Slim as well as svelte, this creates a boat the the lot sturdier square, is costing we clients. Resulting from a tunnel hull boat plans codes which roof-mounted air conditioner equipment have been unclosed to approach illuminationpaint finish, towering HP from 9. Former Maryland Gov.
Main article: Lifting bag. Main article: Lipid pneumonia. Main article: Liveaboard. Main article: Longshore current. Main article: Low impact diving. Main article: Monofin. Main article: Molecular sieve. Main article: Moonpool. Main article: U. Navy SEALs. Main article: Neoprene.
See also: Buoyancy. Main article: Newtsuit. Main article: Night diving. Main article: Nitrile rubber. Main article: Nitrogen. Main article: Nitrogen narcosis. Main article: Nitrox. Main article: Nystagmus. Main article: O-ring. Main article: Oxygen. Main article: Oxygen analyzer. Main article: Oxygen compatibility. Further information: Fraction of inspired oxygen. Main article: Oxygen toxicity. Main article: Oxygen window in technical diving. Main article: Panic. Main article: Partial pressure.
Further information: Penetration diving. Main article: Perfusion. Main article: Emergency locator beacon. Main article: Personal protective equipment. Main article: Pin Index Safety System. Main article: Pneumothorax. Main article: pony cylinder. Main article: Professional diving. Main article: public safety diving. See also: Barotrauma. Main article: quadrat. Main article: Ratio decompression.
Main article: Rebreather. Main article: Reciprocating compressor. See also: Saturation diving. Main article: Recompression chamber. Main article: Recreational diving. Main article: Recreational Dive Planner. Main article: Respiratory quotient. Main article: Reduced gradient bubble model. Main article: Rip current. Main article: Drilling riser. See also: Scuba gas planning. Main article: Salt water aspiration syndrome. Main article: Saturation diving. Main article: Saturation diving system.
Main article: Schrader valve. Main article: Carabiner. Main article: Scuba set. Main article: Scuba orienteering. Main article: Underwater searches. Main article: Secondary drowning. Main article: Diving suit. Main article: Vapor�liquid separator. Main article: Diving shot. Main article: Silica gel. Main article: Silt out. Main article: single buoy mooring. Main article: Sinkhole. Main article: Sintered. Main article: Skandalopetra diving.
Main article: Snap shackle. Main article: Snoopy loop. Main article: Snorkel swimming. Main article: Snorkeling. Main article: Snuba. Main article: Solo diving. Main article: Choked flow. Main article: Speargun. Main article: Speleogen. Main article: Speleothem. Main article: Standard diving dress. Main article: Static apnea. Main article: Sump cave.
Main article: Breaking wave. Main article: Surface marker buoy. Main article: Waves and shallow water. Main article: Sustained load cracking. Main article: Swell ocean. Main article: Taravana. Main article: Task loading. Main article: Technical diving. Main article: Tension-leg platform.
Main article: Thermocline. Main article: Tinnitus. Main article: Transect. Main article: Trauma shears. Main article: Tremie. Main article: Trimix breathing gas. Main article: Turbidity. Main article: Undertow wave action. Main article: Upwelling. Main article: Valsalva maneuver. Main article: Van der Waals equation. Main article: Vasoconstriction. Main article: Vasodilation. Main article: Vertigo. Main article: Viton.
Main article: Varying Permeability Model. Main article: Wall diving. Main article: Diving weighting system. Main article: Wellhead. Main article: Wet suit. Main article: Breathing performance of regulators. Main article: Wreck diving. Main article: Cable tie.
Scuba regulator maintenance and repair. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed press. ISBN Retrieved 13 February Ships and Oil. Archived from the original on 9 January Retrieved 7 October Suunto Oy. Retrieved 4 May Retrieved 4 February Oxygen Hacker's Companion 4th ed. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed Press. London: Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved 8 June Diving Recommended Practice. Report Archived from the original PDF on 28 October IMCA D International Marine Contractors Association.
Retrieved 25 October Diving Terminology. Retrieved 13 April Alert Diver. Divers Alert Network: 64� EUF Certification International. Archived from the original on 29 October Retrieved 28 September European Diving Technology Committee.
Side Mount Profiles. Archived from the original on 21 January Product catalogue. Gunnebo industries. Retrieved 3 September California Sea Grant College Program. Archived from the original PDF on 25 March Retrieved 23 November Diving regulations Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of Pretoria: Government Printer.
Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards. CryoGas Magazine. Retrieved 9 February Handbook of Compressed Gases 3rd ed. New York City: Chapman and Hall. On the other end of the spectrum, there might be a temptation to enhance or accelerate adaptations to specific environments.
Or to simply make immediate alterations for expediency. This raises the specter of genetic modifications, or surgical ones. One might argue that many space settings would call for the shortening or removal of the legs.
In a constant zero-gee setting such as a permanently orbiting station, legs are unnecessary for locomotion. In fact, they can be a hindrance by banging into things, especially as proprioceptive sense of leg position decays from lack of use.
The resulting reduction in body mass and fluid reservoir would be beneficial in reducing radiation exposure and in combatting headward fluid shift.
On the other extreme, on a planet with a very high gravity, metabolic costs could be diminished by reducing the hydrostatic gradient�that is, by making people significantly shorter. As intriguing and tempting as these concepts might be, society best tread lightly in any such endeavor at the risk of introducing new complications or overlooking crucial interactions. The introduction of new species to an isolated environmental niche is a historical example: Where there is no natural predator the new species overtakes the available resources.
This is one simple form of unintended consequence. Thus, the key in all these situations of long journeys of settlement or colonization is to recognize that we might�just might�be smart enough to mitigate the major known risks for long-duration spaceflight on an individual basis for a relatively short Mars exploration mission three years , but we are unlikely to be smart enough to determine in advance the countermeasures that will be needed on journeys of colonization.
It is almost a certainty that unexpected and unanticipated problems will arise�perhaps a new form of psychological syndrome caused by an unusually strong attachment to an artificial habitat that takes on undue importance in the absence of a familiar Earth and a viable atmosphere, displacing emotions and bonding with other humans. This is pure conjecture of course. More likely, perhaps, would be a novel combination of radiation that interacts with an organism in the soil and revives a dormant species we see viral shedding on the ISS for which the weakened immune system is no match, while at the same time the medical supplies have been depleted in treating more conventional problems.
So, how do we give crews the tools to deal with these larger problems�the unknown unknowns? What would these tools be? Some are tangible and, while not trivial, are at least easy to delineate in principle: 3-D printers, DNA sequencers, medical instrumentation and diagnostic equipment, a vast database of information and the ability to acquire updates not a trivial matter when communication with Earth is challenged by time lag , and information systems that provide the crew useful and important information in a timely manner without saturating them.
But more fundamentally we need to provide the conceptual tools for dealing with the unknown. These are the same as described previously but at a higher level of complexity. This essentially entails a mathematical model that encompasses a deep understanding of the many factors that impact survival and mission success. These are, as noted, not only medical, physiological, and psychological, but also encompass interpersonal interactions, habitat configuration, task planning and design, scheduling, and many others.
Sensors for these key variables can track the most important of these factors, continuously feeding data to the model, which would monitor each individual parameter for problematic deviations but also track interactions between parameters and compare them to what is expected from its stored database.
Adding to this complexity is the fact that this model must adapt as the people adapt to their new setting and understand when significant changes are part of a beneficial adaptation process versus a detrimental maladaptation or dysfunction. Thus, we must provide crews of the future the tools for solving problems and not the answers to the problems per se. We can teach a crew to fish and it may survive for a year, but if we give the crew the tools to make rods and reels and find fish and adapt in order to metabolize other types of fish, then they can survive and thrive for generations.
Many of the issues raised here transcend those of engineering and operations, the typical realm of advanced spaceflight discussions. They become issues that the larger society should address. As a society, are we willing to do what it takes to enable these voyages of colonization and settlement?
The concern is not just the financial cost or the opportunity cost, but the larger cost to society in terms of resource allocation and even more so in terms of perspective. Being audacious enough to give people a fighting chance of surviving and thriving on other planets might mean, as indicated here, that changes in human psychology, and perhaps even physiology, might be needed. New structures of governance and civic cohesion might also be needed.
All these changes might in fact occur on their own as a natural adaptive response to a new environment, whether we like it or not. Yet we retain the right to decide whether to put our fellow humans into that situation. Will we recognize governing structures that are designed to accommodate small populations and environmental stressors on an alien world, and will we be comfortable with them as representative of the civic decisions that have guided our institutions on Earth?
