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Pirates used the far-reaching accumulation of crusing ships, however but notice it not often ceased.
It is from this vital first stage that he got his name � the Stem-smith. The Stem-smith was probably responsible for making sure that the hull was the correct shape. This would involve cutting planks in ways that seem counter-intuitive to us; seeing the planks out flat can lead you to wonder how they ever could fit together.
However, the stem-smith appears to have been an expert in taking a two-dimensional plank and turning it into a three-dimensional ship. It is only with modern computer modelling and an understanding of how boats move through the water that we are starting to see how sophisticated these shapes could be. For instance, Viking ships did not have deep keels, because there were few if any harbours that could take them. This meant that, when sailing with the wind anywhere other than right behind them, there was a tendency to be blown off course mariners call this leeway.
I am not, of course, claiming that Viking boat builders were imbued with supernatural powers, or knew modern hydrodynamic theory. It was simply the culmination of centuries of experimental boatbuilding, with the boats and possibly boat builders that survived being copied by the next generation. On one of the vessels found being used to block a channel at Skuldelev, in Denmark, it was found that there was a relationship between the length of the keel, the size of the stem post, the number of planks, and the radius of curvature of the plank lines at the stem.
Probably many boats, if not most, were built with a set of ideal proportions in the mind of the boat builder. Timber was used green � in other words, shortly after felling. This is different to more modern practice, where the timber is "seasoned" � left to dry for several years. Green wood is easier to work, and more flexible, which can help with some of the more complex shapes found in Viking boats.
Wood can be kept "green" for several years by keeping it immersed in water � a stem or stern of a Viking style boat was found on the island of Eig in what, Viking Wooden Sailing Boats Quarter a thousand years ago, had been a lake. As it had never been used � there were no indications of rivet holes � it was probably made up when the boat-builder had got a spare piece of suitable timber, and he was waiting for a similar bit for the stern or stem which never arrived.
It is also possible to steam green wood without complex equipment like the steam boxes used today. Simply by heating a plank over a fire, the moisture inside the wood heats up and causes the fibres to loosen. This means that � for a few minutes � it can be twisted into shape with less danger of it splitting and breaking.
It is highly likely that this was done during Viking times � we know the technique was used to make "expanded" log boats, for example. Oak or pine were the preferred woods to construct boats from. The only reason for using one over the other appears to be what was growing locally. Even in the "pine building" regions mostly Northern Norway Oak was still the wood of choice for the keel, so it must have been imported from the South. It's likely that masts and yards were made out of pine, so it may have been a two-way trade.
The big difference between oak and pine is how planks are made from them. For oak, large straight trees of around two centuries old are cut, and then using wedges split multiple times like slices of a pie � it might be possible to get upwards of 60 planks from one tree.
A pine tree will yield only two. One advantage of pine over oak is that, as they age, pine planks will bend depending on whether the bark side of the plank faces the water or the inside of the boat, so they can be used to enhance the curve of the vessel over time.
Most of the British Isles was probably an oak building area, although boat builders probably used the nearest timber to hand. Certainly some boats appear to have been repaired with anything, including bits of other boats! It is, however, the strongest way that you can process wood, because it works with the grain of the wood � it gains strength by following the way that the tree grows. The log is split using an axe to make a cut, running up and down the trunk.
The split is widened and extended by driving wedges into it, until eventually the whole trunk splits in half. At this point, for a pine tree, the splitting stops. Younger pine trees are used, which are only about half the diameter of the an oak.
Oak trees can be split further; each half is split into quarters, each quarter split into eighths, and so on. In fact, from a year-old tree, with skill, about 64 planks can be obtained. They are all slightly triangular, and quite rough, so they are smoothed down a little, like the pine planks. For the frames inside the ships, the Viking shipwrights used another type of timber that is rarely seen today � the grown timber.
A grown timber is simply one that has grown to the right shape. The grain runs in the direction that was needed, making the timber incredibly strong. Viking ship frames are like display cases of grown timbers. For instance, the stem and stern posts would be taken from large, curved branches. Where two parts of the frame are to meet usually a weak spot that needs re-enforcement the Vikings used a single timber, cut from a branching element of a tree.
The tools used for this smoothing would appear to us at first glance quite simple. An axe with a long blade could be used to smooth, as could an adze and a draw knife. Planes were known, and are shown being used for boat building on the Bayeux tapestry. Later on in the process, augers would start holes for rivets and trenails.
Profiled irons would make decorative marks in the planks, or carve channels for caulking. These apparently simple tools were so good that they remained unchanged for centuries � in fact, until the introduction of modern power tools!
To make a Viking ship, you lay down a keel first. The keel is made of Oak, as long and as straight as you can get. Often this shape will change along the length of the keel, changing from a V section at the stem and stern front and back to a U section in the middle.
This is to help shape the final lines of the hull. See our full model line. Traditional design. Modern sensibilities. Gig Harbor Boat Works is the builder of a unique line of custom small boats for rowing and sailing. Our boats are modern reproductions of traditional working boats, used by people who earned their living using only wind and oar.
Learn more. What We Do We build ten different rowing and sailing boat models from 8 to 17 feet in length. Who We Are We are small craft specialists, using our experience as boaters and craftsmen to create boats that combine traditional design with modern materials and conveniences. Our Customers We love helping people find the ideal boat for their purposes, whether it will be a ship-to-shore yacht tender, a small craft capable of its own solo adventures, or anything in between.
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