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Launching your boat without damaging its hull is more difficult that you might think. By following some simple guidelines you can avoid scratches and scrapes which affect the overall look of your boat and will slow its performance.

It could even lead to more serious hull damage. Before setting out to launch how to build a dinghy launching trolley studio boat, there are some vital preparation points to remember.

Launching a boat means you yo reverse down a ramp into the water, and you need to be you'll need to be comfortable with this tricky manoeuvre.

If you're a novice at towing a trailer, try to practice in a large, open space. You need to practice turns, acceleration, braking and reversing. Everything in the boat must be ready to go before launch. Check the transom the underside of trolleey stern and the bouncy tank drain bungs are in place, and a painter is dimghy to the boat. You must keep the bow attached to the trolley with the painter while you are moving the boat on land.

Pressure on the bow will avoid scraping the stern. If etudio rudder has a lifting blade which can be secured, attach it before launch. Otherwise, wait until you are on the water. A separate trolley is kinder to your boat and will save you maintenance time. Balloon tyre trailers are uow for launching from sand. As soon bukld the dinghy starts to float, the wind will catch it. So hold on tight and attempt to control the drift.

Pull the trolley out of the water and wheel it away. Always park it clear of how to build a dinghy launching trolley studio waters edge and if space is limited, take it back to the dingy park. Once the bow has floated off the trolley, hold it in deep water to keep atudio afloat, while the crew park the trolley. Recovering the dingy from the water is the reverse of launching. On crew member must hold the boat while the other fetches the trolley.

Then, both float the boat onto the trolley. Tip: Take the trolley far enough into water so the boat floats clear. Boat ramps can get very busy and the pressure of other waiting their turn can change a boat launch from a mildly stressful activity into a frantic trolleyy to get a trlley into the water.

With a calm nerve, the right frame of mind and plenty of preparation, getting your boat how to build a dinghy launching trolley studio the water doesn't have to be a stressful job.

Please select language below:. More options. New and used New Used. Category Sail Power Commercial. All boat types. Metres Feet. Preparation Before setting out to launch your boat, there are some vital preparation points to remember. Trolleying In Everything in the boat must be ready to go before launch.

Tip: Salt water corrodes metal, so you should keep your road trailer out of the water. Floating As soon as the dinghy starts to float, the wind will catch it. General advice Boat ramps can get very busy and the pressure of other waiting their turn can change a boat launch how to build a dinghy launching trolley studio a mildly stressful activity into a frantic rush dinfhy get a boat into the water.

Top 5 tips Loading the boat with the equipment before the launch - this includes lifejackets and safety lines Remove the safety straps securing bild boat to the trailer Connecting a bow line to the bow and coil it out of the way so that it doesn't snag on the trailer It may sound simple but hoq sure you have enough fuel in your boat Practice the launch procedure with your crew, and working out simple hand signals to use during the launch.

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The examiners also came up with the quite astounding conclusion from the testing that the average American adult's intelligence was equal to that of a thirteen-year-old!

Intelligence testing enforced political and social prejudice, their results were used to argue that Jews ought to be kept out of the united states because they were so intelligently inferior that they would pollute the racial mix; and blacks ought not to be allowed to breed at all.

And so abuse and test bias controversies continued to plaque psychometrics. Write the correct letter A-G in boxes on your answer sheet. Questions Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D.

Officers B. Normal Soldiers C. Examiners D. Submarine drivers. Give credit to the contribution of Binet in IQ test B. Computer technology was supposed to replace paper. But that hasn't happened.

Every country in the Western world uses more paper today, on a per- capita basis, than it did ten years ago. The consumption of uncoated free-sheet paper, for instance the most common kind of office paper � rose almost fifteen per cent in the United States between and A number of cognitive psychologists and ergonomics experts, however, don't agree.

Paper has persisted, they argue, for very good reasons: when it comes to performing certain kinds of cognitive tasks, paper has many advantages over computers. The dismay people feel at the sight of a messy desk � or the spectacle of air-traffic controllers tracking flights through notes scribbled on paper strips - arises from a fundamental confusion about the role that paper plays in our lives.

They begin their book with an account of a study they conducted at the International Monetary Fund, in Washington, D. Economists at the I. Nonetheless, the I. Their answer is that the business of writing reports - at least at the I. The economists bring drafts of reports to conference rooms, spread out the relevant pages, and negotiate changes with one other. They go back to their offices and jot down comments in the margin, taking advantage of the freedom offered by the informality of the handwritten note.

Then they deliver the annotated draft to the author in person, taking him, page by page, through the suggested changes. At the end of the process, the author spreads out all the pages with comments on his desk and starts to enter them on the computer � moving the pages around as he works, organizing and reorganizing, saving and discarding.

Without paper, this kind of collaborative and iterative work process would be much more difficult. According to Sellen and Harper, paper has a unique set of "affordances" � that is, qualities that permit specific kinds of uses.

Paper is tangible: we can pick up a document, flip through it, read little bits here and there, and quickly get a sense of it. And it's tailorable: we can easily annotate it, and scribble on it as we read, without altering the original text. Digital documents, of course, have then own affordances. They can be easily searched, shared, stored, accessed remotely, and linked to other relevant material.

But they lack the affordances that really matter to a group of people working together on a report. Sellen and Harper write: D. Paper enables a certain kind of thinking. Picture, for instance, the top of your desk. Chances are that you have a keyboard and a computer screen off to one side, and a clear space roughly eighteen inches square in front of your chair. What covers the rest of the desktop is probably piles- piles of papers, journals, magazines, binders, postcards, videotapes, and all the other artifacts of the knowledge economy.

The piles look like a mess, but they aren't. When a group at Apple Computer studied piling behavior several years ago, they found that even the most disorderly piles usually make perfect sense to the piler, and that office workers could hold forth in great detail about the precise history and meaning of thefr piles.

The pile closest to the cleared, eighteen-inch-square working area, for example, generally represents the most urgent business, and within that pile the most important document of all is likely to be at the top. Piles are living, breathing archives. Over time, they get broken down and resorted, sometimes chronologically and sometimes thematically and sometimes chronologically and thematically; clues about certain documents may be physically embedded in the file by, say, stacking a certain piece of paper at an angle or inserting dividers into the stack.

