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Electric Circuit: Electric circuit is a continuous and closed path of electric current. Electric current is expressed by the rate of flow of electric charges. Rate of flow means, the amount of charge flowing through a particular area in unit time. If a net electric charge Q flows through a cross-section of a conductor in time t, then, Where I is electric current, Q Electricity Class 10th Ncert Pdf Question is a net charge and t is a time in second.
Unit of Electric Charge and Current: S. Ampere is the flow of electric charge through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.
This means, if 1 coulomb of electric charge flows through a cross section for 1 second, it would be equal to 1 ampere. Small Quantity Electricity Class 10th Ncert Pdf Version of Electric Current: Small quantity of electric current is expressed in milliampere and microampere. Milliampere is written as mA and microampere as pA. Charge: Like mass, the charge is the fundamental property of matter. There are two types of charge i Positive charge. Positive and Negative Charge: The charge acquired by a glass rod when rubbed with silk is called a positive charge and the charge acquired by an ebonite rod when rubbed with wool is called negative charge.
Properties of Electric Charge: i Unlike charges attract each other and like charges repel each other. Electric Potential and Potential Difference Electric Potential: The amount of electric potential energy at a point is called electric potential. Potential Difference: The difference in the amount of electric potential energy between two points in an electric circuit is called electric potential difference. Electric potential difference is known as voltage, which is equal to the amount of work done to move the unit charge between two points against static electric field.
Since joule is the unit of work and Coulomb is the unit of charge, 1 volt of electric potential difference is equal to the 1 joule of work to be done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to another in an electric circuit.
Voltmeter: An apparatus to measure the potential difference or electric potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. This means potential difference V varies as electric current.
Resistance: Resistance is the property of conductor which resists the flow of electric current through it. This means electric current will decrease with an increase in resistance and vice versa. The graph of V potential difference versus I electric current is always a straight line. Resistance: Resistance is a property of conductor due to which it resists the flow of electric current through it.
A component that is used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit is called a resistor. In practical application, resistors are used to increase or decrease the electric current.
Variable Resistance: The component of an electric circuit which is used to regulate the current, without changing the voltage from the source, is called variable resistance. Rheostat: This is a device which is used in a circuit to provide variable resistance. Cause of Resistance in a Conductor: Flow of electrons in a conductor is electric current.
The positive particles of conductor create hindrance to flow of electrons, because of attraction between them, this hindrance is the cause of resistance in the flow of electricity. Factors on Which Resistance of a Conductor Depends: Resistance in a conductor depends on nature, length and area of cross section of the conductor. Silver is the best conductor of electricity. While some other materials create more hindrance in the flow of electric current, i. Such materials are called bad conductors.
Bad conductor are also known as insulators. Hard plastic is the one of the best insulators of electricity. This means, resistance increases with increase in length of the conductor. This is the cause that long electric wires create more resistance to the electric current. This means R will decrease with an increase in the area of conductor and vice versa.
More area of conductor facilitates the flow of electric current through more area and thus, decreases the resistance. This is the cause that thick copper wire creates less resistance to the electric current. It is called the electrical resistivity of the material of conductor. The S. Resistivity: It is defined as the resistance offered by a cube of a material of side 1m when current flows perpendicular to its opposite faces. Resistivity depends on the nature of the material of the conductor.
Silver has resistivity equal to 1. Rubber and glass are very good insulators. The resistivity of materials varies with temperature. Combination of resistors Series and Parallel combination , the heating effect of electric current and electric power. Combination of Resistors i Series combination ii Parallel combination.
Model of Electron Sea. These sea of electrons are free to jump onto any neighboring atom. As a result of potential differences, electric fields are generated inside the conductor. This results in the drift velocity of the electrons to attain maximum movement inside a metallic conductor. Working of Battery. The battery is working on a principle of potential difference which is generated inside it due to internal chemical reactions.
Multiple cells connected together form a battery. The following chemical reactions take place in a battery. At anode. At cathode. What is an Electric Circuit? A current that travels in a closed-loop path is known as an electric circuit. Circuit diagrams are used to represent an electric circuit by using symbols for each component of the circuit. The diagram of an electric circuit is given below.
In an ohmic conductor, the passage of current is directly proportional to the applied potential difference between the two ends of the conductor. How to Define Resistance? When the flow of current in an electric circuit is offered opposition, that opposition is known as resistance.
The resistance of a material depends on the following factors. Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional Electricity Class 10th Ncert Pdf Lab area of the conductor. Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor. Resistance is directly proportional to the nature of the conductor.
Resistance is directly proportional to the temperature of the conductor. What is Resistivity? Resistivity is the electrical resistance that is offered by a substance of unit length and unit cross-sectional area.
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