No part of this publication may be small boat construction methods 80 in any form without written permission small boat construction methods 80 the publisher. Printed in Manila, Philippines.
With a smaller engine, the sea endurance and radius of opemtions should increase significantly. A night handline fishery for tunas in Hawaii. The information small boat construction methods 80 iv should read as follows:. Preface Historically the Pacific Islander easily satisfied the protein requirements of his subsistence economy by fishing from his outrigger canoe within the lagoons and along the edges of the reefs that surrounded his island.
For centuries the traditional outrigger was eminently wellsuited small boat construction methods 80 this task. However, after the Second World War, island populations began increasing dramatically and their island economies began to small boat construction methods 80 from a subsistence to a monetary orientation. The traditional forms of fishing could no longer meet the islands' growing demand for food.
Although vast stocks of fish remained virtually untouched in the ocean beyond the reef, the Pacific Islands became fish importers. The process of change has occurred so quickly that the traditional outrigger canoe, rather than evolving, has been displaced. As a substitute, one western design after another has been introduced by various national and international development programs; and each in its time has been touted as the answer to the requirements of small fishing craft design in the Pacific.
These boats were designed small boat construction methods 80 move fishermen in the least amount of time to previously inaccessible fishing grounds beyond the reef. Size and speed were the design factors most often emphasized. None of these introduced hulls proved completely satisfactory; in fact, many were immediate and near-total failures that, for the Pacific Islander, involved too great a jump in either technology, investment cost, or work requirements.
Together with the South Pacific Commission SPC in Noumea, New Caledonia, ICLARM proposed t o organize a conference that would 1 review the results of past fishery development programs based upon introduced boat designs and 2 provide a forum for discussion for which the fishery officers small boat construction methods 80 the countries and territories of the South Pacific could be brought together small boat construction methods 80 naval architects and with representatives from the marine industry.
Although the SPC convenes a yearly meeting among the region's fisheries officers, this was the first conference in which members of the marine industry were invited specifically t o discuss boat and engine designs applicable to the requirements of the Pacific Islander.
Its goal was to develop basic guidelines and recommendations for the development of small-scale fishing craft for future fisheries programs. Because of the diversity of opinion on the requirements for an optimal small-boat design, it was recognized that no single design is adaptable for use throughout the entire Pacific Basin.
Boats must be designed not only for specific types of fisheries and sea conditions, but also for the technological and financial capabilities of the various island groups. At its conclusion, the conference recommended the design and construction of new small-scale fishing craft be, above all, energy-conscious.
The selection of boat designs and marine engines should be based Small Boat Construction Methods 8g on the least input of petroleum products. In any fisheries program the propulsion system should be selected only after its reliability and ease of maintenance are determined and the ready supply and availability of spare parts ascertained. Consideration should be given t o standardizing both the.
As a component of the regional fisheries development program, thought also should be given to forming a consultative design group that could advise the Pacific Island governments on implementing small boat construction methods 80 fishery develop. This group, in conjunction small boat construction methods 80 ongoing fishery programs, would test combinations of hulls and propulsion systems applicable to the South Pacific.
Opening Remarks boats from the native canoes. But for a number of reasons there has generally been a substitution rather than an evolution; the canoe has been abandoned for a variety of plank, plywood, fiberglass, and aluminum craft, powered by an equal variety of propulsion systems.
I do not wish to criticize the small boat introductions that have been successful in meeting the needs small boat construction methods 80 island people, but again, it is those schemes which have failed to meet the needs of islanders that have prompted us t o convene this conference.
We have therefore gathered together an impressive group of knowledgeable people to reassess the small-boat needs of Pacific Islanders in ; we hope to encourage frank, objective discussion based on the following premises: 1. There is no one small-boat design that is the final answer to the varied needs of Pacific Island fishermen. The operational terms of reference for Pacific Island fishermen are changing with such things as the increased price of fuel and manufactured items, making previously acceptable systems no longer tenable.
Individuals with various points of view can contribute to the best solution or solutions so that some degree of consensus can be obtained. It is envisaged that this conference will elucidate the problems facing the artisanal Pacific Island fishermen.
It is said that a significant discovery was made in In coastal Asia, an authority from an international organization observed an artisanal fisherman-a single man out in small boat construction methods 80 canoe, fishing with a hook and line. It was recognized that he could make a substantial contribution to the world food problem, and since then the artisanal fisherman has received more and more attention.
This conference is held in recognition of the importance and needs of artisanal fishermen in the Pacific Islands. Past history of the Pacific could be briefly summed up as follows: Exploration, Exploitation, Expatriation, Examination and Explanations as t o why imported fisheries schemes have not worked. We do not wish to ignore the progress made by many dedicated people working in aquatic resources in the Pacific, but my experience in the past 22 years in the region is that the schemes which were unsuccessful are those you hear the most.
The slow, steady progress that has been made by some people is too often overshadowed by the "instant expert" from outside problems and too often sails over the horizon, leaving the debris of yet another unsuccessful scheme. In the area of small-boat development, the Pacific Islanders have had more than their share of entrepreneurial schemes. It seems time to take stock of a rapidly changing world now reaching the most remote Pacific Islanders to see small boat construction methods 80 there is not "a better way" for the small boat fishermen in the Pacific, a way that is economically and culturally compatible with the Pacific Islander's life-style.
The evolution of small boats in the Pacific has taken a curious course. The Pacific Islanders' basis of existence relates directly to their superb skill as boatbuilders, seamen, and navigators. With such a small boat construction methods 80 heritage of the sea, one might expect t o see an evolution small boat construction methods 80 present-day small.
