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How did tribal societies change after being organised into a state? Answer: Changes in the Society. Were the Banjaras important for the economy? Answer: The Banjaras were very important for the economy. They were trader-nomads and controlled trade and commerce. They played an important role in transporting grain to the city markets. They usually bought grain where it was cheaply available and carried it to places where it was dearer. From there, they again reloaded their oxen with anything that could be profitably sold in other places.
In what ways was the history of the Gonds different from that of the Ahoms? Were there any similarities? The history of the Gonds was different from that of the Ahoms in the following ways:. Plot the location of the tribes mentioned in this chapter on a map. For any two, discuss whether their mode of livelihood was suited to the geography and the environment of the area where they lived.
Answer: Several tribes live in different parts of India. See the map given below These tribes settled temporarily at the places which suited them as per their need and livelihood. Whenever they found the environment or their mode of living unfavourable, they migrated to other suitable places.
Find out about present-day government policies towards tribal populations and organise a discussion about these. Answer: Policies about Tribal population. Find out more about present-day nomadic pastoral groups in the sub-continent. Answer: What animals do they keep? Which are the areas frequented by these groups? These nomadic people keep sheep, goats, and camels.
How did the castes of entertainers earn their livelihood? Answer: They earned their livelihood by performing in different towns and villages. Which tribe was very influential in Punjab during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries? Name the tribe which was powerful in the north-west. Answer: Balochis. Name any two tribes which lived in the extreme South Answer: Vetars and Matravers. Who were specialised artisans? Answer: Smiths, carpenters, and masons were specialised artisans.
Who controlled Garh? Answer: A Gond clan usually controlled the Garh. What made the Brahmanas more influential in the Gond Society? This made them influential. Who was Aman Das? Answer: He was the Gond raja of Garha Katanga.
Who was Durgaivaii? She got married to Dalpat, the son of the Gond raja Aman Das. When did the Mughal forces attack Garha Katanga? Answer: The Mughal forces attacked Garha Katangst in What made Garha Katanga a rich state? This made it a rich state. Name the items which the Mughals captured by defeating the Goods. Answer: Precious coins and elephants. Who introduced new methods of rice cultivation? When did the Mughals attack the Ahom kingdom?
Answer: The Mughals attacked the Ahom kingdom in What do present-day historians use to write tribal histories? Mention some special features of tribal societies.
How did the tribal people earn their livelihood? But there were also hunter-gatherers or herders. Most often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived. Some tribes were nomadic moving from one place to another. A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly and divided these amongst household as per its own rules.
Answer: The Banjaras were important trader nomads. They usually moved in caravan known as tanda. A tanda contained as many as 6 or 7 hundred persons. They carried their wives and children along with them. They owned their oxen. They bought grain where it was cheaply available and carried it to places where it was dearer. The Banjaras did not travel more than 6 or 7 miles a day. They preferred cool weather. After unloading their oxen, they freed them to graze.
Answer: Sultan Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets. Under the Mughals the Banjaras carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns.
They transported food grain for the Mughal army during military campaigns. Write a brief note on the administrative system of the Gond kingdom. Each garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan. This was further divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each.
Dalpat, however, died early. After his death, Rani Durgawati, being very capable, began to rule on behalf of her five-year-old son, Bir Narain. She extended her kingdom veiy soon. In , when the Mughal forces under Asaf Khan attacked Garha Katanga, she put up a strong resistance. Finally, she was defeated. But she did not surrender, Instead she preferred to die. Who were the Ahoms? How did they build a large state?
They created a new state by suppressing the older political system of the bhuiyans i. During the 16th century, they annexed the kingdoms of the Chhutiyas in and of Koch- Hajo in They also subjugated many other tribes. In this way, the Ahoms built a large state and for this they used firearms as early as s.
Give a brief account of the tribal people found in different parts of the subcontinent [V. In Punjab, the Khokhar tribe was influential during the 13th and 14th centuries. Later, the Gakkhars became more important. In Multan and Sind, the Langahs and Arghuns dominated extensive regions. The Balochis were another large and powerful tribe in the north-west.
