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Napton Narrowboats 3. Narrowboats of Stafford 1. The shipbuilders had no control over their lives. The builders, commoner's doctors, cooks and errands had lowest social status. There were two major ways to enter the shipbuilder occupation: family tradition, or apprenticeship. If Woods Sailing Catamarans 020 a shipbuilder entered the occupation due to family tradition, the shipbuilder learned the techniques of shipbuilding from his family and is very likely to earn a higher status in the shipyard.

Additionally, the shipbuilder had access to business networking that could help to find clients. If a shipbuilder entered the occupation through an apprenticeship, the shipbuilder was likely a farmer before he was hired as a shipbuilder, or he was previously an experienced shipbuilder. Many shipbuilders working in the shipyard were forced into the occupation. The ships built for Zheng He's voyages needed to be waterproof, solid, safe, and have ample room to carry large amounts of trading goods.

Therefore, due to the highly commercialized society that was being encouraged by the expeditions, trades, and government policies, the shipbuilders needed to acquire the skills to build ships that fulfil these requirements.

Shipbuilding was not the sole industry utilising Chinese lumber at that time; the new capital was being built in Beijing from approximately onwards, [44] which required huge amounts of high-quality wood. These two ambitious projects commissioned by Emperor Yongle would have had enormous environmental and economic effects, even if the ships were half the dimensions given in the History of Ming.

Considerable pressure would also have been placed on the infrastructure required to transport the trees from their point of origin to the shipyards. Shipbuilders were usually divided into different groups and had separate jobs.

Some were responsible for fixing old ships; some were responsible for making the keel and some were responsible for building the helm. After , the Ming government reversed its open maritime policies, enacting a series of isolationist policies in response to piracy. The policies, called Haijin sea ban , lasted until the end of the Ming dynasty in During this period, Chinese navigation technology did not make any progress and even declined in some aspect.

Documents from for example, refer to watercraft on the Sierra Leone river, carrying men. Others refer to Guinea coast peoples using war canoes of varying sizes � some 70 feet in length, 7�8 feet broad, with sharp pointed ends, rowing benches on the side, and quarter decks or focastles build of reeds.

The watercraft included miscellaneous facilities such as cooking hearths, and storage spaces for the crew's sleeping mats. From the 17th century, some kingdoms added brass or iron cannons to their vessels.

The city-state of Lagos for instance, deployed war canoes armed with swivel cannons. With the development of the carrack , the west moved into a new era of ship construction by building the first regular oceangoing vessels. In a relatively short time, these ships grew to an unprecedented size, complexity and cost.

Shipyards became large industrial complexes and the ships built were financed by consortia of investors. These considerations led to the documentation of design and construction practices in what had previously been a secretive trade run by master shipwrights, and ultimately led to the field of naval architecture , where professional designers and draftsmen played an increasingly important role.

The ships of the Napoleonic Wars were still built more or less to the same basic plan as those of the Spanish Armada of two centuries earlier but there had been numerous subtle improvements in ship design and construction throughout this period. For instance, the introduction of tumblehome ; adjustments to the shapes of sails and hulls; the introduction of the wheel; the introduction of hardened copper fastenings below the waterline; the introduction of copper sheathing as a deterrent to shipworm and fouling; etc.

Though still largely based on pre-industrial era materials and designs, ships greatly improved during the early Industrial Revolution period to , as "the risk of being wrecked for Atlantic shipping fell by one third, and of foundering by two thirds, reflecting improvements in seaworthiness and navigation respectively.

One study finds that there were considerable improvements in ship speed from to "we find that average sailing speeds of British ships in moderate to strong winds rose by nearly a third. Driving this steady progress seems to be continuous evolution of sails and rigging, and improved hulls that allowed a greater area of sail to be set safely in a given wind. By contrast, looking at every voyage between the Netherlands and East Indies undertaken by the Dutch East India Company from to , we find that journey time fell only by 10 per cent, with no improvement in the heavy mortality, averaging six per cent per voyage, of those aboard.

Initially copying wooden construction traditions with a frame over which the hull was fastened, Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's Great Britain of was the first radical new design, being built entirely of wrought iron.

Despite her success, and the great savings in cost and space provided by the iron hull, compared to a copper sheathed counterpart, there remained problems with fouling due to the adherence of weeds and barnacles.