But why do we pile documents instead of filing them? Because piles represent the process of active, ongoing thinking. The psychologist Alison Kidd, whose research Sellen and Harper refer to extensively, argues that "knowledge workers" use the physical space of the desktop to hold "ideas which they cannot yet categorize or even decide how they might use. What we see when we look at the piles on our desks is, in a sense, the contents of our brains.

This idea that paper facilitates a highly specialized cognitive and social process is a far cry from the way we have historically thought about the stuff. Paper first began to proliferate in the workplace in the late nineteenth century as part of the move toward "systematic management. Thus was born the monthly sales report, and the office manual and the internal company newsletter.

The typewriter took off in the eighteen-eighties, making it possible to create documents in a fraction of the time it had previously taken, and that was followed closely by the advent of carbon paper, which meant that a typist could create ten copies of that document simultaneously. Paper was important not to facilitate creative collaboration and thought but as an instrument of control.

Questions The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-F Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list below. Favorable situation that economists used paper pages iv. Paragraph F Questions Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Compared with digital documents, paper has several advantages. First it allows clerks to work in a Next, paper is not like virtual digital versions, it's Finally, because it is However, shortcoming comes at the absence of convenience on task which is for a What do the economists from IMF say that their way of writing documents?

What is the implication of the "Piles " mentioned in the passage? What does the manager believe in sophisticated economy? Teamwork is the most important D. Terminated Dinosaur Era A. The age of dinosaurs, which ended with the cataclysmic bang of a meteor impact 65 million years ago, may also have begun with one. Researchers found recently the first direct, though tentative, geological evidence of a meteor impact million years ago, coinciding with a mass extinction that eliminated half of the major groups of life and opened the evolutionary1 door for what was then a relatively small group of animals: dinosaurs.

The cause and timing of the ascent of dinosaurs has have been much debated. It has been impossible to draw any specific conclusions because the transition between the origin of dinosaurs and their ascent to dominance has not been sampled in detail. Paul E.

Olsen and his colleagues studied vertebrate fossils from 80 sites in four different ancient rift basins, part of a chain of rifts that formed as North America began to split apart from the supercontinent that existed million years ago. In the layer of rock corresponding to the extinction, the scientists found elevated amounts of the rare element iridium. A precious metal belonging to the platinum group of elements, iridium is more abundant in meteorites than in rocks.

On Earth, A similar spike of iridium in 65 million- year-old rocks gave rise in the s to the theory that a meteor caused the demise of the dinosaurs. That theory remained controversial for years until it was corroborated by other evidence and the impact site was found off the Yucatan Peninsula.

Scientists will need to examine the new iridium anomaly similarly. The levels are only about one-tenth as high as those found at the later extinction. That could mean that the meteor was smaller or contained less iridium or that a meteor was not involved�iridium can also come from the Earth's interior, belched out by volcanic eruptions.

Michael J. Benton, a professor of vertebrate paleontology at the University of Bristol in England, described the data as "the first reasonably convincing evidence of an iridium spike".

The scientists found more evidence of rapid extinction in a database of 10, fossilized footprints in former lake basins from Virginia to Nova Scotia. Although individual species cannot usually be identified solely from their footprints � the tracks of a house cat, for example, resemble those of a baby tiger � footprints are much more plentiful than fossil bones and can provide a more complete picture of the types of animals walking around.

Olsen said. Because the sediment piles up quickly in lake basins, the researchers were able to assign a date to each footprint, based on the layer of rock where it was found.

They determined that the mix of animals walking across what is now the East Coast of North America changed suddenly about million years ago. The tracks of several major reptile groups continue almost up to the layer of rock marking the end of the Triassic geologic period million years ago, and then vanish in younger layers from the Jurassic period.

Peter D. Ward, a professor of geology at the University of Washington. He called the data "very required more research. Last year, researchers led by Dr. Ward reported that the types of carbon in rock changed abruptly at this time, indicating a sudden dying off of plants over less than 50, years. Several groups of dinosaurs survived that extinction, and the footprints show that new groups emerged soon afterward.

Before the extinction, about one-fifth of the footprints were left by dinosaurs; after the extinction, more than half were from dinosaurs. The changes, the researchers said, occurred within 30, years- a geological blink of an eye. The scientists postulate that the asteroid or comet impact and the resulting death of Triassic competitors allowed a few groups of carnivorous dinosaurs to evolve in size very quickly and dominate the top of the terrestrial food chain globally.

Among the creatures that disappeared in the extinction were the dominant predators at the time: foot- long rauisuchians with great knife-like teeth and phytosaurs that resembled large crocodiles.

Dinosaurs first evolved about million years ago, but they were small, competing in a crowded ecological niche. Before the extinction million years ago. Not terribly impressive. The dinosaurs quickly grew. The toe-to-heel length of the foot of a meat eater from the Jurassic period was on average 20 percent longer than its Triassic ancestor. Larger feet can carry bigger bodies; the scientists infer the dinosaurs doubled in weight, eventually evolving into fearsome velociraptors, Tyrannosaurus rex and other large carnivorous dinosaurs.

The spurt in evolution is similar to the rise of mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs. Mammals, no larger than small dogs during the age of dinosaurs, diversified into tigers, elephants, whales and people after the reptilian competition died away. The success of the dinosaurs after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction may be why they did not survive the second extinction. Olsen said, because they can survive on smaller amounts of food.

Write the appropriate letter A-C in boxes on your answer sheet. Paul Olsen B. Michael Benton C. Peter Ward 1 Large animals are in a disadvantageous position when disasters happen. Question Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

Section 2 Detection of a meteorite Lake A. AS THE SUN rose over picturesque Lake Bosumtwi, a team of Syracuse University researchers prepared for another day of using state-of- the-art equipment to help unlock the mysteries hidden below the lake bottom.

Nestled in the heart of Ghana, the lake holds an untapped reservoir of information that could help scientists predict future climate changes by looking at evidence from the past. This information will also improve the scientists' understanding of the changes that occur in a region struck by a massive meteorite B. The resulting crater is one of the largest and most well- preserved geologically young craters in the world, says Scholz, who is collaborating on the project with researchers from the University of Arizona, the University of South Carolina, the University of Rhode Island, and several Ghanaian institutions.