Are we ready for such a change in how we see ourselves? It is one thing for government space agencies, or private companies like Blue Origin and SpaceX, or futurists, to ponder these issues�even to make pronouncements as to preferred policies as we do in this volume. However, if humans are truly to colonize and settle elsewhere in the solar system as a species and not just as a small group of rugged individualists, then society must ponder these issues in an open forum and attempt to reach some consensus.
To not do this will leave the decisions to those organizations�public or private�that first have the means to undertake the journeys.
Consider a microcosm of this larger issue. Spaceflight is a risky endeavor. It often results in the loss of life, and there is a general acceptance of this fact as a society. We have decided to accept that risk. It is important to recognize that this is not just a set of individual choices made by individual astronauts Kahn et al. Astronauts might, for example, be willing to accept a large potential increase in lifetime cancer likelihood in exchange for trips into deep space.
As a society, on the other hand, we might not accept this risk through the decisions made by the space agency as dictated by law and regulation. If people want to risk their lives on spectacular feats such as space travel, do we, as a society, have a right to stop them? Do we have a right, or even an obligation, to withhold resources that might aid in their success?
Does it matter if the people involved are normal citizens like us, and not those specifically trained to recognize and evaluate the risks? What makes an astronaut remarkable and commendable is the willingness to undertake a great risk while fully understanding the nature of the risk; that is part of their job and we respect them not for being reckless but for being aware. These are not moot questions. Society benefits from great feats successfully accomplished.
Society suffers the consequences of a spectacular and fatal failure�especially if it impacts future policies and hinders further progress through risk-aversion. Even beyond this, if the decision to support these endeavors is made as a society, then a great number and variety of societal institutions can marshal themselves to the cause: educational, civic, research, and financial.
In this way, the resilience of the endeavor is enhanced through multiple institutions and societal structures contemplating and developing multiple simultaneous solutions and approaches rather than a more constrained and narrow approach that would be feasible under the auspices of a small group without that broader societal support. Fortunately, we are in a position to take incremental steps in this direction, and they are taking place now. Commercial suborbital space flight will be a reality soon.
Passengers will be able to pay for a suborbital rocket hop that takes them into space above about one hundred kilometers for a few minutes of weightlessness. These trips will, especially at first, entail significant risk, regardless of the great amount of engineering and due diligence now being invested in making them safe.
The decision in the United States, at least for now, appears to be that the less oversight and regulation for this new industry, the better. The concern, once the spacecraft have been tested and the passengers informed as to risk, is the safety of those on the ground who have not elected to be participants.
This is an approach that places great responsibility on the flight operators and their customers, and implicitly asks society to accept the attendant risks. It remains to be seen if this approach holds up in the face of disasters, near-misses, or mishaps that are inevitable in this new venture.
The decisions made at those times will tell us much about whether we are ready to face the greater challenges of planetary colonization. Bell, Sherry, and Langdon Morris, ed. Aerospace Technology Working Group. Francisco Dave, and Elkin Romero. Galveston, TX. Kahn, J. Liverman, et al.
National Academies Press. Manzey, Dietrich. Mindock, Jennifer, Sarah Lumpkins, et al. Parihar, Vipan K, Barrett D. Allen BD, et al. Shelhamer, Mark. White, Frank. Young, LR. The basic requirements for life support are:. The first three requirements are called "consumables", since they are gradually used up by the crew.
Each of those three can be controlled by either an " open " system or a " closed " system. Open systems are ones where a supply of the consumable in question is lugged along as cargo, enough to last the for the planned duration of the mission. It is renewed by "resupply", by obtaining new supply from a resupply spacecraft, a base, or an orbital supply depot.
Things can get ugly if the mission duration becomes unexpectedly prolonged, for instance by a meteor scragging the spacecraft's engine. Closed systems are ones where the supply of the consumable in question are renewed by some kind of closed ecological life support system. Generally this takes the form of some sort of plants, who use sunlight to turn astronaut sewage and exhaled carbon dioxide into food plants and oxygen. Note that requirements for consumables can be drastically reduced if some of the crew is placed into suspended animation.
If you want more data on life support than you know what to do with, try reading this NASA document. Otherwise, read on. Of course this can be reduced a bit with hydroponics and a closed ecological system. This also makes an attractive option out of freezing one's passengers in cryogenic suspended animation.