Too often small boat construction methods 80 are not as effective as they might be, because they culminate in sound proposals and resolutions small boat construction methods 80 fail to be translated into effective action.
The sponsors of this conference intend that the collective input of the participants will result in an action program which will make more efficient and effective small boats available to Pacific Islanders who need.
An Assessment of the Ponape Dory Project. Box Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. The cultural heritage of the Pacific islanders is closely tied to the sea. They initially migrated across this vast ocean to all of the major island groups and later utilized their superbly constructed canoes for hrther travel over great small boat construction methods 80 between island groups.
The development of large sailing canoes, coupled with remarkable navigational skills and feats of seamanship, attest to the extraordinary mastery of the marine realm by Pacific peoples. Variations and refinements of the basic wooden hull sailing craft with outriggers and movable masts evolved in various island groups. All were extremely well adapted to the sea and wind conditions of the Pacific.
Many of these traditional craft are small boat construction methods 80 in use today in some of the more remote Pacific islands, and a few old men still possess some of the navigational skills passed down through generations of mariners. Unfortunately, these traditional craft are being abandoned by many of the islanders for a variety of manufactured boats, and the skills of boat construction, sailing, and navigation that evolved over the centuries are being lost.
Any con. The Pacific was explored, settled, fought over, and resettled by the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, British, French, Russians, Americans, and others during the past years. Each introduced their own boats, marine technologies, and traditions. In recent years, foreign commercial fishing interests and international development agencies have come to the Pacific Islands, each organization seeking t o introduce modifications, innovations, and refinements to provide for the fishing craft needs of islanders.
As a result, boats in the Pacific Islands are as varied today in design and construction as any place in the world, a fact which has not been to the benefit of islanders.
Unlike other areas of the world, there has not generally been a modification of the traditional canoe t o the fishing craft frequently used today. Some canoes have been adapted t o accommodate outboard motors but a more general trend has been to abandon the traditional hull and sail and replace them with a great variety of designs, construction materials, and propulsion systems from other areas of the world.
Two canoe hulls were joined together with timbers, small boat construction methods 80 plywood platform was constructed, and an outboard motor was attached to produce a modern version of the "alia" double canoe used by early Polynesians in travelling great distances. This existing craft was utiized in Samoa for nearshore fishing, and was an attractive alternative t o new construction.
In assessing the status of small boats utilized by Pacific islanders for their present-day fishing needs, one gets the impression that there has not been a gradual evolution from their traditional craft but rather that the small boat construction methods 80 have acted in an entirely opportunistic manner in adopting small boat construction methods 80 to meet their needs.
Ideally, small boats and propulsion systems should be specially designed and selected to meet the intended use patterns, the sea conditions of the region, and the economic and social needs of the local people.
In many areas of the world, technical innovations and modifications gradually changed the traditional design and construction of small fishing craft. Those aspects of the prototype boat which were beneficial were incorporated with modern propulsion systems, materials, and fishing gear. For reasons not clearly understood, the Pacific islander has abandoned his traditional craft and substituted modern materials such as plywood, planks, aluminum, ferroconcrete, and fiberglass with a variety of hull designs ranging from modified Japanese sampans t o Oregon dories.
Power supplies for these craft are just as varied; high-technology outboard engines are being widely adopted, probably because of their high performance, compactness, and ease of operation. However, several factors including economic constraints prevent. In addition, the best propulsion systems may be too technologically complex for efficient maintenance in some geographical regions.
In the past, the choice of boats and propulsion systems was often restricted and related to availability from a number of local suppliers. Selection of their stock was probably based upon business considerations rather than on a conscious effort to provide the Pacific fisherman with a means of increasing his productivity while utilizing the most efficient system available.
These programs have been in addition to those of small-scale entrepreneurs the island or village boatbuilders who are probably responsible for building a majority of the boats used in the Pacific Islands today. In fact, many of the present-day island boatbuilders obtained training in such programs.
Noteworthy among boatbuilding courses in the Pacific were those offered from to by the government-subsidized School of Boat Building and Maintenance on Kwato Island in Papua New Guinea. The School was conducted by Mr. Arthur N. Swinfield, an Australian naval architect who later published the twovolume "Boatbuilding Guide" in conjunction with the South Pacific Commission. This publication presents step-by-step instructions for the construction of a ft multipurpose boat.
Ina 2-yr course in boatbuilding, repairs, and engine installation and maintenance began at Auki, Malaita, in the Solomon Islands to train Pacific islanders. The Auki school, under the direction of Mr. Fisher, initially concentrated on the construction of the ft craft designed by Swinfield, but also constructed a ft patrol vessel.
Inan additional course was inaugurated in Nouville, New Caledonia, for French-speaking trainees. This course began with the construction of 8-ft skiffs, but later small boat construction methods 80 in the construction of ft vessels. Both the Auki and Nouville courses have made a substantial contribution in the training of boatbuilders throughout the Pacific Islands.
In Micronesia, the renovation of the old Japanese shipyard at Malakal, Palau, made it possible to build and maintain wooden boats up to feet long. The program of boatbuilding gained momentum under the direction of Mr. Peter Wilson by the acquisition of a master boatbuilder, Mr. Kiyoshi Matsumoto, who had experience in the construction of a variety of small boats.
He was particularly experienced with the Japanese sampan hull, which is relatively easy t o construct of its hard-chine configuration. The same basic design can be used for boats 20 t o ft long, which is an added advantage. In the first 3 years of its operation, the Palau installation constructed more than 75 boats, from 8-ft skiffs t o a ft commercial tuna sampan.
This program also served an important training function. A modest boatbuilding program was pursued in the Cook Islands by Messrs.
Ron Powell and Iopa Marsters.
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