Equally important is the fact that the lake, which is about 8 kilometers in diameter, has no natural outlet. The rim of the crater rises about meters above the water's surface. Streams flow into the lake, Scholz says, but the water leaves only by evaporation, or by seeping through the lake sediments. The record of those changes is hidden in sediment below the lake bottom. To understand global climate, we need to have records of climate changes from many sites around the world, including the tropics.

Before the researchers could explore the lake's subsurface, they needed a boat with a large, working deck area that could carry eight tons of scientific equipment. It was constructed in modules that were dismantled, packed inside a shipping container, and reassembled over a day period in late November and early December in the rural village of Abono, Ghana. The research team then spent the next two weeks testing the boat and equipment before returning to the United States for the holidays.

In this process, a high-pressure air gun is used to create small, pneumatic explosions in the water. The sound energy penetrates about 1, to 2, meters into the lake's subsurface before bouncing back to the surface of the water.

The reflected sound energy is detected by underwater microphones-called hydrophones�embedded in a meter-long cable that is towed behind the boat as it crosses the lake in a carefully designed grid pattern. On-board computers record the signals, and the resulting data are then processed and analyzed in the laboratory. Team members spent about four weeks in Ghana collecting the data.

On a good day, when everything went as planned, the team could collect data and be back at the dock by early afternoon. Except for a few relatively minor adjustments, the equipment and the boat worked well. Problems that arose were primarily non-scientific�tree stumps, fishing nets, cultural barriers, and occasional misunderstandings with local villagers.

Lake Bosumtwi, the largest natural freshwater lake in the country, is sacred to the Ashanti people, who believe their souls come to the lake to bid farewell to their god. The lake is also the primary source of fish for the 26 surrounding villages. Conventional canoes and boats are forbidden.

Fishermen travel on the lake by floating on traditional planks they propel with small paddles. When the team began gathering data, rumors flew around the lake as to why the researchers were there. Questions 19 - 22 There are three steps of collecting data from the lake as followings, please filling the blanks in the Flow Chart below: Questions Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

The technology they used called Then the data had been analyzed and processed in the Scholz also added that they were now building Whole set of equipment works well yet the ship should avoid physical barrier including tree stumps or Section 3 Internal and External Marketing A. Employees need to hear the same messages that you send out to the marketplace. At most companies, however, internal and external communications are often mismatched.

This can be very confusing, and it threatens employees' perceptions of the company's integrity: They are told one thing by management but observe that a different message is being sent to the public. One health insurance company, for instance, advertised that the welfare of patients was the company's number one priority, while employees were told that theft main goal was to increase the value of theft stock options through cost reductions.

And one major financial services institution told customers that it was making a major shift in focus from being a financial retailer to a financial adviser, but, a year later, research showed that the customer experience with the company had not changed.

It turned out that company leaders had not made an effort to sell the change internally, so employees were still churning out transactions and hadn't changed theft behavior to match theft new adviser role. Enabling employees to deliver on customer expectations is important, of course, but it's not the only reason a company needs to match internal and external messages.

Another reason is to help push the company to achieve goals that might otherwise be out of reach. In , when IBM launched its e-business campaign which is widely credited for turning around the company's image , it chose to ignore research that suggested consumers were unprepared to embrace IBM as a leader in e-business.

Although to the outside world this looked like an external marketing effort, IBM was also using the campaign to align employees around the idea of the Internet as the future of technology. The internal campaign changed the way employees thought about everything they did, from how they named products to how they organized staff to how they approached selling.

Today, research shows that people are four times more likely to associate the term "e-business" with IBM than with its nearest competitor, Microsoft. The type of "two-way branding" that IBM did so successfully strengthens both sides of the equation. Internal marketing becomes stronger because it can draw on the same "big idea" as advertising.

Consumer marketing becomes stronger because the messages are developed based on employees' behavior and attitudes, as well as on the company's strengths and capabilities� indeed, the themes are drawn from the company's very soul. This process can result in a more distinct advertising idea because marketers are more likely to create a message that7 s unique to the company. Perhaps even more important, by taking employees into account, a company can avoid creating a message that doesn't resonate with staff or, worse, one that builds resentment.

In , United Airlines shelved its "Come Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan when presented with a survey that revealed the depth of customer resentment toward the airline industry. In an effort to own up to the industry's shortcomings. United launched a new campaign, "Rising," in which it sought to differentiate itself by acknowledging poor service and promising incremental improvements such as better meals. While this was a logical premise for the campaign given the tenor of the times, a campaign focusing on customers' distaste for flying was deeply discouraging to the staff.

Employee resentment ultimately made it impossible for United to deliver the improvements it was promising, which in turn undermined the "Rising" pledge. Three years later. United decided employee opposition was undermining its success and pulled the campaign. It has since moved to a more inclusive brand message with the line "United," which both audiences can embrace.

Here, a fundamental principle of advertising�find and address a customer concern�failed United because it did not consider the internal market. When it comes to execution, the most common and effective way to link internal and external marketing campaigns is to create external advertising that targets both audiences. IBM used this tactic very effectively when it launched its e-business campaign.

This is an expensive way to capture attention, but if used sparingly, it is the most powerful form of communication; in fact, you need do it only once for everyone in the company to read it. There's a symbolic advantage as well. Such a tactic signals that the company is taking its pledge very seriously; it also signals transparency�the same message going out to both audiences.

Advertising isn't the only way to link internal and external marketing. At Nike, a number of senior executives now hold the additional title of "Corporate Storyteller.

One tale, for example, recalls how legendary coach and Nike cofounder Bill Bowerman, in an effort to build a better shoe for his team, poured rubber into the family waffle iron, giving birth to the prototype of Nike's famous Waffle Sole. By talking about such inventive moves, the company hopes to keep the spirit of innovation that characterizes its ad campaigns alive and well within the company. But while their messages must be aligned, companies must also keep external promises a little ahead of internal realities.

