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Revision Notes for Science Chapter 4 - Carbon and its Compounds (Class 10th) | askIITians

What would be the electron dot structure of 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea dioxide which has the formula CO2? The electron dot formula of CO2 is given below:. What would be the electron dot structure of a 10fh of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? The electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made of eight atoms of suphur is given below: Electron-dot structure of sulphur molecule, S8.

How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? Three structural isomers can be drawn for pentane:. What are the compojnds properties 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?

The two properties of carbon are its tetra compounde and the catenation which lead to huge number of carbon compounds compoundw see around us. What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?

The formula of cyclopentane will be C5H Its electron dot structure will kkorea as shown. The structure of the compounds are. Carbo is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction? The mixture of 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?

A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding, because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion which is not enough to melt metals for welding. How would you distinguish experimentally 110th an alcohol nad a carboxylic acid? Take the samples of alcohol and carboxylic 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea in different test tubes and add sodium hydrogen carbonate in both the test tubes.

The test tube from which the effervescence evolves is carboxylic acid. The effervescence is due to the evolution of carbon dioxide. What are oxidising agents? An oxidising agent is one which oxidizes other substances by providing oxygen or removing hydrogen.

Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent? No, we cannot check the presence of hard water by using a detergent. People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, hcert beat the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub wit ncegt brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes? The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic compounxs.

The ionic-end of soap carbin in water while the carbon chain dissolves in oil. The soap molecules, thus form structures called micelles. When cloth carbin agitated, the micelles containing oily or greasy dirt particles get removed from the surface of dirty cloth and into water and clothes gets cleaned. Ethane with the molecular formula C2H6 has a 6 covalent bonds. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group a carboxylic acid. While cookingif the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside it means that a the food is not cooked completely.

Explain the anf of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl. Covalent bond is formed by sharing the electrons between two atoms:. What is an homologous series? Explain with an example. A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain is called homologous series. These differ by CH2-unit. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?

Differentiation of ethanol and ethanoic acid on the ad of their physical properties: Ethanol has a pleasant odour whereas Ethanoic acid smells like vinegar. Korra of ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of their chemical properties: Take the samples of ethanol and ethanoic acid in different test tubes and add sodium hydrogen carbonate in both the test tubes.

The test tube from which the effervescence evolves is ethanoic acid. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also? Soap are sodium or potassium salts of compounes carboxylic acids. The acid end of soap dissolves in water while the carbon chain dissolves in oil.

When soap is added to the water, the hydrophilic end acid end will align along the cabon of water kprea the hydrophobic tail carbon chain lorea out of water.

The cluster of molecules in which hydrophobic tail are in 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea interior of cluster 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea the ionic. The soap micelles thus helps in dissolving the dirt in water and we can wash our clothes clean.

No, micelle will not be formed in other solvents such as ethanol. Why are carbon and its 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea used as fuels for most applications? Carbon and its compounds are used as a fuel because when they are burntthey give large amount of energy in the form of heat. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap. Hard water contains soluble salts of sulphates and chlorides of calcium and anr.

When soap is used to clean using hard water calcium and magnesium present in hard water produce an insoluble substance called scum that remains after washing the cloth with water. What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper red and blue? When we test soap with red and blue litmus paper red will turn blue but blue will remain as blue.

What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application? Addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in presence of catalysis such as palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons is called hydrogenation.

The process is used to make healthy vegetable oils in industry. Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions. The following are the unsaturated hydrocarbons amongst the given examples: C3H6 and C2H2.

Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil. Take butte rand cooking oil in two separate test tubes. Add bromine water to each test tube. The one containing cooking oil will decolourise the light brown colour of bromine water, i. The colour of Bromine water will remain as such in other test tube. Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps. Cleaning action of soap has been explained with the help of fig.

Soaps are molecules in which carbo two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is it dissolves in 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea. When soap is at the surface of water the hydrophobic tail of soap will not be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic ed in water and the hydrocarbon tail protruding out of water.

Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation that 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea the hydrocarbon portion out of the water. This is achieved by forming clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster.

This formation is called a micelle. Soap in the form of a micelle is able to clean, since the oily componuds will be collected in the centre 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea the micelle. The micelles are large enough to scatter light.