Eric Rozier has an on-line calculator that will assist with calculating consumables. It is from these settlers that a local variation in the rights and customs of hospitality has become ubiquitous. A traveler by foot or rover can stop at any of the small domes or prefabs dotting the dusty plains, signal at the service hatch, and receive a charge for their powercells, a fresh oxygen tank for an expended one, and a packed handmeal of the local produce � an invaluable service for traveling light, or in a pinch.
According to NASA, each astronaut consumes approximately 0. They breath out 0. For reasons explained below , NASA and other space agencies use two types of atmosphere: space suits use Low Pressure pure oxygen at At that pressure, one person day of oxygen takes up about 0. Stored as liquid oxygen, 0. This requires extra mass for the cryogenic equipment to keep the oxygen liquid, but the volume savings are impressive.
So as far as pure oxygen goes, you take 0. Repeat with the volume figure for the total oxygen volume requirement. Generally the other gas is nitrogen. The technical term is " nitrox ". The shuttle space suits use 4. Setting up the optimal breathable atmosphere is complicated. The amount of oxygen must be kept under strict limits or oxygen toxicity will harm the crew.
The Bono Mars Glider uses a heliox atmosphere, but I cannot figure out why. For example, to avoid nitrogen narcosis, station air supplies are mixtures of oxygen and helium rather than oxygen and nitrogen. This means that regular station residents speak with the squeaky cartoonlike voices that result when human larynxes vibrate in a helium environment. Those who live in such stations say they quickly become accustomed to the phenomenon. Psychological tests prove otherwise. Extended exposure to high-pitched helium voices causes severe subconscious stress, leading to a variety of mental disorders�from general anxiety and mood swings to clinical depression and outbursts of rage.
The reason is simple: Homo sapiens evolved as social animals, and they have a deep-seated need to hear voices that are recognizably human.
These people are not researchers: their job is simply to walk around the station, letting their voices be heard. Wherever these people go, they ease tension and make it possible for others to concentrate on their work.
There are two methods of cracking CO 2 into C and O 2 : low energy and high energy. Low energy requires huge amounts of biomass in plants. Data from Biosphere II indicate roughly seven tons of plant life per person per day, with a need for roughly 4 days for a complete plant aspiration cycle, so call it 25 to 30 tons of plant per crewman.
With an average density of 0. High energy methods take up much less space, but as the name implies requires inconveniently large amounts of energy.
It also results in lots of messy by-products and waste heat. Practically, it is easier to flush the CO 2 instead of cracking it, and instead bringing along an extra supply of water to crack for oxygen. Water is universally useful with a multitude of handy applications, and takes less energy to crack than CO 2. For future Mars missions, it has been suggested that the life support system should utilize the Sabatier Reaction.
This takes in CO 2 and hydrogen, and produces water and methane. The water can split by electrolysis into oxygen and hydrogen, with the oxygen used for breathing and the hydrogen used for another batch of CO 2.
Unfortunately the methane accumulates, and its production eventually uses up all the hydrogen. It is not enough to supply oxygen to breath, you also have to remove the carbon dixoide. Bad things happen if the CO 2 levels rise too high. NASA says that each astronaut exhales 0. In the Apollo program spacecraft, NASA used lithium hydroxide based scrubbers, which fill up and have to be replaced. Oxygen tanks have enough to last for the duration of the mission, and is gradually used up.
Actually it is converted into carbon dioxide and is absorbed into the scrubbers, where it cannot be used any more. You may remember all the excitement during the Apollo 13 disaster, when NASA learned the life-threatening dangers of non-standardization. The crew had to use the Command Modules' scrubber cartridges to replace the ones in the Lunar module.
They had to rig an adaptor out of duct tape and whatever else was on-board. Metal-oxide scrubbers remove the CO 2 as before. But when they get full, instead of being replaced, they can have the CO 2 flushed out by running hot air through it for ten hours. Then they can be reused. In the following specifications, the mass kg , volume m 3 , and electrical power requirements W is for equipment sized to handle a six person crew.