Such promises provide incentives for employees and give them something to live up to. In the s, How To Build A Dinghy Launching Trolley For Ford turned "Quality is Job " from an internal rallying cry into a consumer slogan in response to the threat from cheaper, more reliable Japanese cars. It did so before the claim was fully justified, but by placing it in the public arena, it gave employees an incentive to match the Japanese. If the promise is pushed too far ahead, however, it loses credibility.

When a beleaguered British Rail launched a campaign announcing service improvement under the banner "We're Getting There," it did so prematurely. By drawing attention to the gap between the promise and the reality, it prompted destructive press coverage. This, in turn, demoralized staff, who had been legitimately proud of the service advances they had made. Questions Use the information in the passage to match the company listed A-F with correct category or deeds below.

NB: you may use any letter more than once A. Employers in almost all companies successfully make their employees fully understand the outside campaign. Currently IBM is more prominent in the area of E-business United Airline finally gave up an ads slogan due to a survey in Nike had improved company performance through telling employees legendary corporation stories. Questions Choose Two correct letters below Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.

Please choose TWO approaches in the passage mentioned that were employed as company strategy: A. Otters have long, thin bodies and short legs - ideal for pushing through dense undergrowth or hunting in tunnels. An adult male may be up to 4 feet long and bs. Females are smaller typically. The Eurasian otter's nose is about the smallest among the otter species and has a characteristic shape described as a shallow 'W. An otter's tail or rudder, or stem is stout at the base and tapers towards the tip where it flattens.

This forms part of the propulsion unit when swimming fast under water. Otter fur consists of two types of hair: stout guard hairs which form a waterproof outer covering, and under-fur which is dense and fine, equivalent to an otter's thermal underwear. The fur must be kept in good condition by grooming. Sea water reduces the waterproofing and insulating qualities of otter fur when salt water in the fin.

This is why freshwater pools are important to otters living on the coast. After swimming, they wash the salts off in the pools and then squirm on the ground to rub dry against vegetation.

Scent is used for hunting on land, for communication and for detecting danger, otterine sense of smell is likely to be similar in sensitivity to dogs. Otters have small eyes and are probably short-sighted on land. But they do have the ability to modify the shape of the lens in the eye to make it more spherical, and hence overcome the refraction of water.

In clear water and good light, otters can hunt fish by sight. The otter's eyes and nostrils are placed high on its head so that it can see and breathe even when the rest of the body is submerged.

Underwater, the otter holds its legs against the body, except for steering, and the hind end of the body is flexed in a series of vertical undulations. River otters have webbing which extends for much of the length of each digit, though not to the very end. Giant otters and sea otters have even more prominent webs, while the Asian short-clawed otter has no webbing - they hunt for shrimps in ditches and paddy fields so they don't need the swimming speed.

Otter ears are tiny for streamlining, but they still have very sensitive hearing and are protected by valves which close them against water pressure. A number of constraints and preferences limit suitable habitats for otters. Water is a must and the rivers must be large enough to support a healthy population of fish. Being such shy and wary creatures, they will prefer territories where man's activities do not impinge greatly.

Of course, there must also be no other otter already in residence - this has only become significant again recently as populations start to recover. Coastal otters have a much more abundant food supply and ranges for males and females may be just a few kilometres of coastline.

Because male ranges are usually larger a male otter may find his range overlaps with two or three females - not bad! Otters will eat anything that they can get hold of - there are records of sparrows and snakes and slugs being gobbled.

Apart from fish the most common prey are crayfish, crabs and water birds. Small mammals are occasionally taken, most commonly rabbits but sometimes even moles.

Eurasian otters will breed any time where food is readily available. In places where condition is more severe, Sweden for example where the lakes are frozen for much of winter, cubs are born in spring. This ensures that they are well grown before severe weather returns. In the Shetlands, cubs are born in summer when fish is more abundant. Though otters can breed every year, some do not.

Again, this depends on food availability. Other factors such as food range and quality of the female may have an effect. Gestation for Eurasian otter is 63 days, with the exception of Lutra canadensis whose embryos may undergo delayed implantation. Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are lined with bedding to keep the cubs warm while mummy is away feeding.

Nests are lined with bedding reeds, waterside plants, grass to keep the cubs warm while is away feeding. Litter Size varies between 1 and 5. For some unknown reason, coastal otters tend to produce smaller litters.

At five weeks they open their eyes - a tiny cub of g. At seven weeks they're weaned onto solid food. At ten weeks they leave the nest, blinking into daylight for the first time. After three months they finally meet the water and learn to swim.

After eight months they are hunting, though the mother still provides a lot of food herself. Finally, after nine months she can chase them all away with a clear conscience, and relax - until the next fella shows up. Pesticides, such as dieldrin and aldrin, were first used in in agriculture and other industries - these chemicals are very persistent and had already been recognised as the cause of huge declines in the population of peregrine falcons, sparrow hawks and other predators.

The pesticides entered the river systems and the food chain - micro- organisms, fish and finally otters, with every step increasing the concentration of the chemicals. From the chemicals were phased out, but while some species recovered quickly, otter numbers did not - and continued to fall into the 80s. This was probably due mainly to habitat destruction and road deaths. Acting on populations fragmented by the sudden decimation in the 50s and 60s, the loss of just a handful of otters in one area can make an entire population unviable and spell the end.

Otter numbers are recovering all around Britain - populations are growing again in the few areas where they had remained and have expanded from those areas into the rest of the country.

This is almost entirely due to legislation, conservation efforts, slowing down and reversing the destruction of suitable otter habitat and reintroductions from captive breeding programs. Releasing captive- bred otters is seen by many as a last resort.

The argument runs that where there is no suitable habitat for them they will not survive after release and where there is suitable habitat, natural populations should be able to expand into the area. However, reintroducing animals into a fragmented and fragile population may add just enough impetus for it to stabalise and expand, rather than die out. This is what the Otter Trust accomplished in Norfolk, where the otter population may have been as low as twenty animals at the beginning of the s.

The Otter Trust has now finished its captive breeding program entirely, great news because it means it is no longer needed. Questions The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G.

Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes on your answer sheet. NB: You may use any letter more than once. What affects the outer fur of otters?