As a result, composite construction remained the dominant approach where fast ships were required, with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame Cutty Sark is a famous example.

Later Great Britain ' s iron hull was sheathed in wood to enable it to carry a copper-based sheathing. Brunel's Great Eastern represented the next great development in shipbuilding. Built in association with John Scott Russell , it used longitudinal stringers for strength, inner and outer hulls, and bulkheads to form multiple watertight compartments. Steel also supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century, providing great savings when compared with iron in cost and weight.

Wood continued to be favored for the decks. During World War II , the need for cargo ships was so great that construction time for Liberty ships went from initially eight months or longer, down to weeks or even days. They employed production line and prefabrication techniques such as those used in shipyards today. The total number of dry-cargo ships built in the United States in a year period just before the war was a grand total of two.

During the war, thousands of Liberty ships and Victory ships were built, many of them in shipyards that didn't exist before the war. And, they were built by a workforce consisting largely of women and other inexperienced workers who had never seen a ship before or even the ocean.

After the Second World War, shipbuilding which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers, and many related service and knowledge providers grew as an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world. This importance stems from:.

Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of global rules [ citation needed ] and a tendency towards state - supported over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employ a significant number of workers, and generate income as the shipbuilding market is global.

Japan used shipbuilding in the s and s to rebuild its industrial structure; South Korea started to make shipbuilding a strategic industry in the s, and China is now in the process of repeating these models with large state-supported investments in this industry. Conversely, Croatia is privatising its shipbuilding industry.

As a result, the world shipbuilding market suffers from over-capacities, depressed prices although the industry experienced a price increase in the period � due to strong demand for new ships which was in excess of actual cost increases , low profit margins, trade distortions and widespread subsidisation.

All efforts to address the problems in the OECD have so far failed, with the international shipbuilding agreement never entering into force and the � round of negotiations being paused in September after no agreement was possible. After numerous efforts to restart the negotiations these were formally terminated in December Where state subsidies have been removed and domestic industrial policies do not provide support in high labor cost countries, shipbuilding has gone into decline.

The British shipbuilding industry is a prime example of this with its industries suffering badly from the s. In the early s British yards still had the capacity to build all types and sizes of merchant ships but today they have been reduced to a small number specialising in defence contracts, luxury yachts and repair work. Decline has also occurred in other European countries, although to some extent this has reduced by protective measures and industrial support policies.

In the US, the Jones Act which places restrictions on the ships that can be used for moving domestic cargoes has meant that merchant shipbuilding has continued, albeit at a reduced rate, but such protection has failed to penalise shipbuilding inefficiencies. The consequence of this is that contract prices are far higher than those of any other country building oceangoing ships.

Beyond the s, China , South Korea and Japan dominate world shipbuilding by completed gross tonnage. The market share of European ship builders began to decline in the s as they lost work to Japan in the same way Japan most recently lost their work to China and South Korea. Over the four years from , the total number of employees in the European shipbuilding industry declined from , to , Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections.

Entire multi-deck segments of the hull or superstructure will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place. This is known as "block construction". The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.

Ship design work, also called naval architecture , may be conducted using a ship model basin. Previously, loftsmen at the mould lofts of shipyards were responsible for taking the dimensions, and details from drawings and plans and translating this information into templates, battens, ordinates, cutting sketches, profiles, margins and other data.

Modern ships, since roughly , have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness , which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks see problems of the Liberty ship. Since roughly , specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used.

Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists. As modern shipbuilding panels on a panel line become lighter and thinner, the laser hybrid welding technique is Woods Sailing Catamarans Johor Bahru utilized. The laser hybrid blend focuses a higher energy beam on the material to be joined, allowing it to keyhole with a much higher depth to width ratio than comparative traditional welding techniques.

Typically a MIG process trails the keyhole providing filler material for the weld joint. This allows for very high penetration without excessive heat input from decreased weld metal deposited leading to less distortion and welding at higher travel speeds. All ships need repair work at some point in their working lives.

A part of these jobs must be carried out under the supervision of the classification society. A lot of maintenance is carried out while at sea or in port by ship's crew. However, a large number of repair and maintenance works can only be carried out while the ship is out of commercial operation, in a ship repair yard.