First the stale air is pumped through a 4-Bed Molecular Sieve It initially removes the water from the air and sends it to be added to the life support water supply , then it removes the carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide and some hydrogen from a source to be explained shortly are fed into a Sabatier Reactor 26 kg, 0. The methane is vented into space. The water is fed into an electrolyser to be split into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is sent back to the Sabatier Reactor to take care of the next batch of carbon dioxide. The oxygen is added to the breathing mix and released into the habitat module's atmosphere. The TransHab starts out with a tank of high pressure oxygen The oxygen tank has three days worth of breathing for six crew, enough to give the Sabatier Reactor time to get started.
The nitrogen tank has enough to establish the proper ratio for the breathing mix, and some extra to compensate for any atmosphere leaking into space. Bart and Dan went off to do that, and Jim followed behind them. But from their faces, he could tell that their hopes weren't too high. Obviously, most of the oxygen had been put into the new extension, since there was more room there for the big containers of liquid oxygen. They had been in the shadow, below the main part of the hull, where they could stay liquid; but the heat of the fire had bent and twisted them, and some had even exploded violently.
Gauge will tell you what per cent has been used. It was a lot less than they would have liked. And we don't have chemicals to soak up the carbon dioxide they breathe out for even that long.
In a vague way, Jim still felt responsible for the trouble. He should have checked on his assistant. He'd been beating his head, trying to remember what he'd learned in high school about the behavior of the gas.
His father had always maintained that a man could accomplish almost anything by reducing things down to the basic characteristics, and then finding out what was done in other fields. He realized his mistake before the others swung on him. Thorndyke chuckled grimly. What are the basic characteristics of carbon dioxide? The young man who'd studied chemistry piped up again. Animals breathe it out, and plants breathe it in, releasing the oxygen again.
It freezes directly to a solid, without any real liquid state, and is then known as dry ice. It evaporates. What about the cold side�does it get cold enough to freeze it out?
Dan, any way to get a gastight pan. We could blow it through there slowly enough�trial and error should tell us how slowly. In most space program, they use two different breathing mixes for the atmosphere inside space suits and habitat modules. Space suits use Low Pressure pure oxygen at High pressure breathing mix is pretty close to ordinary Terran air at sea level.
The important thing to note is that for a low pressure breathing mix space suit , the crew will die of anoxia if the atmospheric pressure falls below 5. For a high pressure breathing mix habitat module , anoxia lies below The basic limit is anoxia ocurrs when the Partial Pressure of oxygen drops below 5.
Anoxia will hit the crew when the atmospheric pressure drops to what pressure? Low pressure is attractive; since it uses less mass and the atmosphere will escape more slowly through a meteor hole. Unfortunately the required higher oxygen level make living in such an environment as hazardous as chain-smoking inside a napalm factory. NASA found that out the hard way in the Apollo 1 tragedy.
Since then NASA always uses high pressure, they use low pressure in space suits only because they cannot avoid it. This does raise a new problem. There is a chance that the high-oxygen atmosphere will allow a meteor to ignite a fire inside the suit.
There isn't a lot of research on this, but NASA seems to think that the main hazard is a fire enlarging the diameter of the breach, not an astronaut-shaped ball of flame. There are other problems as well, the impossibility of air-cooling electronic components and the risk of long-term health problems being two.
A more annoying than serious problem with low pressure atmospheres is the fact that they preclude hot beverages and soups. It is impossible to heat water to a temperature higher than the local boiling point. And the lower the pressure, the lower the boiling point.
You may have seen references to this in the directions on certain packaged foods, the "high altitude" directions. The temperature can be increased if one uses a pressure cooker, but safety inspectors might ask if it is worth having a potentially explosive device onboard a spacecraft just so you can have hot coffee. The travelers paused here to open a few food packs and make some coffee in the pressure kettle. One of the minor discomforts of life on the Moon is that really hot drinks are an impossibility�water boils at about seventy degrees centigrade in the oxygen-rich, low-pressure atmosphere universally employed.
After a while, however, one grows used to lukewarm beverages. Decompression sickness also known as DCS, divers' disease, the bends or caisson disease is one of the more hideous dangers of living in space. It occurs when a person has been breathing an atmosphere containing inert gases generally nitrogen or helium and they move into an environment with lower pressure. This is commonly when they put on a soft space suit and open the airlock door.
Or the room suffers an explosive decompression. Note this does NOT happen if the person moves into an area with higher pressure or the same pressure unless the new area has a different ratio of breathing mix. DCS has all sorts of nasty effects, ranging from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death. The large joints can suffer deep pain from mild to excruciating. The brain can have sudden mood or behavior changes, confusion, memory loss, hallucinations, seizures, and unconsciousness.
