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The Huffington Post. The New York Times. ISSN Retrieved 26 January Innovation Origins. International Council on Clean Transportation. February Retrieved 15 October The Observer. BBC News. Retrieved 9 June Retrieved 5 September Retrieved 18 May Retrieved 19 September Ends Report. October Drax Electric Insights. Retrieved 12 September Metropolis Magazine.

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Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 29 August FiA Foundation. Earth Policy Institute. Retrieved 29 April Tech Bikes MIT. Retrieved 17 August Retrieved 18 August Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back. University of California Press. Archived from the original on 15 May Retrieved 13 February California AB Part of a series of articles on cars.

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Electric motor Hybrid vehicle drivetrain Electric generator Alternator. The rites included the purification bath of the king, the anointing of the king based on the ancient ritual of Abhiseka , the crowning of the king, and the investiture of the royal regalia, the royal utensils, and the royal weapons of sovereignty.

The Assumption of the Residence is a private housewarming celebration by members of the royal family at the Grand Palace. Historically, the coronation usually took place as soon as possible after the death of the previous monarch.

This followed the custom that an unconsecrated king cannot bear certain regalia nor carry out any religious functions. However, in the last century this tradition has been replaced by a mourning period of about a year after the succession. The most recent coronation was held on 4 May for King Vajiralongkorn. The term preserves the fact that the anointment was once the most essential component of the ceremony.

Today, however, the Thai coronation ceremony incorporates many rites including the anointment , the enthronement , the crowning , and the investiture of the monarch. The succession of a Thai king is not automatic, and was not formally codified until the Palace Law of Succession. Prior to this, the right of succession was based on many factors and was not always natural.

Usurpation and violence was commonly employed to obtain the throne. As a result, the rite of coronation is important in legalising and legitimising the claimant's accession to kingship. Ancient custom dictates that the heir to the last king rule only as a regent and not as a king until he is officially consecrated.

As a result, it was customary for a king to go through the coronation ceremonies as soon as he had succeeded to the throne. The earliest forms of coronation in Southeast Asia were derived from those of ancient India.

The present Thai coronation ceremony is a blend of Hindu and Buddhist traditions, which were transferred to the Initial states of Thailand from three different sources: the Hindu civilisations of Srivijaya from the 8th to 12th centuries; the Khmer Empire from the 9th to the midth century; and the Mon Buddhist Thaton Kingdom from the 3rd century BC to the 11th century.

The Sukhothai Kingdom 13th century to 15th century , which seceded from the Khmer Empire in , mentioned the process of anointment Abhisheka of their first monarchs, explaining that Si Inthrathit then titled Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao was anointed by Pha Mueang , who had himself had been anointed earlier by Indravarman II , the Khmer king. Despite the growth of Buddhism as the main religion of the Thai kingdoms, the existence of Hinduism and the exalted role of the Brahmin caste was not diminished.

Although the kings were Buddhists they surrounded themselves with the accoutrements of Khmer royalty, including the services of court Brahmins. Buddhism was considered the religion of the people, while Hinduism in particular Shaivism was suitable only for royalty. However, the king must defend both. The Sukhothai state was absorbed into the Ayutthaya Kingdom 14th century to around the 15th century. This ceremony was undoubtedly Hindu and was performed by the court Brahmins.

The ceremony also included elements of a Rajasuya. The term Abhisheka itself was first used in the Royal Chronicle in When the capital city was sacked in by the Burmese troops of the Konbaung Dynasty in the war of , most of the records about royal ceremonies were destroyed. The successive Thonburi Kingdom � had little time for royal ceremony, and its only monarch, King Taksin , never had a coronation ceremony.

Nevertheless, the king tried to restore some of the old rites when he invited some Brahmins from Nakhon Si Thammarat to his court. A royal decree about royal ceremonies in laid out how the King wished things to be done: "His Majesty wishes that things be carried out as in [the time of] King Borommakot , and not like Phraya Taksin.

At the same time, he ordered the creation of a new set of the royal regalia and utensils. In , after the construction of the Grand Palace was finished, a second full coronation ceremony was completed in accordance with tradition. It is on this ceremony that all subsequent coronations are modelled.