What skill is not necessary for Asian short-clawed otters? Which type of otters has the shortest range? Which type of animals do otters hunt occasionally? Birds have many unique design features that enable them to perform such amazing feats of endurance. They are equipped with lightweight, hollow bones, intricately designed feathers providing both lift and thrust for rapid flight, navigation systems superior to any that man has developed, and an ingenious heat conserving design that, among other things, concentrates all blood circulation beneath layers of warm, waterproof plumage, leaving them fit to face life in the harshest of climates.

Theft respiratory systems have to perform efficiently during sustained flights at altitude, so they have a system of extracting oxygen from their lungs that for exceeds that of any other animal.

During the later stages of the summer breeding season, when food is plentiful, their bodies are able to accumulate considerable layers of fat, in order to provide sufficient energy for theft long migratory flights.

The fundamental reason that birds migrate is to find adequate food during the winter months when it is in short supply. This particularly applies to birds that breed in the temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, where food is abundant during the short growing season. Many species can tolerate cold temperatures if food is plentiful, but when food is not available they must migrate.

However, intriguing questions remain. One puzzling fact is that many birds journey much further than would be necessary just to find food and good weather. Nobody knows, for instance, why British swallows, which could presumably survive equally well if they spent the winter in equatorial Africa, instead fly several thousands of miles further to theft preferred winter home in South Africa Cape Province.

Another mystery involves the huge migrations performed by arctic terns and mudflat- feeding shorebirds that breed close to Polar Regions. In general, the further north a migrant species breeds, the further south it spends the winter.

For arctic terns this necessitates an annual round trip of 25, miles. Yet, en route to How To Build A Dinghy Launching Trolley Quotes then final destination in far-flung southern latitudes, all these individuals overfly other areas of seemingly suitable habitat spanning two hemispheres.

One of the greatest mysteries is how young birds know how to find the traditional wintering areas without parental guidance. A familiar example Is that of the cuckoo, which lays its eggs in another species' nest and never encounters its young again. It is mind boggling to consider that, once raised by its host species, the young cuckoo makes it own way to ancestral wintering grounds in the tropics before returning single-handedly to northern Europe the next season to seek out a mate among its own kind.

Yet nobody has the slightest idea as to how this is possible. Mounting evidence has confirmed that birds use the positions of the sun and stars to obtain compass directions. However, true navigation also requires an awareness of position and time, especially when lost.

Experiments have shown that after being taken thousands of miles over an unfamiliar land-mass, birds are still capable of returning rapidly to nest sites. Most small birds migrate at night and take then direction from the position of the setting sun. However, as well as seeing the sun go down, they also seem to see the plane of polarized light caused by it, which calibrates then compass.

Traveling at night provides other benefits. Daytime predators are avoided and the danger of dehydration due to flying for long periods in warm, sunlit skies is reduced. Furthermore, at night the air is generally cool and less turbulent and so conducive to sustained, stable flight. Nevertheless, all journeys involve considerable risk, and part of the skill in arriving safely is setting off at the right time. This means accurate weather forecasting, and utilizing favorable winds.

Birds are adept at both, and, in laboratory tests, some have been shown to detect the minute difference in barometric pressure between the floor and ceiling of a room. Often birds react to weather changes before there is any visible sign of them. Lapwings, which feed on grassland, flee west from the Netherlands to the British Isles, France and Spain at the onset of a cold snap. When the ground surface freezes the birds could starve.

Yet they return to Holland ahead of a thaw, their arrival linked to a pressure change presaging an improvement in the weather. In one instance a Welsh Manx shearwater carried to America and released was back in its burrow on Skokholm Island, off the Pembrokeshire coast, one day before a letter announcing its release!

Conversely, each autumn a small number of North American birds are blown across the Atlantic by fast-moving westerly tail winds. Not only do they arrive safely in Europe, but, based on ringing evidence, some make it back to North America the following spring, after probably spending the winter with European migrants in sunny African climes. Questions Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes on your answer sheet. Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements are true of bird migration? Birds often fly further than they need to. Birds traveling in family groups are safe, c Birds flying at night need less water. Birds have much sharper eye-sight than humans, E.

Only share birds are resistant to strong winds. Section 3 Talc Powder A. High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,m above see level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and me.

Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car tyres.

But the true versatility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries. Take, for example, the chewing gum business. Every year. It's got a decent level of detail, and comes with a choice of 4. No Ikara launchers or Sea Wolf launchers, though. Scores over the Matchbox Ariadne in every way, except for the lack of mine doors in the stern.

Those are easy enough to cut into the plastic. I consider this to be the best of the passenger ship kits. Editor's Note: Series 1, Historical Ships. The forward missile launcher should be different from the other two. Series 2, on box No of parts: 92; Guns elevate: yes. Detail: high - appearance: good LS.

Much like the Manxman kit and a good companion to the other highly detailed Airfix kits like Prinz Eugen and Repulse. Detail on mine rails, gun shields, deck , bridge structures and torpedo tubes is excellent.

Light AA weapons are poor and there some ejector pin marks in hard to fix places. This model is of the flotilla leader Z Z28 was unique among the Narviks in having two superfiring main guns forward others had only one single - and later on most units a double turret and a large deckhouse and two superfiring guns aft all others had three guns aft, with two on the after deckhouse.

Number of AA guns increased during the war. An interesting kit indeed. This kit is a joy to build. The seams are very nice and the engraved detail is nothing short of awesome. The detail rivals that of the Repulse. The detail of the single 5. With some research and scratch building you could easily build a complete and very accurate flotilla using this kit. Generally sound but needs a lot of detailing. Guns are clumsier than the Hood's.

The kit represents Nelson as she was in but sadly all the light AA batteries are missing! The latest one I bought in was actually in better shape than the one I bought some 15 years ago but the mold is now so old that some of the few details were lost. There is a article how to convert the kit to a pre-war variant in "Scale Model International" March A bit lacking in detail, and the main turrets are the wrong shape, but you can make a decent model out of it.

I suspect that they meant to portray the Nelson in , which could explain the lack of 20mm AA guns. The 40mm Bofors and 2 pounder "pom pom" AA guns are present. This Nelson is about average for the Airfix kits I've seen, with a rather waxy plastic and crude details. There are some exceptions, e. Not as crisp as Repulse. Note that on some versions a confusing line on the instructions seems to indicate the platform with 2 x 40mm quads should be placed cantilevered from the top of the superstructure instead of on top of the conning tower.

