A compiler is a program desifn reads a program written in one language �the source language and translates it into an sdt questions in compiler design important program in another language-the target language. The compiler reports to its user the presence of errors in the source program. Linear analysis is one eesign which the stream of characters making up the source program is read from sdt questions in compiler design important to right quetions grouped into tokens that are sequences of characters having Sdt Questions In Compiler Design Engine sdt questions in compiler design important collective meaning.
A symbol table is a data structure containing a record for each identifier, with fields for the attributes of the identifier. The data structure allows us to find the record jmportant each identifier quickly and to store or retrieve data from that record quickly. Whenever an identifier is detected by a lexical analyzer, it is entered into the symbol table.
The attributes of an identifier cannot be determined by the lexical analyzer. The front end consists of those phases or parts of phases that depend primarily on the source language and are largely desugn of the target machine. These include. A certain amount of code optimization can be done by auestions front end as.
Also includes error handling that goes along with each of these phases. The back end of compiler includes those portions that depend on the target machine and generally those portions do not depend on the source language, just the intermediate imporfant.
Systems to help with the compiler-writing process are often been referred to as compiler-compilers, compiler-generators or compilrr systems. Largely they quesrions oriented around a particular model of languagesand they are suitable for generating compilers of languages similar model.
Mention the various notational shorthands for representing regular expressions. Hierarchical iimportant is ccompiler in quesyions the tokens are grouped hierarchically into nested collections sdtt Sdt Questions In Compiler Design Keystore collective meaning. Semantic analysis is one in which certain checks are performed to ensure that components sdt questions in compiler design important a program fit together meaningfully. Explain parser. Mention the basic issues in parsing.
There are two important issues in parsing. Why lexical and syntax analyzers are separated out? Reasons for separating the analysis phase into lexical and syntax analyzers:. Define a context free grammar. A context free grammar G is a collection of the following. Briefly explain the concept of derivation. Derivation from S means generation of string w from S.
For constructing derivation two things are important. Define ambiguous grammar. A grammar G is said to be ambiguous if it generates more than one parse tree for some sentence of language L G. What is a operator precedence parser? A grammar is said to be operator precedence if it possess the following properties:. There should not be any Sdt Questions In Compiler Design Youtube production rule possessing two adjacent non terminals at the right hand.
List the properties of LR parser. LR parsers can be constructed to recognize most of the programming languages for which the context free grammar can be written.
The class of grammar that can be parsed by LR parser is a superset of class of grammars that can be parsed using predictive parsers. What are the problems with top down parsing? The following are the problems associated with top down parsing:. List the advantages and disadvantages of operator precedence parsing. The operator like minus has two different ocmpiler unary and binary. Hence it is hard to handle tokens like minus sign.
What is dangling else problem? Ambiguity can be eliminated by means of dangling-else grammar which is show below:. Write short notes on YACC. YACC is an automatic tool for generating the parser program.
What is meant by handle pruning? A rightmost derivation in reverse impkrtant be obtained by handle pruning. Define LR 0 items. An LR 0 item of a grammar G is a production of G with a dot at some position of the right. What is meant by viable prefixes? The set of prefixes of right sentential forms that can appear on the stack of a shift-reduce parser are called sdt questions in compiler design important prefixes.
An equivalent definition of a viable prefix is that it is a prefix of a right sentential form that does not continue past the right end of sdt questions in compiler design important rightmost handle of that sentential form. Explain handle. A imoortant of a string is a substring that matches the right side of a production, and whose reduction to the nonterminal on the left side of the production represents one step along the reverse of a rightmost derivation.
S, and all items whose dots are not at the left end. What is phrase level error recovery? Phrase level error recovery is implemented by filling in the blank entries in the predictive parsing table with pointers to error routines. These routines may change, insert, or delete symbols on the sdh and issue appropriate error messages.
They may also pop from the stack. What are the ib of intermediate code generation? A Compiler for different machines can be created by attaching different back end to the existing front ends of each machine.
A Compiler for different source languages can be created by proving different front ends inn corresponding source languages t existing back end. A machine independent code optimizer can be applied to intermediate code in order to optimize the code generation. What are the various types of intermediate code representation?
There are mainly three types of intermediate code representations. Define backpatching. Backpatching is the activity of filling up unspecified information of labels using appropriate semantic actions in during the code generation process.
Mention the functions that are used in backpatching. The index i is passed as an argument to this function where I is an index to the array of quadruple. It returns the pointer to the concatenated list. What is the intermediate code representation for the expression a or b and not c? The intermediate code representation for the expression a or b and not c is the three address sequence.
What are the various methods of implementing three address statements? The three address statements can be implemented using the following methods. Give the syntax-directed definition for if-else statement.
What is a flow sdt questions in compiler design important A flow graph is a directed graph in which the flow control information is added to the basic blocks. Importamt is a DAG? Mention its applications. Directed acyclic graph DAG is a useful data structure for implementing transformations on basic blocks. Define peephole optimization. Peephole optimization is a simple and effective technique for locally improving target code.
This technique is applied to improve the performance of the target program by examining the short sequence of target instructions sdt questions in compiler design important replacing these instructions by shorter or faster sequence. How do sdt questions in compiler design important calculate the cost of an instruction? The cost of an instruction can be computed as one plus cost Sdt Questions In Compiler Design Macro associated with the source and destination addressing modes given by added cost.
What is a basic block? Dseign basic block is a sequence quesions consecutive statements in which flow of control enters at the beginning and leaves at the end without halt or sdt questions in compiler design important of branching. How would you represent the following equation using DAG?
Mention the issues to be considered while applying the techniques for code optimization. What are the basic goals of code movement? To reduce the size of the code i. To reduce the frequency of execution of code i. What desiign the contents of activation record? The activation record is a block of memory used for managing the information needed by a questiohs execution of a procedure.
Various fields f activation record are:. What qkestions dynamic scoping? In dynamic scoping a use of non-local variable refers to the non-local data declared in most recently called and still active procedure. Therefore each time new findings are set up for local names dezign procedure. In dynamic scoping symbol tables can be required at run time.
Define symbol table.
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