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I have a simple equation in mind. Why do we start by talking of this? Belgium is a small country in Europe, smaller in area than the state of Haryana. It has borders with Netherlands, France and Germany. It has a population of a little over one crore, about half the population of Haryana. Of the countrys total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language.

Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Political science 10th ncert pdf example, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking.

The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development. This led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the s and s. The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem: the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.

Let us compare this to the situation in another country. Sri Lanka is an island nation, just a few kilometres off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu. It has about 2 crore people, about the same as in Haryana. Like other nations in the South Asia region, Sri Lanka has a diverse population.

The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers 74 per cent and the Tamil-speakers 18 per cent. Among Tamils there are two subgroups.

Tamil natives of the country. Ethnic: A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or. They need not always have the same religion or nationality. Look at the maps of Belgium and Sri Political science 10th ncert pdf example. In which region do you find concentration of different Ncert 10th Class Political Science Book In Hindi Pdf To English communities? The rest, whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during colonial period, are called Indian Tamils.

As you can see from the map, Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the north and east of the country. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala. Just imagine what could happen in situations like. In Belgium, the. Dutch community could take advantage of its numeric majority and force its will on the French and German-speaking population.

This would push the conflict among communities. This could lead to a very messy partition of the country; both the sides would claim control over Brussels. Political science 10th ncert pdf example Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed an even bigger majority and could impose its will on the entire country.

Now, let us look at what happened in both these countries. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. Inan Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Political science 10th ncert pdf example Lankan Tamils. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture.

They felt that the constitution. As a result, the relations. Majoritarianism: A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority. What s wrong if t he m aj orit y com m unit y rules? I f Sinhalas dont rule in Sri Lanka, where else will t hey rule? The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

But their demand for more political science 10th ncert pdf example to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied.

By s several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam state in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The distrust between the two communities political science 10th ncert pdf example into widespread conflict. As a political science 10th ncert pdf example thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods.

You have read Chapter 1 of Economics textbook, Class X about Sri Lankas excellent record of economic development, education and health. But the civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

Civil war: A violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war. The Belgian leaders took a different path. They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between andthey amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The arrangement they worked out is different from any other country and is very innovative.

Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model:. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group.

Thus, no. Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

Brussels has a separate government in which both the political science 10th ncert pdf example have equal representation. The Frenchspeaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government. What kind of a solut ion is t his?

I am glad our Const it ut ion does not say which m inist er will com e from which com m unit y. The photograph here is of a street address in Belgium. You will notice that place names and directions in two languages French and Dutch. Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This community government is elected by people belonging to one language community Dutch, French and German-speaking no matter where they live.

This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues. You might find the Belgian model very complicated. It indeed is very complicated, even for people living in Belgium. But these arrangements have worked well so far. They helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines. When many countries of Europe came together to form the European.

Read any newspaper for one week and m ake clippings of news relat ed t o ongoing conflict s or wars. A group of five st udent s could pool t heir political science 10th ncert pdf example t oget her and do t he following: Classify t hese conflict s by t heir locat ion your st at e, I ndia, out side I ndia. Find out t he cause of each of t hese conflict s.

How m any of t hese are relat ed t o power sharing disput es? Which of t hese conflict s could be resolved by working out power sharing arrangem ent s? What do we learn from these two stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka? Both are democracies. Yet, they dealt with the question of power sharing differently. In Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of political science 10th ncert pdf example country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities.

Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power. Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country. So you are saying t hat sharing of power m akes us m ore powerful. Sounds odd! Let m e t hink. Why power sharing is desirable?

Thus, two different sets of reasons can be given in favour of power sharing. Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Cobalt and nickel were placed in the group with chlorine and fluorine in spite of having different properties. Among chemical properties, he concentrated on the compounds formed by elements with oxygen and hydrogen. Why is power sharing desirable? One of the strengths of Mendeleev, s periodic table was that, when inert gases were discovered they could be placed in a new group without disturbing the existing order. Do you agree?
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