William H. Building any ship begins with design. In nineteenth century Maine, once the owner and builder decided on Wooden Ship Building Techniques Designs the basic size and shape of the hull, the designer or master carpenter carved a half model Half model A longitudinal model of half of a vessel's hull. In the 19th century a primary design tool with most American sailing vessel designs starting out as carved half models, from which dimensions for the full-sized hull would be taken. Read more , made from a number of boards or lifts Lifts Boards that are pinned together to form a half model of a vessel.
After the model is carved, these boards can be separated and measured to loft the vessel's hull full-sized for construction. He then measured these and drew the shape of the hull full-size on the loft Loft laying off; laying down A large building for drawing full-sized patterns and laying out wooden pieces for a vessel.
As a verb, to loft is to draw the lines of the vessel on the floor of the mold loft. The keel Keel The chief timber or piece extending along the length of the bottom of a vessel from which rise the frames, stem, and sternposts.
The stem Stem The foremost timber in a vessel, attached vertically to the keel. Read more , on which the rudder Rudder Used to steer a vessel. A flat piece or structure of wood or metal attached upright to the stern of a boat or ship. The rudder may be turned, causing the vessel's head to turn in the same direction. On a large vessel these are pieced together with futtocks. On a small boat, ribs or frames are often one piece and can be made by steaming wood and bending it.
They run perpendicular to the keel. Frames were made of a number of pieces called futtocks Futtocks The four or five individual pieces of wood in a vessel's frame or rib. Bottom futtocks are called floors Floor The lower part of a transverse frame of a ship running each side of the keelson to the bilges.
In general shipbuilding, this part of the frame is an approximately horizontal platform extending to the ship's sides at the point where they begin to turn up towards the vertical. The shipbuilder made patterns from the design on the loft floor, which he used to choose the best-shaped timbers.
Ship's carpenters Ship carpenter ship's carpenter A petty officer, responsible to the chief officer, whose duties include the opening and battening down of hatches and cargo ports, and maintaining wooden masts, spars, and decks. A ship's carpenter can also work in a shipyard, building vessels. Originally a shipbuilding tool. The futtocks were scarfed, bolted, and fastened with treenails Treenail trunnel Commonly pronounced "trunnel" or "trunnels"; wooden spikes or pins, often made of locust wood.
Shipbuilders hoisted the finished frames into place one by one, atop the keel, forming the basic skeleton of the ship. To strengthen the skeleton, a second keel, called a keelson Keelson A second keel, built over the keel, on top of the floor timbers of the frames, to strengthen the vessel's skeleton.
As additional structure was added to the ship, it became ready for planking Planking Lengths of wood fastened to the outside of a vessel's frames forming the outside skin, and attached to the beams to form the deck. Long planks were bent length wise around the hull Not only did they have to be cut correctly to fit the hull, they had to have their edges prepared for caulking Caulk caulking, corking To drive oakum or cotton into the seams of a vessel's deck or sides, to make it watertight.
After the oakum is driven in with a caulking iron or mallet, the seam is "payed" or coated with hot pitch or other compound to prevent the oakum from rotting. When all of the deck beams were in place, ship's carpenters laid the deck planking. Another type of planking is called the ceiling Ceiling The inside planking of a ship.
Despite its name, the ceiling acts as a floor to the cargo hold, and it provides additional longitudinal strength for the hull. Caulking makes the hull watertight. Oakum Oakum A caulking material made of tarred rope fibers. Named as such as the Phillipines were a primary source for this rot-resistant natural fiber rope, the most important maritime rope material before the advent of petroleum-based fibers like nylon and polypropylene. The fibers are usually tarred as a preservative. The caulker drove a few strands into the seam with a caulking iron Caulking iron Used to drive caulking material into the gaps between the vessel's planking.
The mallet made a knocking sound that told the caulker how far the oakum was in the seam. After the seam was fully caulked, it was payed Pay payed verb To pour hot pitch into a deck or side seam after it has been caulked with oakum, in order to prevent the oakum from getting wet. Also, to dress a mast or yard with tar, varnish, or tallow, or to cover the bottom of a vessel with a mixture of sulphur, rosin, and tallow or in modern days, an anti-fouling mixture.
Ship joiners Joiner joinery A carpenter who finishes interior woodwork. Joinery is the interior woodwork. They built and finished the deck houses, the galley Galley joinery The kitchen on board a vessel. Read more was often very elaborate and required highly-skilled joinery work. Painters applied coatings to protect the wood.
After the ship was launched, the crew became painters, for painting never ended. Sometimes a vessel had a figurehead Figurehead A carved wooden statue or figure attached to the bow under the bowsprit of a vessel. The figurehead was mounted on the bow Bow Forward part or head of a vessel. While the hull was being built, spar Spar A round timber or metal pole used for masts, yards, booms, etc. After the Civil War, most spar timber came from the West Coast, which had a large supply of Sitka spruce and Douglas fir.
After squaring and tapering the timber, spar makers shaped the spar into an eight-sided timber and finished it round. Shipbuilders used shear legs Shear legs shears A temporary structure of two or three spars raised at an angle and lashed together at the point of intersection.
Riggers Rigging The term for all ropes, wires, or chains used in ships and smaller vessels to support the masts and yards standing rigging and for hoisting, lowering, or trimming sails to the wind running rigging. Running rigging lines move through blocks and are not wormed, parceled, or served.
They are wormed, parceled, and served for water-proofing. To protect it from rot, rigging was given a waterproof cover, a process called worming Worming Running a small line up a rope, following the lay of the line.
Running rigging Running rigging The part of the rigging that includes the ropes that move the rig: move yards and sails, haul them up and lower them, move masts, and hoist weights.
There are many kinds of blocks. Blocks with ropes run through them form a tackle. Then the rigger set up all of the spars, preparing them to receive sails, attaching iron work and blocks, and running all of the rest of the lines. A ship was constructed on large wooden blocks and posts called shores Shore A prop or beam used for support during vessel construction.
Before launching, ship carpenters built a cradle Cradle In shipbuilding and maintenance, the structure that supports a vessel upright on land and in which a vessel can be moved. Dozens of wedges made up the cradle and were driven just before launching to transfer the weight of the ship from the blocks to the cradle.
A festive launching could attract hundreds of friends, neighbors, and curious spectators. Henry B. Jump to Navigation. Keel and Frames The keel Keel The chief timber or piece extending along the length of the bottom of a vessel from which rise the frames, stem, and sternposts. Planking and Caulking As additional structure was added to the ship, it became ready for planking Planking Lengths of wood fastened to the outside of a vessel's frames forming the outside skin, and attached to the beams to form the deck.
Finishing and Outfitting Ship joiners Joiner joinery A carpenter who finishes interior woodwork. Launching A ship was constructed on large wooden blocks and posts called shores Shore A prop or beam used for support during vessel construction.
Search form Search. Evolution of Vessel Types in Maine. Maine Shipyards. Designing and Building a Wooden Ship. Maine's Down Easters. The Great Coal Schooners. Wooden Boatbuilding. For Educators K-2 Learning Results. K-2 Activities. Resources Children's Books.
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