An intelligent sharing of power among legislature, executive and judiciary is very important to the 10th ncert polity distribution of a democracy. In this and the next two chapters we carry this idea of power 10th ncert polity distribution forward.
We start with two stories from Belgium and Sri Lanka. Both mcert stories are about how democracies handle demands for power sharing. The stories yield 10th ncert polity distribution general conclusions about the need for power sharing in democracy. Distributioon allows us to discuss various forms of power sharing that will be 10th ncert polity distribution 10fh in the following two chapters.
Belgium and Sri Lanka Belgium is a small country in Europe, smaller in area than the state of Haryana. It has borders with Netherlands, France and Germany. It has a population of a little over one crore, about half the population of Haryana. Of the countrys total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 10th ncert polity distribution per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.
Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking. The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development and education much later. This led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the s and s. The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem: the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.
Let us compare this to the situation in another country. Sri Lanka is an island nation, just a ncedt kilometres off the southern coast of Tamil 10h.
It has about 2 crore people, about the same as in Haryana. Like other nations in the South Asia region, Sri Lanka has a diverse population.
The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers 74 per cent and the Tamil-speakers 18 per cent. Among Tamils there are two subgroups. Tamil natives of the country.
I have a simple equation in mind. Distrribution do we start by talking of this? Ethnic: A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or. They need not always have the same religion or nationality.
Look at the maps of Belgium and Sri Lanka. In which region do you find concentration of different communities? The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period, are called Indian Tamils.
As you can see from the map, Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the north and east of the country. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala. Just imagine what could happen in situations like. In Belgium, the. Dutch community 10th ncert polity distribution take advantage of its numeric majority and force its will on the French and German-speaking population.
This would push the conflict among communities. This could lead to a very messy partition of the country; both the sides would claim control over Brussels. In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed an even bigger majority and could impose 10th ncert polity distribution will on the entire country. Now, let us look at what happened in both these countries.
Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka Sri Distributon emerged as an independent country in The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. Inan Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.
The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.
All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language dietribution culture.
They felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights, discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities and ignored their interests. As a result, the relations. Majoritarianism: A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it 10th ncert polity distribution, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.
Whats wrong if the 10th ncert polity distribution community rules? If Sinhalas dont rule in Sri Lanka, 10th ncert polity distribution else will they rule? The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.
But their demand for more necrt to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly 10th ncert polity distribution. By s several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam state in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict. As a result dishribution of people of both 10th ncert polity distribution communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their 10th ncert polity distribution. You have read Chapter 1 of 10th ncert polity distribution textbook, Class X about Sri Lankas excellent record of economic development, education and health.
But 10th ncert polity distribution civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.
Accommodation in Belgium The Belgian leaders took a different path. They recognised the existence of regional differences 10th ncert polity distribution cultural diversities. Between andthey amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.
The arrangement they worked out is different from any other country and is very innovative. Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model: Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal 10th ncert polity distribution the central government.
Some special laws require the 10th ncert polity distribution of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally. Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The Frenchspeaking people 10th ncert polity distribution equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government. Civil war: A violent 10tb between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war. What kind of a solution is this?
I am glad our Constitution does not say which minister will come from which community. The photograph here is of a street address in Belgium. You will notice that place names and directions in two languages French and Dutch. Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This community government is elected by people belonging to one language community Dutch, French and German-speaking no matter where they live.
This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues. You might find the Belgian model very complicated. It indeed is very complicated, even for people living in Belgium.
But these arrangements have worked distrihution so far. They distribufion to avoid civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines. When many countries of Europe came together to form the European. Read any newspaper for one week and make clippings of news related to ongoing conflicts or wars.
A group of five students could pool their clippings together and do the following: Classify these conflicts by their location your state, India, outside India. Find out the cause of each of these conflicts. How many of these are related to power 10th ncert polity distribution disputes? Which of these conflicts could be resolved by working out power sharing arrangements? What do we learn from these two stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka?
Both are democracies. Yet, they dealt with the question of power sharing differently. In Belgium, the leaders have realised that 1t0h unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities. Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power. Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example.
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Chapter 7: Outcomes of Democracy. Chapter 8: Challenges to Democracy. Practicing with these NCERT questions is important for self-assessment and to identify your weak areas. Besides this, these questions are also important from the examination point of view. These NCERT solutions are prepared and reviewed by the subject experts and are very easy to understand.
All the solutions are designed in pointers or bullets that help students to easily memorise the solutions. Jagranjosh Education Awards Click here if you missed it! Hindi is the language of the vast majority, and that makes the popularity of Hindi books more in our country. So if the government has initiatives to teach people in the language that they are comfortable with, we must applaud them for their efforts.
After all, education is more important irrespective of the language that it is taught in. NCERT panels and committees comprising of experts who are well-bred in both Hindi and English are facilitated to provide high quality and the top-notch, essential information to students to help them at various levels of their education.
The difficulty level and understanding of the students are kept in mind while training young students and taking them across various concepts. Concepts are presented in such a way that they make learning fun through textbooks.
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