The king also established the Devasathan or the Brahman temple, near Wat Suthat , as a religious centre so the Brahmins could continue to perform and officiate royal ceremonies at the court. When King Rama IV came to the throne in , new elements were included in the coronation ceremony. Since ancient times the anointment ceremony alone was considered the supreme event of the coronation. Under King Rama IV, the crowning of the monarch became its equal, if not more important.

This was due to the influence of European coronations. The King also increased the role of the Buddhist Sangha within the ceremony by incorporating the recitation of the Paritta Suttas into the hitherto Hindu ceremony. He was given no political power, but was crowned with a full ceremony on 11 November , only a month after the death of King Rama IV. When he attained majority at the age of 20, the King underwent another coronation ceremony on 16 November For King Rama V the second coronation was vital in legitimising his reign, not only in the eyes of the populace and the nobility, but also to those of the Western colonial powers.

The King took the opportunity of the general audience at the end of his second coronation to make a remarkable announcement, as recalled by Sir Andrew Clarke , the governor of the Straits Settlements : "The King delivered an address and at the end of it announced the abolition of the practice at his Court of kowtowing and lying down in the royal presence.

As the words passed his lips the recumbent figures rose, and the effect was described by those present as most impressive. King Rama V died on 23 October On 11 November, his son King Rama VI decided to have a solemn ceremony, stripped to its bare essentials, with the anointment and the crowning at the apex of the coronation.

The King had decided beforehand to host another coronation ceremony in a year's time. He wanted to invite members of foreign royal families to join him, and to enjoy the festivities without disturbing the customary period of mourning for his father. The second coronation began on 28 November and continued for thirteen days.

The second event was a much more elaborate affair, including the state progress by land and water, banquets for foreign guests, and parades and fairs for the public. The colossal sum spent was double the cost of the coronation of King George V of the United Kingdom , held earlier the same year. Despite this, the festivities were judged a success and were lauded by the foreign press.

Unlike his predecessors, he wanted to wait until after the royal funeral and mourning period of the previous king his brother had died on 26 November had come to an end. The coronation ceremony took three days, the state progress on land then took place on 1 March and the state progress on water on 3 March.

Special envoys from foreign countries have not been invited, but there will be no objection to the foreign envoys already in this country being so appointed for the occasion. For the first time a book and several photographs of the ceremony were published by the Royal Household.

An 11 minutes and 8 second silent film of the coronation ceremonies was made by the Royal State Railways of Siam with intertitles in both Thai and English.

After the revolution of , the system of government was changed from that of an absolute to a constitutional monarchy. In the King was only eight years old and was considered too young to be crowned.

His family moved him to Switzerland to be educated and for his health. The country was undergoing a massive transformation and was considered unsafe for the young King.

By the government decided to invite the King to return to Bangkok. No coronation ceremony was to take place during his short visit. It was not until December , after the end of the Second World War , that the King, now aged 20, was able to return permanently. A coronation was tentatively planned, despite the chaotic political situation and post-war malaise.

On 9 June the King was found dead by a bullet wound to the forehead. As he was only 19 years old, a regency council was to rule in his stead.

King Rama VIII was never formally crowned, so only a seven-tiered umbrella was hung above his funerary urn. However, on 13 August, the government declared that the nine-tiered umbrella and other regalia should be presented to his remains and his regnal title changed posthumously by adding the prefix Phrabat , making him a fully consecrated king.

Despite entreaties for the King to return to Bangkok, he refused several times. In October the King was seriously injured in a car accident near Lausanne. Afterwards, the King celebrated his wedding to Sirikit Kitiyakara , and the date of his coronation was set for 5 May As the first Thai monarch to be crowned under a constitutional system, albeit under military control, several new innovations were added to his coronation ceremony. Due to the King's poor health, the customary three days of benediction before the coronation was shortened to just one day.

The royal pandits who were to hand the King the anointment water, formerly drawn from the ranks of the nobility, were to be replaced by members of the House of Representatives , representing the provinces of the kingdom. The coronation took place over three days. The state progressions on land and water were delayed until In , King Bhumibol celebrated his Platinum Jubilee , seventy years on the throne, the longest in Thai history.