The legs can become paralyzed. Headache, fatigue, malaise, loss of balance, vertigo, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hearing loss, shortness of breath, and urinary or fecal incontinence: the list just goes on and on. During the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge in , the workers constructing the bridge's pressurized caissons would sometimes be stricken by the horror of DCS.
In a fit of gallows humor, the affliction was nicknamed "the Bends" after the " Grecian Bend ". The Grecian kind was a stooped posture and scandalous dance move from The pressure kind characteristically caused its sufferers to agonizingly arched their backs in a manner vaguely similar to the Grecian kind.
Oh, what cruel jests they practiced in the s. Why does DCS happen? Well, imagine a can of your favorite carbonated soda beverage. Shake it up, and nothing happens. But when you open it, the soda explodes into foam and sprays everywhere. When you open the container of shaken soda, you lower the pressure on the soda fluid. This allows all the dissolved carbon dioxide in the soda to un-dissolve, creating zillions of carbon dioxide bubbles, forming a foam.
Now imagine that the carbon dioxide is nitrogen, the drink is the poor astronaut's blood in their circulatory system, and the foam is the deadly arterial gas embolisms.
That's what causes the bends. This is also why DCS does not happen if you go into a higher pressure area. That makes the foam vanish, not appear. If you open a bottle of soda with a twist-top lid and it starts to foam, you can stop the foaming by screwing the lid back on. And you can make the foam vanish if you had some way of repressurizing the bottle. The bends can be prevented by slow decompression , and by prebreathing.
Or by breathing an atmosphere containing no inert gases. Slow decompression works great for deep-sea divers but NASA does not favor it for space flight. An atmosphere with no inert gases pure oxygen is an insane fire risk. NASA does not allow a pure oxygen atmosphere in spacecraft and space stations, at least not after the Apollo 1 tragedy. On the other hand, NASA will allow it in space suit, in a desperate attempt to lower the suit pressure to the point where the astronaut can move their limbs instead of being trapped into a posture like a star-fish or Saint Andrew's Cross.
So NASA astronauts do a lot of prebreathing when getting ready to do a spacewalk. This flushes nitrogen out of the blood stream and keeps the bends away. NASA uses Terra-normal pressure The astronaut s enter the airlock, and the airlock pressure is reduced to They breath pure oxygen through masks for 60 minutes because the air in the airlock contains nitrogen. They then put on their space suits and do an EMU purge i. The air inside their suits is now also pure oxygen.
The airlock pressure is then brought back up to the normal They then do minutes of in-suit prebreath. Of those minutes, 50 of them are light-exercise minutes and 50 of them are resting minutes. Thus "Slow Motion Hokey Pokey". Now they are ready to open the airlock and step into space with no nasty attack of the bends.
The innovation was the 50 minutes of exercise. Without it, the entire protocol takes twelve hours instead of one hour and fifty minutes. If the habitat module's pressure was 12 psi an astronaut could use an 8 psi space suit with no prebreathing required a pity such suits are currently beyond the state of the art , and for a 4.
In case of emergency, when there is no time for prebreathing, NASA helpfully directs the astronauts to gulp aspirin, so they can work in spite of the agonizing pain. Please note that most of the problem is due to the fact that soft space suits have a lower atmospheric pressure than the habitat module. So DCS can be avoided by using a hard space suit or space pod. All of the atmospheric controls will be on the life support deck.
On a related note, forced ventilation in the spacecraft's lifesystem is not optional. In free fall, the warm exhaled carbon dioxide will not rise away from your face. It will just collect in a cloud around your head until you pass out or suffocate. In Arthur C. In the image above the blue dome shaped flame is an actual candle burning in free fall. And in Clarke's "Feathered Friend", he talks about the wisdom of using an animal sentinel to monitor atmospheric quality.
Specifically by using the tried and true "canary in a coal mine" technique. They're wind chimes. I know most people like to tie little prayer flags and scarves and stuff to the air-vent to make sure it's working, but back home we use wind chimes.
