The Nassau class was a group of four German dreadnought battleships built for the German Kaiserliche Marine Imperial Navy in the mids. The class comprised Nassauthe lead shipRheinlandPosenand Westfalen. All four ships were laid down in mid, and completed by late Though commonly perceived as having been built in response to the British Dreadnoughttheir design traces its origin to ; they were nassau speed boat excursion works fact a response to Dreadnought ' s predecessors of the Lord Nelson class.
The Nassau s adopted a main battery of twelve 28 cm 11 in guns in six twin- gun turrets in an unusual hexagonal arrangement. Unlike many other dreadnoughts, the Nassau -class ships retained triple-expansion steam engines instead of more powerful steam turbines.
From tothe ships participated in the normal peacetime routine of the German fleet, including various squadron exercises, training cruises, and fleet maneuvers every August�September. Following the outbreak of World War I in Julythe ships took part in numerous fleet operations intended to isolate and destroy individual elements of the numerically superior British Grand Fleet.
These frequently consisted of sailing as distant support to the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group as they raided British coastal towns. The ships also saw service in the Baltic Sea against the Russian Empire during the war; Nassau and Posen engaged the Russian pre-dreadnought Slava during the nassau speed boat excursion works Battle of the Gulf of Riga in Rheinland and Westfalen were sent to Finland to support Finnish forces rebelling against Soviet rulethough Rheinland ran aground and was badly damaged.
Following Germany's defeat, all four ships were ceded as war prizes to the victorious Allied powers and broken up nassau speed boat excursion works the early s.
Though the Nassau class is commonly cited as a response to the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought[1] the decision to adopt an all-big-gun main battery predated the construction of the British vessel.
Design work on what would eventually become the Nassau class began inwith work scheduled to nassau speed boat excursion works in Kaiser Wilhelm II argued that the navy ought to build large armored cruisers as a single capital ship type.
In DecemberWilhelm II suggested a new ship, of about 13, metric tons 13, long tons displacementto be armed with four 28 cm 11 in guns and eight 21 cm 8. He requested the Construction Office submit proposals based on his ideas; by Januarythree such designs had been prepared: "5A", "5B", and "6". The first two mounted eight 21 cm guns, in four single- gun turrets and four casemates for "5A" and in four twin-gun turrets in "5B".
Nassau speed boat excursion works "6" design carried ten of the guns in four casemates and the remaining six in a central battery. Though the naval command felt "5B" offered the best firing arcs, they forwarded the "6" design for further consideration.
Evaluation of the design led to a conclusion that it offered no significant improvement over the preceding Deutschland -class battleships. The Kaiser intervened again in February with a request for a 14, t 13, long tons ship with secondary batteries of ten 21 cm or 24 cm 9. The first, "6B-D", was a variant on the earlier "6" design, while two others, "10A" and "10B" featured the larger guns; the submissions from Kiel have not survived and their details are not known.
Wilhelm interrupted this design work by suggesting that speed should be increased significantly at the price of reducing the main battery to 24 cm guns, which resulted in further design studies that were completed by April. All of these were deemed unacceptable and further design work was carried out within the Reichsmarineamt Imperial Naval Office.
The officers there observed that the secondary battery should be limited to 21 cm guns, since the increased weight of the 24 cm weapons limited the nassau speed boat excursion works of guns. All three variants kept a 28 cm main battery. During deliberations in nassau speed boat excursion works April, "Project I" emerged as nassau speed boat excursion works favored design since it would be cheaper than "II" which would also require widening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal.
The design was refined into two versions, "IA" and "IB", with the former using casemates and the latter using single turrets. Wilhelm approved "IA" in May, though the arrangement of the secondary guns proved to be contentious, nassau speed boat excursion works in December another variant, "7D", which moved eight of the guns to twin turrets and adopted an improved underwater protection system was submitted, which the Kaiser approved on 7 January These plans were disrupted immediately when the Germans learned of the characteristics of the British Lord Nelson -class battleshipswhich carried a secondary battery of ten 9.
This meant that "7D" would be insufficient to counter the next generation of British battleships, and the design staff would have to start. Variants with six 21 cm twin-turrets were submitted, along with the first German all-big-gun battleships ; these featured a battery of eight 28 cm guns, four in standard twin turrets and the rest in single-gun turrets.
Wilhelm approved the all-big-gun version on 18 Marchafter which further design refinement was nassau speed boat excursion works out, which included increasing the beamrearranging the secondary battery of eight 17 cm 6. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz pointed out that merging the battleship and armored cruiser categories would not be possible under the Naval Law ofand that the Construction Office was too busy with other projects to take on another one.
During this period, Tirpitz worked to secure the passage of the next Naval Law; he had originally requested six new battleships and six armored cruisers, along with a number of nassau speed boat excursion works smaller craft. As capital ship designs continued to grow in size and power, their cost spiraled upward.
Opposition to budget increases in the Reichstag Imperial Diet forced Tirpitz to reduce his request to six armored cruisers�one of which was to have been placed in reserve�and 48 torpedo boats, dropping his request for new battleships completely; the reduced proposal was voted through on 19 May as the First Amendment to the Naval Law.