He died later the same year on 13 October. On 1 December the President of the National Assembly formally invited Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn to ascend to the throne as king. Later that night Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha said in a televised statement that the coronation would "be at his [the king's] discretion" and would not take place until after 26 October , when the royal cremation of his father was planned.

For most Thai people it was the first coronation in living memory. It was not until 1 January that the government announced an official date for the coronation, which was to take place later that year from 4�6 May; a palace statement said: "His Majesty deems it fit to hold the coronation ceremony per royal traditions for the good fortune of the nation and the kingdom, to be enjoyed by the hopeful people".

Over the three-day coronation, on 4 May, the king was to be anointed and crowned; on 5 May a royal procession takes place; and on 6 May the king grants an audience for the public and foreign dignitaries. Most were assembled around for the second coronation ceremony of King Rama I. The combination of these regal and practical objects, and their symbolism, trace back to the ancient Indian subcontinent and are replicated by many monarchies within the Greater Indian cultural sphere.

The umbrella also called a chatra consists of many tiers, five for the crown prince or the viceroy , seven for an unconsecrated king, and nine for a fully sovereign king. The shades are made of white silk trimmed with gold, attached to a gilded golden stem. The umbrellas are usually displayed above an important throne in the royal palace similar to a baldachin.

The umbrellas themselves are considered sacred objects and receive offerings from the king on the anniversary of his coronation day. There are currently seven such umbrellas, with six distributed at the various throne halls in the Grand Palace , and one in the Dusit Palace. The multiple tiers symbolise the accumulation of honour and merit the king may possess. The crown is of a distinctive Thai design called mongkut.

This royal crown , unlike those in the West, takes the form of a tall conical tapering spire with ear pieces that hang to the sides. Made on the orders of King Rama I, the crown is over 66 cm 26 in in height and weighs over 7. He had a scabbard and hilt of gold made for the blade. Both are inlaid with diamonds and precious stones. The sword's blade measures When placed in its scabbard, the sword is cm 40 in long and weighs 1.

The sword is an ancient symbol of sovereignty and military power. The king's sword thus symbolises his role as a warrior with a duty to defend his kingdom. This harkens back to ancient times, when the king was not merely a titular, but the actual warrior-in-chief of his subjects. The staff is cm 46 in long, and has a knob at one end and three prongs at the other. The staff or sceptre is a symbol of regal authority in many cultures.

The exterior is decorated with diamonds and jewels, the insoles are lined with red velvet, and the soles are made of pure sheet gold. Wearing footwear was rare in ancient Southeast Asia and was probably reserved only for royalty.

The importance of royal footwear can be traced back to the epic Ramayana , when a pair of Rama 's sandals was chosen by Bharata to govern the kingdom in his stead, after the former was forced into exile.

The fan is gilded with gold, the handle enamelled in green and red. Traditionally a fan was made by bending a talipot palm 's frond at a right angle; the royal fan mimics this traditional form. According to tradition, the fly-whisk was used by the king to repel any maleficent forces that might bring discomfort to his subjects. The hair on the royal fly-whisk has since been replaced by those of a white elephant.

By possessing such ordinary items, which were all made from precious materials, the king can show off his wealth and status to his subjects. The utensils are always placed at either side of the king's throne during royal ceremonies. These items are of a personal nature, and are regarded as insignia of rank, not just for the king, but for his officials as well.

Once an individual is given high rank by the king, a replica set of these items would be given to him on the occasion of his promotion. Some of the oldest items of regalia in ancient India are weapons, the main four being the bow, the spear, the trident, and the chakra. The weapons are symbolic of the divine weapons of Shiva and Vishnu , mentioned in the Shatapatha Brahmana.

The current set of weapons were all created during the reign of King Rama I, as reproductions of lost originals. Apart from the sacred weapons, the others are symbolic of the martial exploits of King Naresuan of Ayutthaya. The first three kings of the Chakri dynasty used these buildings as their primary place of residence. London: Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society. VII : March Retrieved 19 November Retrieved 8 September Met Office.

Retrieved 24 February UK: doeni. Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 19 August The Guardian. Railscot � Irish Railways. Retrieved 28 August Places in County Antrim. List of places in County Antrim. Belfast part Lisburn part.

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