You don't have to be looking at 'em to know they're working. They're not like the chimes they have back on Earth; these only have one note. Most habs around Saturn do it that way � each compartment has a single note. That way, you can tell location of a faulty blower just by the change in the sound. And let me tell you, they are not optional. If you take a set down for anything other than maintenance on the air-vent in question, you can get arrested. Of course they're loud! That's how you know they're working.
But I know what you mean � when I first moved out to Titan, it took me a good month to get used to 'em. I was up all night most nights hearing chimes all over the hab ringing. It was like this constant drone with a few off notes every now and then to make sure you didn't relax. I complained to anybody who'd listen, which was nobody. All I did was get myself a rep as another dumb groundhog fresh off the boat. The chimes didn't just bother me at night, either. They are everywhere. In public spaces they make quiet conversation just about impossible.
And I just about failed my first semester in school from being distracted. Seriously, if I hadn't still been under Immigrant's Probation, I would have had to do a public service sentence. As it was, I did have to take the Habitat Orientation class again � listening to the damned wind chimes the whole time.
But let me tell you � They were absolutely right to bust me. They confiscated my ear buds when I got caught so I didn't have them during a weekend maintenance cycle on the hab.
We were living in a retired Trans-Chronian, the kind they used to have before the River -class came out. The counter-spinning rings were always breaking down or getting fatigued or some damn thing, so we only had gravity maybe five days a week.
My little sisters loved it � I'd play catch with them, with the toddler standing in as the ball. Anyway, the apartment had only pair of rooms, and my parents got one and the girls the other. I slept in a bag in the living room and lived out of a foot locker. One night I woke up from a dead sleep with the uncontrollable feeling that something was wrong.
I couldn't put my finger out what it was, but the effect was disturbing. I figured that I was just having trouble sleeping from the wind chimes when I realized that was what was wrong � I wasn't hearing the chimes. A glance up told me that the chimes in the living room were still going, but I really didn't need it.
The sound of all the chimes in our apartment had gotten so far under my skin over the weeks we'd been living there that I pretty much figured out immediately which chimes had stopped. You guessed it � the girls' room. By the time I got in there they were both awake and holding hands while spinning like they teach you. My parents were in there a couple seconds after me, but only because they had farther to go.
Anyway, it was nothing much as vent problems go. A stuffed rabbit toy had gotten jammed into the fan � so the girls got grounded and had to do extra chores for a week. They whined about it, and kids do, and then we all went back to bed.
It took a me good while to go back to sleep after that. For all I my complaining about those annoying, distracting, aggravating wind chimes, if we didn't have 'em up that night my sisters would have never have woken up.
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All other than flying crew Aircraft or helicopter air carrier-commuter-flying crew Aircraft or helicopter air carrier-scheduled or supplemental-. All other than flying crew Aircraft or helicopter air carrier-scheduled or supplemental-flying crew Aircraft or helicopter flight testing by manufacturer-manufactured under an approved type certificate-flying crew Aircraft or helicopter operation: aerial advertising, flying crew Aircraft or helicopter operation: aerial logging operations flying crew Aircraft or helicopter operation: aerial photography, flying crew Aircraft or helicopter operation: air carrier-commuter: all other employees Aircraft or helicopter operation: parachute jumping conducted by licensed skydiving schools Aircraft or helicopter operation: parachute jumping for public exhibition-flying crew Aircraft or helicopter operation: patrol, photography mapping or survey work: flying crew AK, MO Aircraft or helicopter operation: sky crane operations, flying crew Aircraft or helicopter: patrol, photography-mapping or survey work.
All other employees Aircraft or helicopter: patrol, photography-mapping or survey work-flying crew Aircraft or helicopter: public exhibition involving stunt flying racing or parachute jumping. All employees other than flying crew Aircraft or helicopter: public exhibition involving stunt flying racing or parachute jumping-flying crew Aircraft or helicopter: sales or service agency. Act- Bark peeling in connection with logging- Bark peeling in paper mills-chemical process Bark peeling in paper mills-ground wood process Bark peeling-contractors-for pulpwood- Barking mills Barley milling Barrel assembly Barrel dealers including repairing-wood Barrel manufacturing-wood veneer-incl.