A week after the amendment was passed, funds for two 18,ton battleships and a 15,ton armored cruiser were allocated to the Navy. Funds were also provided to widen the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal and enlarge dock facilities to accommodate the larger ships.
The design staff continued to refine the new ship, and by Septemberseveral variants had been proposed, including "F", which replaced the four single-gun turrets with an equal number of twin-gun turrets. The 17 cm guns were also replaced with twelve 15 cm nassau speed boat excursion works. An improved underwater protection system was adopted as well, resulting in the design finalized as "G", which was approved on 4 October.
Internal rearrangements to the magazines and boiler rooms resulted in "G2", while an attempt to move all of the gun turrets to the broadside was presented as "G3", but this proved to be unworkable.
The initial nassau speed boat excursion works with three funnels was altered to just two, and a new bow was incorporated, securing approval from the Kaiser on 14 April as "G7d". Construction of the first vessel was authorized on 31 May; another member was added shortly thereafter, with another two authorized for the construction program. The ships were The ships had a length to width ratio of 5.
To some extent, the greater than normal width was due to the four wing turrets, which necessitated a wider hull. The ships had nineteen watertight compartmentswith the exception of Nassauwhich only had sixteen. All four ships had a double bottom for eighty-eight percent of the keel. Steering was controlled by a pair of rudders mounted side-by-side.
The ships carried a number of boats, including a picket boat3 admiral's barges, 2 launches2 cuttersand 2 dinghies. The ships' standard crews numbered 40 officers and enlisted men; while serving as squadron flagshipsthis was augmented by 13 officers and 66 enlisted men, and as divisional flagships, with 2 officers and 23 enlisted sailors.
As designed, the ships did not handle particularly well, even in calm seas, and their motion was quite stiff. The ships experienced severe rolling due to the weight of the wing turrets. Despite the tendency to roll, the Nassau -class ships were maneuverable and had a small turning radius. They suffered minor speed loss in heavy seas, but up to 70 percent at hard rudder.
The roll keels that had been fitted to improve handling caused a portion of the speed loss at hard rudder. The Imperial German Navy was slow to adopt the advanced Parsons turbine engines used in the British Dreadnoughtprimarily due to the resistance of both Tirpitz and the Navy's construction department. Inthe latter stated that the "use of turbines in heavy warships does not recommend. German firms were not ready to begin production of turbines on a large scale until The Nassau class therefore retained three vertical, 3-cylinder triple-expansion steam engineseach in its own engine roomwith each driving a 3-bladed screw propeller that was 5 m 16 ft in diameter.
Steam for the engines was provided by twelve nassau speed boat excursion works, Schulz-Thornycroft water-tube boilers that were divided into three boiler rooms. Power output ranged from 26, to 28, metric horsepower 25, to 27, ihpwith top speeds of 20 to The ships nassau speed boat excursion works a normal capacity of t long tons of coal, though at full load they could carry up to 2, t 2, long tons.
Inthe boilers were fitted with supplementary oil firing, along with storage for t long tons of fuel oil ; this allowed oil to be sprayed on the coal to improve combustion rates.
The vertical triple expansion engines nassau speed boat excursion works large amounts of internal space that could otherwise have been used for magazines. The main battery propellant magazines were placed above shell rooms, with the exception of the centerline turrets of Nassau and Westfalen. These guns fired lb shells, with a 24 kg The ships' secondary armament consisted of twelve 15 cm 5.
Six of these were placed on either side of the ship at main deck level on either broadside. These guns fired armor-piercing shells at a rate of 4 to 5 per minute. The guns were manually elevated and trained. For close-range defense against torpedo boatsthe ships also carried sixteen 8.
Four of these were in sponsons forward of the main battery, two on either. Another four were in the forward superstructureand the other four were in sponsons in the stern.
Aftertwo 8. These anti-aircraft guns fired a slightly lighter They could be elevated to 45 degrees and could hit targets 12, yards 11, m away. The Nassau -class ships were also armed with six 45 cm One tube was mounted in the bow, another in the stern, and two on each broadside, on either ends of the torpedo bulkhead. The bow tube could be trained thirty degrees to either side and the broadside tubes could be aimed thirty degrees forward and sixty degrees aft.
The Nassau -class ships were protected with Krupp cemented steel armor. The citadel consisted of the main section of belt armorconnected at either end by transverse armored bulkheadsand supported by a curved armor deck at mid-deck level.
It protected the ships' vitals, including their propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazines. On either end of the citadel, the belt was considerably reduced in thickness and the deck was lowered to waterline level forward, though aft it remained at mid-deck level. The main section of belt armor was 29 cm It also thinned at the top edge to 16 cm 6. Toward the bow, it was reduced to 14 cm 5.
Aft of the citadel, the belt reduced to 13 cm 5 in to 9 cm 3. Behind the main belt was a torpedo bulkhead 3 cm 1. This portion of the side armor was also capped on either end by a bulkhead that was 2 cm 0. The ships' main armor deck was 3. The sloped portion increased in thickness to 5. Compartments on either side of the torpedo bulkhead, which were set back about 4 m 13 ftwere similarly used to store coal.
In the bow and stern sections, the deck was thickened to 5. The forecastle deck was nassau speed boat excursion works. The forward conning tower had a roof that was 8 cm 3.
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