Prior to undergoing repairs, a tanker must dock at a deballasting station for completing the tank cleaning operations and pumping ashore its slops dirty cleaning water and hydrocarbon residues.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the construction of ships. For the song, see Shipbuilding song. For other uses, see Shipwright disambiguation. Not to be confused with Boat building.

Construction of ships and floating vessels. Archaeological Institute of America. The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 28 April The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.

Built in , it is now preserved as a museum ship in Honolulu, Hawaii. The oldest active sailing vessel in the world, the Star of India, was built in as a fully square rigged ship then was later converted into a Barque in Barquentine A vessel with three or more masts with square sails on the foremast, and fore and aft sails on the main and after masts.

This class of vessel is typically rated in the to ton range. Battleship A large, heavily-armored and heavily-gunned warship, which generally post-dates sailing vessels. This term is only listed here to clarify the point to anyone new to this field that while there were certainly a large number of sail-powered vessels used in sea combat, there were never any sail powered "Battleships".

Bergantina Medium sized sailing vessel common to the early 19th century. Typically equipped with twenty-five guns, five officers, a doctor, chaplain, and purser, and up to Able bodied seamen. Bermuda rig The term Bermuda Rig refers to a configuration of the mast and rigging for a type of sailboat, and is also known as a Marconi rig; this is the typical configuration for most modern sailboats.

The rig consists of a triangular sail set aft of the mast, with its head raised to the top of the mast, its luff running down the mast and normally attached to it for all its length, its tack attached at the base of the mast, its foot controlled by a boom, and its clew attached to the aft end of the boom, which is controlled by its sheet.

Originally developed for the Bermuda sloop, the Bermuda sail is either set as a mainsail on the main mast, or as the course the principal sail on another mast. The Bermuda rigging has largely replaced the older gaff rigged fore-and-aft sails, except notably on schooners.

A Bermuda rigged sloop with exactly one jib is known as a Bermuda sloop, Marconi sloop or Marconi rig. Bermuda sloop can also refer to a more specific type of vessel. Bilander Also spelled billander or be'landre, this two masted type of vessel was a realtively small merchant ship, originally introduced by the Dutch.

Although not uncommon for this vessel to have ventured as far as the North Sea or the Mediterranean it was mostly utilized for regional coastal trading or on the canals of Holland. The mainmast was lateen rigged but the foremast carried the conventional square course and square topsail. They rarely reached a size of more than tons.

Bireme The Bireme was a wooden hulled vessel used by the Greeks for use in both both commercial shipping and in naval warfare, from as early as approximately BC. Configured with a single square rigged sail on a short mast position amidships, the craft was also rigged with two tiers of oars for rowers to provide "human-powered" propulsion should the vessel encounter calm winds or for better control during combat. One of the many noteworthy elements of this class of vessel was the bronze armored ram positioned on the bow of the ship.

This was designed to be driven into an enemy ship with maximum force in order to cause a breach in the other ship's hull below the waterline and sinking it.

Although a very small number of men were required to crew the ship when relying on the sail, the ship could be equipped with as many as 45 sailors during times of combat, as well as additional archers or soldiers on the main deck for boarding enemy vessels once they have been rammed.

The top speed of this type of ship was around 7 knots. Blockade runner A ship whose current business is to slip past a blockade. Boat A fairly indefinite term for any type of small, open craft without any deck used on inland waterways, generally with less than 7 foot beam. Some people mistaken use the term Boat to describe a ship, but a simple way to keep the two terms straight is to remember that you can carry a boat on a ship, but you can't carry a ship on a boat.

Brig A squared-rigged, two-masted warship originally armed with eighteen carronades and two long guns. On the berthing deck were sleeping quarters for the officers and crew, storerooms, sail bin, and a wood stove.

Magazines for shot and gunpowder were stored in the hold below deck. Brigantine The Brigantine was a type of ship used in large numbers, both as a Merchant vessel and as a Naval Ship.

It carried 16 guns and was rigged for speed, having both Top gallant sails and royals. These ships were used by Navies of the World for scouting and reconnaissance duties. They were used to track down ships of an enemy. Many of the Brigs of the late 18th century could carry sweeps for maneuvering in still weather.

