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With our life processes class 10 solutions, students will know about the different types and forms of nutrition and why our body needs it. There are two modes of getting nutrition into the body. These are autotrophic and heterotrophic. The life processes class 10 pdf that we have created for the students will help them revise and clear their doubts if they have regarding the concepts and the definitions present in this chapter.
Our pdf is curated by teachers who are in the teaching line for more than five years, and they have an excellent knowledge of this subject in particular. As a result, you will get to know all the little details you might miss when reading and learning the chapter all by yourself. This chapter from the science textbook from class 10th introduces students to various from of life process. The life that we see around on this planet earth is mainly based on certain kinds of functions, and the process and all these are covered in this chapter.
These processes are required for the body to stay healthy and perform their daily task without having any issues. These necessary essential activities performed by organisms are termed as life processes. There are several life processes such as nutrition, transportation, metabolism, reproduction that help in living organisms' functioning.
It is essential to know about these processes cause they are necessary for a body to be working correctly. The students who want to pursue a medical science career need to pay extra attention to this chapter.
This chapter brings many concepts into a light that a medical student will be studying in the coming years of their college. In this chapter, you will learn about the difference between plants and animals' life process, which will help students understand their working and how plants are green in color, and how they get to prepare their food all by themselves.
On the other hand, you will get know-how plants can perform photosynthesis from the very basic to advanced. Also, this chapter will show you how a stomata works and exchange gases. Everything that you need to know about plants and organisms will be taught to you in this chapter, so you need to listen carefully when teaching you. Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large globules, which make it difficult for enzymes to act on them.
Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
The walls of the small intestine contain glands, which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Question 2 What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? This is actually not only water, but also a fluid called saliva secreted by the salivary glands. Another aspect of the food we ingest is its complex nature. If it is to be absorbed from the alimentary canal, it has to be broken into smaller molecules.
This is done with the help of biological catalysts called enzymes. The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch, which is a complex molecule to give sugar. The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and moved around the mouth while chewing by the muscular tongue. Question 3 What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
Solution: Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis. It is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside and convert them into stored forms of energy. This material is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water, which is converted into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plant. The carbohydrates, which are not used immediately, are stored in the form of starch, which serves as the internal energy reserve to be used as and when required by the plant. Question 4 What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Solution: The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to provide energy for various life processes. Diverse organisms do this in different ways � some use oxygen to breakdown glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water; some use other pathways that do not involve oxygen.
In all cases, the first step is the breakdown of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm. Further, the pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
This process takes place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the absence of air oxygen , it is called anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria.
This process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of carbon dioxide. The other product is water. Since this process takes place in the presence of air oxygen , it is called aerobic respiration. The release of energy in this aerobic process is a lot greater than in Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Ch 6 Life Processes Science Result the anaerobic process. Question 5 How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases? Solution: Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes, which finally terminate in balloon-like structures, which are called alveoli.
The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels. As we have seen in earlier years, when we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes larger as a result. Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli.
The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.
Question 6 Describe double circulation in human beings. Solution: The double circulatory system of blood flow refers to the separate systems of pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The adult human heart consists of two separated pumps, the right side with the right atrium and ventricle which pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation. The oxygenated blood re-enters the left side of the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium and passes to the left ventricle where it is pumped to the rest of the body.
This part of the circulation is called as systemic circulation. This type of circulation is called double circulation. The advantage of a double circulatory system is that blood can be pumped to the rest of the body at a higher pressure. Question 1. Yeast respires anaerobically using sugar as a substrate. Out of the options given below, choose the correct combination of condition and product?
Answer: c Under an aerobic condition, yeast respires and converts glucose to alcohol and CO 2. Question 2. The table shows the percentage composition of four samples of air. Which sample could have been breathed out by a person after vigorous exercise? Answer: b This is because rapid aerobic respiration occurs � during vigorous exercise in order to obtain more energy.
Question 3. Cramps caused during sudden activities are due to the formation of a lactic acid b acetic acid c excess of water d ethanol Answer: a Lactic acid is formed by the breakdown of pyruvate when oxygen is insufficient in muscles instead of forming C02 and water. Accumulation of excess lactic acid in the muscles causes cramps. Question 4. Which of the following plays nose like function in plants?
Answer: a When a person breathes deeply the external intercostal muscles contract causing the rib cage to swing up and out. Also, the diaphragm contracts and flattens causing the thoracic cavity to increase in volume and decrease in pressure.
Question 6. The diagram given above shows part of the lining of the human trachea. What is the function of X? The constant action of these cilia carry mucus and debris upward into the pharynx where they are swallowed. Question 7. The table given below shows the percentage composition of a gas in inspired and in expired air.
What is the gas? Nutrition Nutrition is the process by which source of energy food is transferred from outside the body of the organism to the inside. Most of the food sources are also carbon-based on Earth and depending on the complexity of these carbon sources different organisms use different kinds of nutritional processes. Autotrophic Nutrition: Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic Nutrition: Heterotrophs depend on other organisms for their nutrition. Respiration It is the process by which organism uses the food material to produce energy. Diverse organisms do this in different ways: Energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise ATP which is used to fuel all other activities in the cell.