Scale Modeler magazine actually built theirs that way! The detail is great and the fit is quite nice except at the stern where a gap is left. It seems the kit represents the Prinz Eugen in the '41 time frame.

So if a later time is desired additional light AA guns must be added. The detail put into the 4. This is the only small scale with elevating 8" guns! Revell take note!!!! The 4. The superstructure very accurately scaled and while the Revell kits does a good job or accurately displaying the overall super structure, I personally believe this kit is superior to Revell's version.

First the flaws. Removing it is not the problem. It How To Build A Dinghy Launching Trolley Free is the repair afterwards. I messed mine up on my first attempt. After you remove the molded on plastic. In photos of the ship, it appears a metal plate was actually mounted on the deck as a chain slip, so this corrects two errors.

The side armor is wrong. First it is too narrow, too long and does not blend in correctly. Fixing this is a real challenge. I left mine in hopes nobody smart enough would notice. Cutting it off and fabricating a new one would require thinning the sides dangerously.

Bilge Keels. Way too thick. Sanding them off will penetrate the hull a little. Applying a thin piece of styrene strip to the inside of the hull covering the indention. After I sanded away the keel, putty and sanded it to shape. Just add thin styrene strip to replace the molded on keel. As mentioned earlier, the fit at the stern is not good.

The deck is to short and leaves a gap about a full millimeter wide. The bow fits a little better. Filling will be required to fix the stern. Now the good! So if a later time is desired light AA guns must be added. I really like the effort put into the 4. This is the only small scale with elevating guns! The superstructure seems very accurate. I personally believe this kit to far superior to Revell's version. I emailed Airfix and there are apparently on plans to re-release this kit.

Because of the detail of this model and the after market products available you have the options of numerous variants. I discovered that the twin 5. First you have to cut off the barrels. I added. A little putty and sanding was required to finish the shape. A friend has a great vacuum forming machine and in a jiffy I had ten other projects to triple 5.

Other than this the ships structure is unchanged. Since the triple 6in turrets are a little lighter than the twin 8in ones the AA armament is a little heavier.

Use the previous book reference. This kit begs to ask, what happened to the other kits of this era. The Bismarck and Graf Spee are so poorly researched. I have a remark to RDF's review. One would reconsider aircraft catapults on Seydlitz CL. According to plans I have, there would have been two catapults, one between funnel and mast as in conventional Hipper-class heavy cruiser, and another one aft the mast. Issued between and , the series was apparently not very successful as it was soon discontinued and none of the ships was ever reissued.

That's a shame, because they were nicely done. Though designed as a clip-together wargaming model, it is finely detailed and compares favorably with with many larger scale kits. Hull, superstructure, and funnel shapes are correct and capture the ship's elegant lines well. The waterlined hull particularly is well done, accurate in shape, taper and shear; better, in fact, than the earlier Hood or Bismarck units of the series.

There is even a degaussing cable! The separate single piece main deck is also well done with tiny hatches, vents, bitts, a breakwater, ground tackle Torpedo launchers are molded integrally with the deck, but in this small scale they look good.

My only gripe with the deck is the total lack of planking detail, which is strange considering that the earlier Hood and Bismarck kits in the series had excellent planking. Even stranger is that planking is present on some of the superstructure decks! Fortunately all this is not that visible once painted. Other odd design choices are evident with the armament.

The same with the 37mm twins: outstanding on the Bismarck, mediocre on the Prinz Eugen. Go figure. Other parts are good to excellent. Masts, cranes, searchlights, and boats are good although there should be more boats , as are the spherical hooded 4m antiaircraft directors. The delicately rendered Even with some less than stellar design choices with the decks and armament, Airfix's little Prinz Eugen builds into an appealing, accurate rendition of that most graceful ship.

The only injection-molded model of this ship we're likely to see, so you have to work with it. Fortunately, you don't have to take it too far. The shapes look very good to me and the assembled hull looks positively huge , and there are no solid lifelines to remove. Ship is in later configuration with stabilizer fins. Most of the windows on the superstructure are represented by simple raised squares; sand them off and make decals instead.

The davits do not line up properly with the promenade windows, so fill the locator holes and place them manually boats should hang above prom deck window sections, with davits mounted in between window sections. The boats look marvelous and are molded as open boats - consider making resin copies for your Revell Queen Mary. Throw away the kit decals, especially on the re-issue; the typeface for the name on the bow is way off.

Not a bad kit by any means, and looks easy to improve. Series 6, ; No of parts: ; Decals included. Participiated in the Falkland war. The model represents the ship in her original appearance, with the white funnel and without the later additions on Signal Deck. The problem is fit.

There are many small, but annoying gaps that must be filled. The two hull halves do not align well. It's not that hard to correct, but I've seen better. Still, it looks like this will be a very impressive model when completed. Detail: high - Appearance: very good. Portrays the ship in her final configuration. A real beauty. Wonderfully detailed.

I did not have the fit problems that Leif had. This is arguably Airfix's best ship kit ever. Now all we need is a Renown to go with her Well, it's not perfect but almost. There are minor fitting problems with the deck and some of the scuttles on the superstructure are missing, but otherwise it is just wonderful. The detailing of the side armour can't be described, it has to be seen.

And the deck has even the deck camber curvature! The model and camouflage represents Repulse as she was when she sunk Dec Really an excellent kit. OK Terrible superstructure. The deck houses including the platforms are in two parts, the boundary goes right in the middle of the platforms. Clumsy masts. Guide to detailing in Airfix magazine May Put plastic card on top and sides to represent box shape; etch the cell divisions.

This kit was so close to being good. The rest of the ship is not bad. The ship is missing all it's Whip antennas. This may seem trivia, but think. First there are the easiest things to add to almost any kit. Second, they are pretty easy to research and last; when you see a picture of any ship you can't help but notice all the antennas everywhere!

It's only a minor nuissance. I do like the hull. Bilge keels are nicely molded in. The separate propeller guards look nice. If you're looking to do conversions, the hull's got the later bow-mounted SQS sonar dome as opposed to the earlier keel mounted style That's fine for the Rommel, or the other Bundesmarine Adams class, but if you're going to try to convert it to a USN Adams class, then you'll have to either do DDG through 24, or perform some major surgery on the bow.