In the British Navy had 71 brigs of various types carrying 10 to 16 guns. Length ft. Beam 28 ft. Depth 16 ft. Crew to Brighton Hog Boat The Brighton hog boat, or Hoggie was an example of a local variant of the traditional fishing boat design. The Hog boat was a tubby little vessel that seems to nave been built in Brighton, Hove and Shoreham. Although they were used principally for fishing, hog boats were also used to run other cargoes up the local rivers.

The hoggie was a small round little tub, with a deck which was taken up for the most part by hatches. Lee boards were fitted and the bowsprit drooped in a curious fashion.

The sprit was very much shorter than usual, being fixed well up the mast instead of almost at deck level. Length 28 ft Breadth 12 ft Budgerow The name of this boat comes from the native corruption of the word "barge".

The design is very similar to a large Gondola, with an interior sleeping compartment, sitting room and an enclosed verandah in front, all of which serves to keep off the sun. The cabin is on all sides surrounded by Venetian blinds which serve to keep off the sun by day, and to let in the air at night. The bow area has a small open deck where the boatmen stand and paddle the boat forward with long sweeps. The roof of the cabin, or upper deck, is the chief resort of the servants and the rest of the boat's crew.

The helmsman is posted on a high platform at the stern and guides the boat with a huge rudder. The goleer stationed at the bow continuously ascertains the depth of the water with a long pole.

When the wind is fair, two large square sails can be hoisted and due to its very shallow draft the vessel can move very quickly. A baggage boat is generally used with a budgerow and carries provisions, servants, and the cooking apparatus. Additionally, a smaller craft called a dinghee, is used to communicate between the two or to send messages to the shore. When the wind is too light to use the sails but the water levels are low enough to stand, the the boats can be towed along by sixteen or more men dragging at a rope fastened to the mast-head.

Buza Originally developed as a warship, having higher gunwales the sides of the ship than the average knorr. The higher sides offered improved protection to the rowers. The buza became increasingly popular as a cargo ship because the higher sides also meant greater cargo capacity.

The drawback to the buza was that along with the higher sides, the ship had a deeper draft, keeping the buza out of ports with shallow harbors. When referring to several Buza vessels, the term is Buzur Caravel A small three-masted vessel developed in the 14th century.

This adaptable ship could be rigged with lateen or square-rigged sails. Each mast increased in size from the one aft of it. When lateen-rigged was classified as a 'caravela latina', when modified as a square-rigged vessel was classified as a 'caravela redonda'.

A very popular model of vessel, variation on the basic design were common well into the 17th century. The most famous caravels are the Nina and the Pinta, which sailed with Columbus on his trip to the New World. Carrack The largest European sailing ship of the 15th century is the Spanish carrack, easily outdoing the caravel in tonnage more than tons compared to an average of for the caravel.

The carrack quickly became the standard vessel of Atlantic trade and exploration in midth century Europe, until an important modification is made to its design.

The carrack has unusually high castles in bow and stern, but an Englishman named John Hawkins discovered in the s that the large forecastle seriously hampers sailing. The great bulk of it, catching the wind ahead of the mast, has the effect of pushing the bow Woods Sailing Catamarans Malaysia to leeward - making it very difficult to sail close to the wind. Beginning in Hawkins experimented with a design in which the high forecastle is eliminated, proving that a ship with high stern and relatively low bow is faster and more maneuverable.

Hawkins' 'low-charged' design, which acquires the general name of galleon, becomes the standard form for all large ships until the late 18th century. In Spanish this type was called carraca or nao , in Portuguese it was called nau which meant simply "ship" , in French it was nef , and English military carracks were called " great ships ".

Catamaran A catamaran from Tamil kattu to tie and maram wood, tree is a type of boat or ship consisting of two hulls joined by a frame. Catamarans can be sail- or engine-powered. Credit for the catamaran is commonly accredited to the paravas, an aristocratic fishing community in the southern coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Catamarans were used by the ancient Tamil Chola dynasty as early as the 5th century AD for moving their fleets to conquer such Southeast Asian regions as Burma, Indonesia and Malaysia.

Catamarans are a relatively recent design of boat for both leisure and sport sailing, although they have been used for millennia in Oceania, where Polynesian catamarans allowed seafaring Polynesians to settle the world's most far-flung islands.