Large inter-cellular spaces ensure that all cells are in contact with air. Direction of diffusion depends upon the environmental conditions and the requirements of the plant. For e. CO 2 elimination majorly takes place at night while oxygen release is the major event of the day time.
Haemoglobin in RBC of blood transport O 2 from lungs to various tissues of the body. Life Process The processes which maintain the body functions and are required for the survival of living being are called life processes. Some of the important life processes are nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion etc. Nutrition In Human Beings The alimentary canal is a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
The food is then passed to stomach via oesophagus. The peristaltic movements occur all along the gut which helps in pushing the food forward. In stomach, pepsin helps in protein digestion. It receives pancreas and liver secretions. The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption. Large intestine absorbs water from the unabsorbed food. Oxygenation of blood: Invertebrates such as birds, mammals etc which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature, blood goes through heart twice during each cycle which is known as double circulation.
Transport of Water. Excretion The biological process involved in removal of harmful metabolic wastes from body is called excretion. Many unicellular organisms remove these wastes by simple diffusion from body surface into surrounding water. However, complex multi-cellular organisms use specialised organs to perform this function.
Answer: Processes essential for maintaining life are : i Nutrition ii Respiration iii Transportation iv Excretion Page Number: Question 1 What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition? Answer: Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition i In this mode of nutrition an organism makes or synthesizes its own food.
Page Number: Question 1 What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration? Page Number: Question 1 What are the components of the transport system in human beings? Page Number: Question 1 Describe the structure and functions of nephrons. NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Textbook Chapter End Questions Question 1 The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for i nutrition ii respiration iii excretion iv transportation Answer: iii Excretion Question 2 The xylem in plants are responsible for i transport of water ii transport of food iii transport of amino acids iv transport of oxygen Answer: i Transport of water Question 3 The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires i carbon dioxide and water ii chlorophyll iii sunlight iv all of the above Answer: iv All of the above Question 4 The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in i cytoplasm ii mitochondria iii chloroplast iv nucleus Answer: ii Mitochondria Question 5 How are fats digested in our bodies?
Answer: Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration 1. It takes place in the presence of oxygen. It takes place in the absence of oxygen. Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic respiration. Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic respiration. The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
The end products in anaerobic respiration may be ethanol and carbon dioxide as in yeast plants or lactic acid as in animal muscles. Aerobic respiration produces a considerable amount of energy. Much less energy is produced in anaerobic respiration. Some organisms which use anaerobic respiration are yeast, bacteria etc. Answer: Xylem Phloem 1. Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves and other parts. Phloem conducts prepared food material from leaves to other parts of plant in dissolved form.
In xylem, the transport of material takes place through vessels and tracheids which are dead tissues. In phloem, transport of material takes place through sieve tubes with the help of companion cells, which are living cells. In xylem upward movement of water and dissolved minerals is mainly achieved by transpiration pull.
It is caused due to suction created by evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf. In translocation, material is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP.
This increases the osmotic pressure that moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure Question 13 Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning. Answer: Alveoli Nephron 1. Alveoli are functional unit of lungs.
Nephrons are functional unit of kidney. A mature lung has about 30 crore alveoli. A kidney has about 10 lakh nephrons. Alveoli provide a wide surface for gaseous exchange. The surface area of a nephron is not much more.
The exchange of O 2 and CO 2 takes place through the network of capillaries in alveoli. Samples Oxygen Carbondioxide Water Vapour a 16 0.
Question 5. Which changes occur when a person breathe in deeply? Oxygen is the byproduct. The following events occur during this process: Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. Saprophytes: They break-down the food material outside the body and then absorb it, also termed as extra-cellular digestion. Parasites: Derive nutrition from plants or animals without killing them. What can be taken in and broken down depends on body design and functioning Respiration It is the process by which organism uses the food material to produce energy.
Transportation Transportation in Human Beings Blood consists of fluid medium called plasma in which the cells are suspended. Oxygen is carried by RBC. Heart: Heart is the muscular organ made up of cardiac muscles and is as big as our fist. Ventricles are thick wailed as they have to pump the blood to various organs of the body. In addition, valves are also present in heart and veins to prevent the backflow of the blood.
Left atrium contracts to release blood into the left ventricle which relaxes while collecting it. It then pumped out the blood to whole body via aorta. Right atrium contracts to pump the blood in Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science In Hindi Medium Fun right ventricle. They do not use energy for thermoregulation and body temperature depends on the temperature in the environment. Fishes, on other hand, have only two chambered heart. Blood is pumped to the gills for oxygenation and passes directly to the rest of the body.
At root site, cells actively take up ions from soil which creates concentration gradient. Water then diffuses into the root cells in order to eliminate this gradient.
It provides steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards. However, it is not efficient enough to push water over the heights of tall plants. So, plants use other method which is known as transpiration to push water upwards. The loss of water in the form of vapour from aerial parts of plant is known as transpiration.
It also aids in thermoregulation. Transport of food and other substances Transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation. It utilizes energy ATP in contrast to xylem transport. Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP.
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