In the western Himalayas, the Gaddi Shepherds lived. The Nagas, Ahoms and many others lived in the distant north-eastern part of the subcontinent. Illustrate how copper metal can give different products on reaction with HN0 3. Sol: On heating with dil HN0 3 , copper gives copper nitrate and nitric oxide. Give the resonating structures of N0 2 and N 2 O 5. Sol: Resonating structures of N0 2 are:. Hint: Can be explained on the basis of sp 3 hybridisation in NH 3 and only s-p bonding , between hydrogen and other elements of the group.
Sol: In all these cases, the central atom is sp 3 hybridized. On moving down from N to Sb, the electronegativity of the central atom goes on decreasing. As a result of this, bond pairs of electrons lie away and away from the central atom. This is because of the force of repulsion between the adjacent bond pairs goes on decreasing and the bond angles keep on decreasing from NH 3 to SbH 3. Thus, bond angles are in the order:.
Sol: Nitrogen does not have vacant d-orbitals on its valence shell. Explain why NH 3 is basic while BiH 3 is only feebly basic. But NH 3 is much more basic than BiH 3. Since the atomic size of N is much smaller than that of Bi, therefore, electron density on N-atom is much higher than that on Bi-atom. Thus, the tendency of N in NH 3 to donate its lone pair of electrons is much more in comparison to tendency of Bi in BiH 3.
Hence, NH 3 is more basic than BiH 3. Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorus as P 4. It prefers to form P � P single bonds and hence it exists as tetrahedral P 4 molecule. Write main differences between the properties of white phosphorus and red phosphorus. Sol: Structure of white and red phosphorus are given below:. Why does nitrogen show catenation properties less than phosphorus?
Foreign Sol: The valence shell electronic configuration of N is 2s 2 2p 3. Thus molecular nitrogen exists as discrete diatomic species and there is no scope of any self linking or catenation involving a number of nitrogen atoms. However, in case of phosphorus, multiple bonding is not feasible due to comparatively large atomic size of the element. Molecular phosphorus exists as tetra-atomic molecule P4 in white phosphorus.
These tetrahedrons are further linked by covalent bonds to form red variety which is in polymeric form. Thus, catenation in nitrogen is less than in phosphorus. Give the disproportionation reaction of H 3 P0 3. Sol: On heating, H 3 P0 4 undergoes self � oxidation-reduction, i. Can PCl 5 act as an oxidising as well as a reducing agent Justify. It can act as oxidizing agent by itself undergoing reduction. Sol: 1 Electronic configuration: O At. Thus, the minimum oxidation state of these elements should be � 2.
O and to some extent S show � 2 oxidation state. Other element being more electropositive than O and S, do not show negative oxidation state. Thus, on the basis of maximum and minimum oxidation states, these elements are justified to be placed in the same group 16 of the periodic table.
Thus, on the basis of hydride formation, these elements are justified to be placed in the same group 16 of the Periodic Table.
Why is dioxygen a gas but sulphur a solid? As a result, oxygen exists as diatomic O 2 molecules. Therefore, O 2 is a gas at room temperature. Due to its bigger size and lower electronegativity, sulphur does not form pn-pn multiple bonds. It prefers to form S � S single bonds. S � S single bond is stronger then O-O single bond. Thus, sulphur has higher tendency for catenation than oxygen.
Due to bigger size, the force of attraction holding the S g molecules together are much stronger which cannot be overcome by collisions of molecules at room temperature. Therefore, sulphur is solid at room temperature. Sol: Let us consider the reaction of oxygen with monopositve metal, we can have two compounds.
Coulombic force of attraction, F A is proportional to product of charges on ions i. Same logic can be applied if metal is dispositive. Which aerosols deplete ozone? Describe the manufacture of H 2 SO 4 by contact process? Then SO 3 made to react with sulphuric acid of suitable normality to obtain a thick oily liquid called oleum. Then oleum is diluted to obtain sulphuric acid of desired concentration. How is SO 2 an air pollutant? Sol: 1 SO 2 dissolves in moisture present in air to form H 2 SO 4 which damages building materials especially marble acid � rain.