Catamarans have been met by a degree of skepticism from some sailors accustomed to more traditional designs. Catboat A catboat alternate spelling: cat boat , or a cat-rigged sailboat, is a sailing vessel characterized by a single mast carried well forward i.

Although any boat with a single sail and a mast carried well forward is 'technically' a catboat, the traditional catboat has a wide beam approximately half the length of the boat, a centerboard, and a single gaff-rigged sail. Some catboats such as the Barnegat Bay type and more modern catboat designs carry a Bermuda sail.

A jib is sometimes added, but this may require a bowsprit, and technically creates a sloop sail-plan. Chebec The xebec owes much of its design to the earlier galleys and galleasses of the Mediterranean. The root of the name probably comes from an Arabic word for 'small ship', and is rendered into English in three forms: 'xebec', 'chebec', and 'zebec', though the word exists in many other languages as well, indicating its popularity or at least knowledge of its existence in the rest of Europe.

These ships had long narrow hulls, and were fitted with oars like their galley predecessors. They were intended to be fast and maneuverable, whether under oar-power or under sail.

The vessel of choice for these pirates in the early days was the galley, whose oars allowed them to overtake merchant vessels caught in light wind. But as time wore on, the trading nations responded to the threat by deploying warships to tackle the corsair problem. Galleys were swift and carried many men, but were not designed to stand up to the broadsides of modern warships.

In response, the Barbary Corsairs evolved their galleys into a new design that would stay competitive with the warships sent against them. In order to mount broadside guns, they widened the hull for extra deck-room and stability, and they removed many or all of the rowers to make room for broadside guns. These changes shifted the motive power of the vessel away from oar-power and onto the three huge lateen sails.

And thus, the graceful and distinctive form of the xebec was born. Their foremasts are typically raked forward, while the main and mizzen were either straight or raked slightly back.

The massive lateen yards were so large that they were frequently composed of two spars lashed together -- more like masts than typical yards. Most xebecs did not have a bowsprit, but their beakheads frequently featured a long prow.

A few of the western nations tried square sails on the xebec's mainmast and sometimes even the mizzenmast. The square-rigged mainmast would have topsails and even topgallants, and the mizzen would have a square topsail while still maintaining the lateen lower-sail.

A xebec rigged this way was known as a Polacre-Xebec. Commonly, though, the standard lateen rig for xebecs had a single triangular sail on each mast, and had none of a square rig's topsails or topgallants.

The lateen rig offered many advantages over the square rig, the most significant of which was the ability to pinch far closer to the wind than square sails could. This meant they could both quickly catch up to and quickly flee from square-rigged vessels when sailing close to the wind. The corsairs favored the xebec for its speed and maneuverability, and for its shallow draft which also aided in escaping larger vessels.

These qualities were recognized by many of the European navies, and the vessel was quickly adopted into the Mediterranean squadrons as commerce-raiders and anti-piracy cruisers.

As warships, xebecs mounted as many as 36 guns on their topdeck. Depending on the weight of the guns, this made them competitive with naval sloops of war, and even with some of the frigates of the day. The xebec under sail was a beautiful sight, and it is said that the design was one of the fastest and most agile in the Mediterranean.

Some of the same qualities that made it so successful in light seas also made it unsuitable for rough weather. The low freeboard and the shallow draught made the vessel vulnerable to swamping, and it would roll heavily on anything more than moderate waves. Thus, the advantages that the xebec has inland make it a poor choice for open-ocean sailing. Xebecs were also lightly-built vessels. Unlike the massive, bulky timbers of ships of the line, xebecs were delicate and graceful.

They were gazelles, not war-horses. Their tactics in battle reflected this. Xebec captains were loath to engage a foe of equal armament in a gun-battle. Instead, they relied upon their speed, maneuverability, and sweeps to pick their battles, and deposit large numbers of boarders on the decks of their enemies.

The xebec's qualities of speed and shallow draught, and the ability to sail extremely close to the wind, are highly prized by traders as well -- particularly those engaged in the coastal trade and its close cousin, smuggling. While it requires a somewhat larger crew, and has a smaller cargo capacity than other vessels of similar size, its sailing characteristics and combat ability make it an excellent choice for those interested in a swift and powerful coastal vessel.

