Every day in our life, we go through different kinds of physical and chemical changes. A physical change is a change that can be reversed like the melting of wax, freezing of water, etc. All chemical changes are associated with chemical reactions and they are represented by equations. In this segment, we will study the different kinds of chemical changes represented by chemical reactions and the chemical equations.
Chapter 1 - Chemical Reactions and Equations. Chapter 2 - Acids, Bases and Salts. Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-metals. Chapter 4 - Carbon and Its Compounds. Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements. Chapter 6 - Life Processes. Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination. Chapter 8 - How do Organisms Reproduce? Chapter 9 - Heredity and Evolution. Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction.
Chapter 11 - Human Eye and Colourful World. Chapter 12 - Electricity. Chapter 13 - Magnetic Effects of Electric Current. Chapter 14 - Sources of Energy. Chapter 15 - Our Environment. Chapter 16 - Management of Natural Resources.
A chemical reaction is a change in which one more substance s are reactants s react s to form new compound substance s with entirely different properties. Reactants are substances like molecules, ions, atoms that react. They undergo a chemical change in the reaction and form a new substance as a result of the reaction. This new substance formed is called a product. Sodium Water Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen.
In the above chemical reaction, sodium and water are the reactants and the products formed as a result of the reaction are Sodium hydroxide and Hydrogen. The following observations can be identified as changes during a chemical reaction:.
A chemical equation is a shorthand form for a chemical change represented by symbols. The reactants and the products obtained as a resultant of a chemical change are represented by symbols and formulas. Reactants Products. This equation is called the word equation. The word equation can be changed into a chemical equation by writing the formulae and the symbols of the substance instead of their names.
Methane Oxygen Carbon Class 10th Physics Chapter 1 Ncert Solutions Group dioxide Water. A chemical equation shows a change of reactants to final products through an arrow symbol that is placed between them. The arrowhead pointing towards the products showing the direction of the reaction. Reactants to yield Products. In the above reaction, the number of Ammonium Hydroxide and Hydrogen Chloride is reacting to form the products Ammonium Chloride and Water. If you observe, in the above equation the number of atoms in the reactants and the products are not the same on both sides.
This kind of unbalanced equation is called a skeletal chemical equation. When the total number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation then the equation is known as a balanced chemical equation. The balancing of a chemical equation is based on the law of conservation of mass.
The method of hit and trial can be used for balancing a chemical equation. In this method, we keep making trials to balance the equation by using the smallest whole number of coefficients. The number of atoms of each element never changes, before and after a chemical reaction in this method.
There are many steps involved in balancing a chemical equation. The first step is to write an unbalanced equation and enclose the formulae in brackets. Sodium Water Sodium Hydroxide Hydrogen. The second step is to make a list of the number of atoms of different elements as present in an unbalanced equation.
Next step is to balance the first element. From the above table, it is known that atoms in Hydrogen are not balanced. So, first we need to balance it. Atoms of H. In Reactants. In Products. To balance. Then balance the second element. We examine the obtained equation and select the next unbalanced element.
In the above chemical equation, Na is still not balanced. To balance the number of atoms in Na,. Atoms of Na. Thus, after the balancing the Na, we get the final chemical equation:. Further, we have to balance the other elements. If we further examine the reaction, no element is found to be unbalanced.
This method that we used is called the hit and trial method. Finally, we need to check the accuracy of the equation.
To check where the equation is correct, we further tabulate the number of atoms of each element separately. Number of atoms in Reactants LHS. Number of atoms in Products RHS. The above table clearly reveals that the obtained equation is a balanced equation.
Step 1: Enclose all the symbols or formulae in brackets. Step 2: Count the number of atoms in each element on both the sides of the equation. Step 3: From the above table, it is known that hydrogen has the maximum number of atoms. So to balance hydrogen atoms, multiply H 2 O by 3.
Step 4: Count further the number of atoms in each element on both sides. Now, to balance the atoms in carbon, multiply CO 2 molecules by 2. There are 7 O-atoms on RHS. To make 7 O-atoms at LHS, we have to write 7 2 before O 2 but we can use only whole number to balance the equation, so we write 7 2 before O 2 and multiply the whole equation by 2.
Thus, after removing the brackets we get the final and correct chemical equation. The facts that remain unexplained in a chemical equation are.
The physical state of the substances like the changes in the colour during the reaction. The reaction conditions. The changes in the evolution or the absorption of energy.
Completion of the reaction. The physical states of the reactants and products can be represented by using the symbols, s for solid, l for liquid, g for gas and aq for aqueous solution, alongwith their respective formulae.
Liberation of gas and precipitation can be represented by and respectively. The circumstances under which reaction takes place like temperature, pressure, catalyst, etc. The chemical reactions depend upon the type of chemical changes taking place and they are classified as:.
When two or more reactants are combined to form a single substance in a chemical reaction, then the reaction is called a combination reaction. Ex: Calcium Oxide reacts very fast and strongly with water to form calcium hydroxide slaked lime.
The reaction given below is highly exothermic, because a lot of heat is liberated during the reaction. Calcium oxide Water Calcium. Quick Lime Hydroxide. This is a reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to form two or more products. This reaction is opposite to combination reaction.
On the basis of the energy form required for the reaction, this reaction is classified into three types:. Thermal decomposition: This reaction uses the heat energy for decomposition of the reactant. Ferrous Sulphate Ferric oxide Sulpur dioxide Sulphur trioxide. Electrolysis: These reactions use the electrical energy for the decomposition of the reactant molecules. Ex: When electric current is passed through water, it decomposes to give water and hydrogen.
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