Act -U. Separately rate race car team as Code Race car team-. Act- Ship repair or conversion-all operations Ship repair or conversion-all operations Ship scaling Shipbuilding-iron or steel--State Act MO Shipbuilding-iron or steel--U. Postal Service-all employees Trucking-oil field equipment-all employees Trucking-parcel or package delivery-all employees Trunk manufacturing-metal frames or fittings to be separately rated Tub assembly-cooperage Tube manufacturing-metal-collapsible Tubing manufacturing-iron or steel-for automobile exhaust systems- Tubing manufacturing-non-ferrous-for automobile exhaust systems- Tuck pointing performed by contractor engaged in chimney work assigned to Code Tuck pointing performed by contractor engaged in chimney work assigned to Code Tuck pointing performed by specialist contractor Tugboat building-iron or steel-State Act- Tugboat building-iron or steel-U.
Act- Tugboats-Program I Tugboats-Program II-State Act Tugboats-Program II-USL Act Tunnel vehicular or bridge operations Tunneling-not pneumatic-all operations Tunneling-pneumatic-all operations Tunnel-spray cleaning of interior Turbo supercharger manufacturing or repair Turpentine farm Tweezers manufacturing Twine or cord manufacturing-cotton Twine, cordage or rope manufacturing NOC Twist drills manufacturing-drop or machine forged Twist drills manufacturing-not drop or machine forged Type foundry Typewriter manufacturing Typewriter ribbon or carbon paper manufacturing Typewriter-installation, service or repair U.
Act Weight control services Welding or cutting NOC Welding rod manufacturing Welding supply dealers Welding torch manufacturing Welding-microscopic- Welding-robotic- Welting manufacturing-leather, latex, burlap, paper, twine, etc. List of Workers' Compensation Class Codes. Numerical List Class Codes- Numeric. NCCI Scopes and Workers' Comp Classifications Each classification code is comprised of a group of employers with a similar exposures, or types of hazards.
Classification Codes and Statistical Codes for Workers Compensation and Employers Liability Insurance Scopes Manual The Scopes Manual is the industry standard workers compensation class code book containing numerical classification codes and the classification phraseology for each code used in classifying workers' compensation risks, including state special codes.
Get Started Now Start a quote or pick a state to learn more. Call Us About Your Workers' Comp Class Codes Did you know that the cost of a workers comp policy can vary significantly between insurance company, underwriter, and insurance agency? Ready to Start Your Quote? Have an Agent Contact Me. Secure Fast Easy. Send Your Contact Info. Talk With a Work Comp Specialist.
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Start Quote. Aircraft or helicopter aerial application, seeding, herding or scintillometer surveying-. All employees other than flying crew. Aircraft or helicopter aerial application, seeding, herding or scintillometer surveying-flying crew. Aircraft or helicopter air carrier-scheduled or supplemental-. All other than flying crew. Aircraft or helicopter flight testing by manufacturer-manufactured under an approved type certificate-flying crew. Aircraft or helicopter operation: parachute jumping conducted by licensed skydiving schools.
Aircraft or helicopter operation: parachute jumping for public exhibition-flying crew. Aircraft or helicopter operation: patrol, photography mapping or survey work: flying crew AK, MO. Aircraft or helicopter: patrol, photography-mapping or survey work. All other employees. Aircraft or helicopter: public exhibition involving stunt flying racing or parachute jumping.
Aircraft or helicopter: public exhibition involving stunt flying racing or parachute jumping-flying crew. Aircraft or helicopter: transportation of personnel in conduct of employer's business-flying crew. Aircraft or helicopter: transportation of personnel in conduct of employer's business-ground crew personnel-. Aluminum siding installation all types except those eligible for Codes or Appliance glass manufacturing-used in microwave ovens, display panels and video games.
Athletic team or park : all employees other than players, coaches, managers or umpires. Automobile, bus, truck or trailer body manufacturing: other than die-pressed steel.
Automobile: radio, audio, television or video equipment installation, service or repair. Automotive electrical apparatus repair-no removal from installation in or repair of vehicles. Automotive machine shops-no work on cars-including cylinder reboring, valve grinding, turning down brake drums, etc. Bank and trust company contractors-not employees of banks or trust companies-including contracted services such as guards, patrols, messengers, armored car crews. Banks and trust companies: armored car crews bank employees-not contractors.
Banks and trust companies: employees engaged in care custody or maintenance-including night watch guards, elevator operators and starters. Banks and trust companies: special officers and armed or unarmed attendants, ushers, door attendants, appraisers, field auditors, runners or messengers.
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