I missed that one! As Randy points out above, this kit has lots of conversion potential. Editor's Note: portrays the Royal Sovereign, possibly as she appeared in This miniscule Santa Maria molding originated as a Gowland Shipyard "Ships in Bottles" release in ; it was among the first injection molded plastic model ships ever marketed. Airfix also issued it in without the bottle as the second unit of their Series 1 "Historical Ship" kits.

It was issued again by Addar as one of their "Super Scenes" in a bottle in In the early s Airfix also reissued the kit, this time reworked with a full hull and stand replacing the sea base and acetate ratlines. This revised version was produced in the s by Heller kit , in brown plastic as well. Out of production as of , the kit can still be found fairly easily on online auctions and at model swap meets. Columbus' Santa Maria Holy Mary is one of the world's most famous ships, but her exact appearance remains a matter of conjecture and debate.

Some experts believe the Mariagalante "Party-Girl Mary", the ship's original name before Columbus changed it more the politically correct Santa Maria was a Portuguese style nao , others that it was a carabela caravel. The model's hull shape matches that reconstruction fairly well.

For a kit this old and this small, the little Santa Maria is not bad. The separate one-piece deck has delicate raised plank markings, stairs, and a hatch. The hull and deck are simplified, but the details present are well rendered and the unit is so tiny that the effect is good. Unfortunately, everything above the deck is out of scale. The mainmast, for example, is some 25 scale feet too high.

The too tall, too thick masts support massive wind-filled sails that overpower the little hull. The flags printed on a separate sheet of paper are also too large. If you want an early pre-Atlantic bow Scharnhorst, this is the one. Kit dates back to about This is Scharnhorst as built, not in WW2 shape. I bought a new one three years ago and converted it to Gneisenau The kit was in the same good shape as my first in or The bilge keel is missing like in most old Airfix kits.

I have two of these and in both cases I was not particularly pleased. My problem probably stems from my earlier exposure to the Airfix Repulse , Narvik and Prinz Eugen models. The last being my stimulus for purchasing the Scharnhorst. I expected this model to have all the excellent products gun mounts of the previous two German models. That of course was not the case. So lets start there. All the secondary and AA gun calibers are way below Airfix standards.

How this happened has to be a mystery. On the other hand the main guns are very nice. A little void of detail but nice depending on the source, maybe even better than the Revell kit. The 01 level seems to have an excessive amount of overhang. From the photos I have seen, this feature seems to be exaggerated.

The deck engraving here seems a bit crude as well. The entire superstructure seems to have suffered the exact same fate during development at that of the Graf Spee. It seems squat and out of proportion to the rest of the ship. The Scharnhorst class was a sleek and beautiful design, this is not evident in this kit the, to the degree of the Revell model.

Over all the kit may actually fall into the poor category with the Bismarck. There's a good article on building and converting this kit in the June issue of Airfix Magazine, pg GOOD I like this one. It's pretty good for its day. It's not perfect by any stretch of the imagination, but the basics are all there. The bilge keels are missing, as are two of the four propellers. Superstructure levels are molded into the decks below them, which can make painting difficult.

Lattice masts are not that great, photo-etch would be better but OK for their day. This ship also has some excellent modification potential.

Airfix Magazine's March issue has a good article on conversions. Guns and many superstructure parts can be obtained from an Airfix Belfast.

Like the H. This is a model of Tiger before the conversion. Lines of rafts included. This is the Bismarck model with two torpedo-tubes added, no other changes. At least sometimes, packages came with two ships. Series 1, Issued as a pair, each Tribal consists of 20 cleanly molded gray plastic parts.

As with others in the series, the waterlined hull is a single part with a solid bottom and separate single-piece main deck. There is even part of the undercut below the stern, as if the pattern maker had begun to produce a full hull model and then abandoned the effort part way through.

Otherwise things look good. There are simplifications one would expect in this scale such as the molded to the deck torpedo tubes and solid open bridge , but there are no basic accuracy problems. Surface detailing is delicate and restrained. The four 4. This is a nice little kit, and one of the very few injection plastic destroyers ever issued in this scale.

The first big Airfix ship. The kit is sound, but low in detail. Needs a lot of detailing to look good. The mast and the guns are clumsy. Detail is decidedly lacking. No bilge keels. Good painting instructions would have helped. This kit is said to be about 22 inches long when complete.

It is said to portray the ship in This kit represents the Warspite after her refit. The biggest problems are the bow, kit has a bulb bow instead of a ram bow and the quarterdeck.

Once again, there is the problem of the "flash suppressors" on the main guns. Sand them off. Superstructure is decent, gun turrets are nice, and the casemate 6" guns are fragile, but nice. A very good model for its time. Series 9, Classic Historical Ships Said to portray the ship in I have one half built, it's not too bad, needs some filling etc. Includes a Sherman tank from the regular Airfix line.

The end of the Cold War has brought about some confusion in nomenclature. Editor's Note: Presumably a close relative of the Gearing, below.

For comparison, check out the Skywave Sumner class. Not the very best I've ever seen, but reasonably good, and the price is right. Superstructure detail is a bit lacking, but the hull is pretty nice. Watch out for sink holes, though! Like its Skywave competitor, this kit give the builder the option of using either the second set of torpedo tubes aft, or a third 40mm quad mount.

Unlike the Skywave kit, it gives the builder the option of building the "DDR" radar picket variant. This is a very basic model, with very minimal detail.

There are about 50 pieces in the kit, and the instructions are a one page blow up diagram. The instructions have some suggestions for ease of assembly. The kit does not include decals. The basic model is molded as a waterline hull, with the deckhouses and depth charge racks, molded in place. The superstructure and bulkheads have absolutely no detail to it, just a series of flat side moldings. There are anchor chains molded in place, and the stern 20mm tub, but that's it.

The builder must add the upper decks to the deckhouses, as well as the gun tubs. The dual 5" mounts aren't too bad, and the dual 40mm are also finely cast.