Historically, the xebec was not well-represented in the Caribbean. It wouldn't have easily made the crossing from Europe, for one thing. A xebec captain risked outright sinking in rough seas and bad weather, far from the somewhat calmer waters of the Mediterranean that the ship was designed for. Clipper After the Napoleonic War, Europe took some years to return to something approaching normal, and then Sailing ship owners found they had a serious competitor in the new fangled steam ships, and ways had to be found to make them cheaper to operate.

The ships, especially the high speed "Clipper" ships, were best on long runs, where the steam ships could not compete because of the need for frequent re -coaling. The race to England with the first of the years tea crop gave many exciting races and people backed their favourite ships with as much enthusiasm as they back a football team today.

Ships came in a variety of shapes and sizes with usually three, sometimes four masts. The largest ever built was the steel hulled German ship " Preussen " which had 5 masts. She was ft. Typical Length ft Typical Beam 35 ft Typical Depth 20 ft Tonnage 1, tons Cog A broad beam trading vessel used mainly in Europe between the 13th and 15th centuries A single-masted clinker-built vessel used until the 15th century.

The first mention of a cog is from AD in Muiden near Amsterdam. Even though the clinker construction limited the ultimate size of a cog, Thomas Walsingham speaks of great cogs in with three decks and over crew and soldiers. A cog is characterised by high sides, a relatively flat bottom, rounded bilge and a single square sail. Also known as a Cogue. Collier A vessel designed for the coal trade. The only method open to owners of coal mines in the Tyneside area of Northern England to get their coal to London, was by sea.

A large number of cheap to build and cheap to operate ships were required and the type that met these criteria was the Collier Brig. The hull is bluff with no ornamentation, with no beakhead or figurehead. We can assume that life on board was hard, uncomfortable and dirty, dirtier even than was usual in those no too hygienic days.

Even the sails were blackened by coal dust in a few short weeks. They generally arrived at the mouth of the Tyne and were loaded by keel boats that had brought the coal from the pits up river. They were carrying "Black Gold" and often subjected to attacks from Pirates, which forced them to travel in convoy, sometimes with an escort.

Soon the scene was set for the North East of England to spawn what became the largest Collier fleet based on one river - the Tyne collier brig was born and reigned supreme in the Pool of London with all the resemblance of a black armada!. This Geordie fleet became the biggest single group of coordinated shipping ever seen around these shores and in consequence, was also a prime target of Press gangs.

The masts,sails and rigging would be as simple and consistent with strength and longevity. Later brigs were longer and had more conventional bows, all in all they kept London warm for over years. Length 77 ft. Beam 24 ft. Depth 12 ft. Almost all modern navies use ships smaller than frigates for coastal duty, but not all of them use the term corvette. During the Age of Sail, corvettes were one of many types of smaller warships.

They were very closely related to sloops-of-war. The role of the corvette consisted mostly of coastal patrol, fighting minor wars, supporting large fleets, or participating in show-the-flag missions.

The British Navy began using small ships in the s, which were referred to as sloops. The first reference to a corvette was with the French Navy in the s. Most corvettes and sloops of the 17th century were around 40 to 60 feet 12 to 18 meters in length and weighed 40 to 70 tons. They carried 4 to 8 smaller guns. Corvettes slowly increased in size and capability, until when they reached lengths over feet 30 meters and weight ranging from to tons to metric tons.

The ship was feet 54 meters long and carried 24 guns. It was so large that some naval experts consider it a frigate. It has also been referred to as a sloop-of-war.

Cutter The Cutter during the 18th and 19th centuries was a small, single-masted vessel, fore-and-aft rigged, with two or more headsails, a bowsprit, with a mast set further back than in a sloop. Today the Cutter is a type of vessel employed my many government agencies for maritime law enforcement and customs duties.

Dhow Traditional Arab sailing vessel with one or more lateen sails. A larger dhow may have a crew of approximately thirty while smaller dhows have crews typically ranging around twelve. Unfortunately, there is almost no pictorial evidence of early dhows. Most of our knowledge of the dhow's early construction comes to us from the records of Greek and early Roman historians.