It also brings about fading and deterioration of fabrics, leather, paper, etc. If exposed for a long time, i. This is called chlorosis.
It cause throat and eye irritation, resulting into cough, tears and redness in eyes. It also cause breathlessness and effects larynx i. Why are halogens strong oxidising agents? Sol: Members of the halogen family act as strong oxidising agents on account of their electron accepting tendency both in the molecular as well as atomic form.
This is attributed to their high electronegativity, negative electron gain enthalpy values and alsp low bond dissociation enthalpies sinve they contain single covalent bonds X � X in their molecules.
Fluorine is most reactive among the halogens and the reactivity down the group. Explain why fluorine forms only one oxoacid, HOF. It just forms one oxo-acid HOF. Explain why inspite of nearly the same electronegativity, nitrogen forms hydrogen bonding while chlorine does not.
Sol: Both. However, only nitrogen is involved in the hydrogen bonds e. Consequently, N atom is involved in hydrogen bonding and not chlorine. It is 30 times stronger bleaching agent then the Cl 2.
It is used as a bleaching agerit for paper pulp in paper industry and in textile industry. It acts as a germicide for disinfecting water. It is used for purifying drinking water.
Why are halogens coloured? Sol: The halogens are coloured because their molecules absorb light in the visible region. As a result of which their electrons get excited to higher energy levels while the remaining light is transmitted.
The color of halogens is the color of this transmitted light. Write the reactions of F 2 and Cl 2 with water. Write reactions only. What inspired N. Bartlett for carrying out reaction between Xe and PtF 6? Sol: N. This inspired Bartlett to carryout the reaction between Xe and PtF 6. Write balanced equations for the following: i NaCl is heated witlrsulphuric acid in the presence of MnO 2 ii Chlorine gas is passed into a solution of Nal in water.
With which neutral molecule is ClO � isoelectronic? Is this molecule Lewis acid or base? It is iso-electronic with two neutral molecules. Arrange the following in the order of property indicated for each set: � i F 2 , Cl 2 , Br 2 , I 2 � increasing bond dissociation enthalpy. Sol: i Bond dissociation enthalpy decreases as the bond distance increases from F 2 to I 2 due to increase in the size of the atom, on moving from F to I.
This is because F atom is very small and have large electron-electron repulsion among the lone pairs of electrons in F 2 molecule where they are much closer to each other than in case of Cl 2. As we move from N to Bi, size of atom increases. Electron density on central atom decreases and hence the basic strength decreases from NH 3 to BiH 3.
Which one of the following does not exist? This is because the sum of first and second ionization enthalpies of Ne are much higher than those of Xe.
Four out of these 8 electrons are utilized in forming four single bonds with four Cl atoms. Four remaining electrons constitutes the two lone pairs. It is arranged in square planar structure. ICI 4 � has 36 valence electrons. XeF 4 is also square planar. Two of these are utilized in forming two single bonds with two Br atom. Six remaining electrons constitutes three lone pairs. It is arranged in linear structure. IBr 2 � has 22 valence electrons. XeF 2 is also linear.
Out of the remaining four. The remaining 2 electrons constitute one lone pair. In order to minimise the force of repulsion, the structure of Br0 3 � ion must be pyramidal. Why do noble gases have comparatively large atomic size? Sol: The members of the noble gas family have comparatively large atomic size as compared to rest of the members present in the same period.
List the uses of neoirand argon gases. Sol: Uses of Neon Neon is used in discharge tubes and fluorescent bulbs for advertisement display purposes. Uses of Argon Argon is used mainly to provide an inert atmosphere in high temperature metallurgical processes such as arc welding of metals and alloys.
In the laboratory, it is used for handling substance which are air sensitive. It is used in filling incandescent and fluorescent lamps where its presence retards the sublimation of the filament and thus increases the life of the lamp.
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