But they're too tall. They stand too high on their pedestals. The tops of the guns are level with the midway point of the funnels. And the single 20mm are also too tall. Those stand just about as tall as the dual 5" mounts. It is recommended that they be shortened to be less conspicuous or pilfer them from a Skywave set.

The tripod mast amidship is cast very finely, as is the mainmast. But the main mast's radar was cast as a see-through piece, and in this scale, it's very difficult to make it realistic. In addition, while the 5" director base is OK, the radar screens are even taller than the 5" mount. Lastly, the torpedo mounts are cast pretty well, and one mount even has the 5" flash protector housing.

Overall it's not a bad kit, and could use some dressing up with a brass set. But it's nowhere near as detailed as the Skywave Gearing class destroyer. Looking at the hulls side by side, the freeboard on the Albatross hull looks better. On the Skywave hull, it's pretty shallow. Also, thesheer line on the Albatross hull is more pronounced, whereas that on the Skywave hull is more gentle. The Skywave hull is generally a flatter hull.

Editor's Note: For comparison, check out the Skywave Gearing class. Editor's Note: Reissue of the old Casadio mold. Read Tim Reynaga's review of the Revell re-issue of this kit. From about to , AMT was owned by Matchbox, and issued a few Matchbox kits under their own label.

After a confusing period of lease arrangements, Round 2 Corp. AMT plastic car models still show up in hobby shops, but they are manufactured in China. Editor's Note: Reissue of Matchbox kit. This is a reissue of the s Matchbox kit of Exeter as she appeared during her famous encounter with the Graf Spee off the Rio de la Plata in Like its Matchbox predecessor, this kit is molded in two colors, a dark green and a light grey.

Moldings are sharp with most detail raised. Unlike the Japanese waterline series kits of the era, the hull is split into right and left halves, with the decks and base plate separate. This arrangement unfortunately leaves a long, prominent seam where the main deck meets the hull. Worse, the thin, slender hull sides are vulnerable to warpage Once these challenges are addressed, though, the hull looks very good. Detail is decent with the multitude of portholes on the hull represented as tiny raised circles.

The kit also captures the distinctive forward knuckle pretty well, a feature often missed. Superstructures, especially the aft superstructure and hangar, are a bit simplified and almost bereft of detail, but the open sides on the bridge are well represented.

Small parts vary in quality. The anchors, secondary guns and masts are rather nice, but the crane, Walrus aircraft, floats, davits and boat mountings are mediocre to poor. I would also have preferred some depiction of planking on the main deck, which is completely smooth. Still and all, the kit assembles into a good representation of Exeter.

The Axxx serial numbers look like they are out of a catalogue, and do not represent the letter codes on the model boxes. The numerals are of course correct. I don't understand why, on destroyers, the kit instructions mostly do not agree with the colour instructions Aoshima must have the lowest standard of quality control of any Japanese model firm.

US importers should take this into account when pricing the kits! I cannot agree more with the GH's comment above. The price-to-value ratio is just too high for most Aoshima kits. It seems only worth it, if the kit is the only one for a particular subject you are looking for. Not the greatest things you've ever seen, but not the worst either. Amagi was doomed to never saw combat, except on the receiving end of USN airpower. She was bombed during outfitting and rolled over during an aerial attack in late July Unlike the Pit-Road kit, Aoshima's kit is based on the older Unryu kit with minor modifications.

Fine Molds has made a separate photo-etch set to enhance the details. Editor's Note: See also notes under Hatsuharu-class. FAIR Good hull and superstructure.

Lots of flash, and some heavy and light AA guns were not fully formed. Discard twin 25mm. Trim main gun barrels and replace masts.

Will make a good model. Fit is late war. Note there has been an announcement by Aoshima of a newly tooled Bismarck to replace the above kit sometime in April of The supposed stock number is It can't help but be better than this kit. This is an all plastic kit molded in medium gray except for the red plastic waterline plate.

The basic shape of the hull is OK and maybe the turrets but everything else is just awful. There is little to no molded in surface detail. The deck is divided into three ill fitting parts that left gaps in the main deck in two places that were very difficult to fix. The rest of the parts fit poorly and were either clunky or over scale or both. The AA battery and ship's boats are especially bad.

The model depicts Chitose in her seaplane tender configuration before she was converted to a CVL in Above average for Aoshima, this kit is comparable to contemporary offerings by Hasegawa or even some of the less inspired Tamiya efforts. The hull shape is good, with convincingly replicated portholes and anti torpedo blisters on the sides.

Decks have delicate linoleum retaining strips, ground tackle, and various other details accurately molded in. An interesting feature is alternate stern parts to depict either the as built standard stern or the special modified opening stern fitted to Chiyoda to deploy midget submarines. Chitose probably didn't have this modification, but the stern and a minisub are included anyway.

These flush-decked ships had quite a bit going on topside with ventilators, boats, cranes, catapults, seaplanes, and assorted plane handling gear in evidence. All of this was fairly well designed with a minimum of seams and, rare for Aoshima, crisp molding with only a few sink marks! The foredeck and fantail are separate parts, but they fit fairly well so this doesn't create any problems. The bridge structure is especially good, with four well fitting levels and even a representation of windows.

Smaller parts are nothing special, but acceptable. Recent releases have contained Leviathan upgrade sets which include much improved weapons, aircraft, searchlights, boats and other parts which make this basically good kit even better. You can spot the new issues by the ill-fitting box; Aoshima deepened the lower box to accomodate the extra sprues, but the original smaller boxtop is retained, leaving a gap at the bottom. I built my Chitose in the days before photoetch, but another worthwhile upgrade would be the Gold Medal Models photoetch IJN Auxiliary Ship set which replaces many of the injection molded masts, cranes, catapults, and girders so prominent on this ship.

This set, complementing the competently rendered basic kit parts, could make this a really standout model. Kit comes with standard tree of IJN aircraft although she was not fitted out with arresting gear or catapults.

Primarily used to transport aircraft. Please note that under Section f of the Copyright Act, any person who knowingly materially misrepresents that material or activity was removed or disabled by mistake or misidentification may be subject to liability. Accommodation of Standard Technical Measures It is Company policy to accommodate, and not interfere with, standard technical measures it determines are reasonable under the circumstances, i.

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