Despite their historical attachment to Arab traders, dhows are essentially an Indian boat, with much of the wood for their construction coming from the forests of India. Dinghy A small boat used to travel from a ship to shore, carrying people or supplies. Although sometimes equipped with a single sail, typically this type of vessel is generally only equipped with oars. Also referred to as a dink or tender. Dory A dory is a small, shallow-draft boat of approximately 5 to 7 m 15 to 22 ft in length.

Variant spellings are doree and dorey OED. The British Navy spells it 'dorey'. Lightweight and versatile, these boats are used in the open sea for commercial fishing applications, as well as in whitewater rafting on interior rivers. McKenzie River Dory versions usually seat from two or three to four people including the oarsman.

The hull form is characterized by flat sides angled approx. This curvature is known as 'rocker'. The stern is frequently a raked surface a narrow transom that tapers sharply toward the bottom forming a nearly double-ended boat. Drakkar The largest of the Viking ships, the Drakkar were used for war and referred to as the "dragon-ships". These were a fairly late invention 11th century and were developed by kings such as Olaf Tryggvasson.

Although very effective, they were extremely expensive to build and maintain. The largest of the dragonships, the Ormen Lange, had a length of feet, a beam of 25 feet, as many as 72 oars, and it could hold a man crew. Drifter Normally used for fishing, uses the tides and winds to cause it to be carried along Dromon As the Western Roman Empire fell to Germanic tribes and its own internal problems, the Roman Empire in the east, called the Byzantine Empire, flourished.

The Byzantine navy transported soldiers and supplies to help recover the Western Empire. The navy relied on fast galleys called dromons, or racers, to accompany and protect the supply ships. Early dromons had a single bank of oarsmen, but Byzantine shipbuilders later incorporated a second level for oarsmen. Dutch Clipper While the majority of the clipper ships sailed under British and American flags, more then a hundred clippers were built in the Netherlands.

These ships were rather medium-clippers than the larger extreme-clipper. In there were eighteen ships totalling tons. Although other sources mention a greater number of ships that can be called medium-clipper. Overall length: feet bowsprit to spaniker boom Hull length: feet transom to figurehead Hull breadth: 30 feet Hull height: 20 feet keel to deck at midship Paint Colors: Black with cream and yellow-goal trim; green, black, and red on deck; copper below waterline Main mast height: feet to keel, above deck line Longest spar: Main yard, 52 feet 8 inches Shortest spar: Mizzen royal yard, 14 feet Length of rigging: 17 miles Number of sails: 21 Sail area: 9, square feet.

These boats were mainly used to fish for herring using drift nets, and were known as herring drifters. Varied in design, they can be categorised by their vertical stem and stern, their long straight keel and wide beam. These attributes made the Fifies very stable in the water and allowed them to carry a very large set of sails. Their long keel made them difficult to manoeuvre in small harbours. Fifies built after were all decked and from s onwards the bigger boats were built with carvel planking, i.

From about onwards sailing Fifies were gradually fitted with engines and converted to motorised vessels. Fire Ship A fire ship is a ship that is filled with explosives, deliberately set on fire and steered or, if possible, allowed to drift into an enemy fleet in order to destroy ships or create panic and make them break formation. Fishing Smack The Smack shown is the type that brought home the fish to Market for most of the 19th Century and even in small numbers up to the Second World War.

The usual Smack was ketch rigged, but the boats varied from Port to Port. Some boats had a topsail on the Mizzen mast, while others might have a bowsprit carrying a jib.

Large numbers of these boats could be seen operating in fleets out of places like Brixham, Grimsby and Lowestoft. The sails were usually red ochre in colour, which made them a picturesque sight in large numbers. Length 66 ft.

Beam 18 ft 6 ins Depth 9 ft 6 ins Fluyt A three-masted, square-rigged merchant ship of the 17th century, built by the Dutch to be economical in operation, carrying the largest cargo and smallest crew possible. It had a wide, box-like hull and a very narrow, high stern. Lightly armed, they were not ideally suited for dealing with pirates and privateers or any other armed conflict. Also known as a Fluyt, Fleut, or Fluit Fly-Boat A 16thth century flat-bottomed Dutch vessel with a very high and ornate stern with broad buttocks, and with one or two masts either square-rigged on both or with a spritsail on the mainmast.

They were of about tons, and mainly used for local coastal traffic.

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