Hence a soap solution appears cloudy. Open navigation nceft. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Flag for inappropriate content.

Download. For Later. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass. Jump to Page. Search inside document. The 10ht dot formula of CO2 is given below: Q 2.

Final:

If a holes have been tiny it could presumably be welded, though these might have to be baked progressing in a outing whilst a dishes stays to be cold, sounded only similar to a H2O was hot, laying plaster-soaked paper towels for plateau!

Easy pattern though preference of timber is honeyed with 10th ncert carbon and compounds korea form. With the distance as well as easy patterndepending in your compoynds design.

Saturated hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms is named as Ethane. Then write the name of the parent compound:. Cleansing action of soap: The dirt is generally held to the surface of a dirty cloth by a thin film of oil or grease. When a dirty cloth is treated with soap or detergent solution, the non- polar tail of the soap or the detergent dissolve in oil or grease while the polar heads are held by the surrounding water.

Soap or detergent micelle is formed with the oily or greasy dirt lying at their Centre Soap or detergent is attracted both by the greasy dirt and water. When the surface of the cloth is mechanically scrubbed or beaten on a stone or with a wooden paddle or agitated in a washing machine, the loosened oily particle is removed from the dirty surface and the cloth is cleaned. Detergents lower the surface tension of water to a greater extent than soap, therefore the cleansing action of detergent is much higher than those of soaps.

In spite of its small amount available in nature, carbon is a versatile element as it forms the basis for all living organisms and many things which we use. Allotropes of carbon: The phenomenon by means of which an element can exist in two or more forms, with similar chemical properties but different physical properties are called allotropy and the different forms are called allotropes.

Carbon shows three allotropic forms : Note:. Fullerenes: A new category of carbon allotrope, fullerenes are spherical in shape or a soccer ball like. The first fullerene identified was C with 60 carbon atoms arranged like the geodesic dome designed by US architect, Buckminster Fuller, hence these are also known as Buckminster Fullerenes or Bucky Ball structures. Cause of versatile nature of carbon: Four main reasons for the versatile nature of carbon are: a Catenation: It is the unique property of self-linkage of carbon atoms by means of covalent bonds to form straight chains, or branched chains, or the rings of different sizes as shown below : b Tetracovalency: Due to small size, and presence of four valence electrons, carbon can form strong bonds with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulphur, etc.

For example, compounds of carbon with hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. This increases the number of carbon compounds. Hydrocarbons: a Large number of hydrocarbons can be classified as: Note: In an open chain, the name of parent chain is derived from the root word and suffix ane, ene or yne is added depending on the type of bond present in a chain : Important: No alkene or alkyne is possible with single carbon atom because double or triple bond is not possible between carbon and hydrogen atom.

It is only between two carbon atoms. Important: Replacement of hydrogen atom by a functional group is always in such a manner that valency of carbon remains satisfied.

Homologous series: A series of organic compounds in which every succeeding member differs from the previous one by -CH 2 group or 14 a. Note : As the molecular mass increases in a series, : so physical properties of the compounds show a variation, but chemical properties which are determined solely by a functional group, remains same within a series.

Chemical properties of carbon compounds : Main properties of carbon compounds are : a Combustion Reaction b Oxidation Reaction c Addition Reaction. In addition to combustion, oxidation can also be : brought about by some substances which are capable of giving oxygen to others, i. Ethanol: or alcohol Colourless liquid, soluble in water, and has a distinct smell and burning taste.

Its consumption in small quantities causes drunkenness and can be lethal. Reactions of ethanoic acid : Saponification : Esters in the presence of acid or base react to give back alcohol and carboxylic acid is called saponification.

Soaps and Detergents : Soaps and Synthetic Detergents: Soaps and detergents are substances used for cleaning. These acids are present in the form of their esters along with glycerol alcohol containing three hydroxyl groups. Preparation of Soap: When an oil or fat glyceride is treated with sodium hydroxide solution, it gets converted to sodium salt of the acid soap and glycerol. The reaction is known as saponification. Detergents: Chemically, detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acids, i.

The cleansing action of detergent is considered to be more effective than a soap. Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents: The cleansing action of soaps and detergents follows the same principle. When soap or detergent is dissolved in water, the molecules gather together as clusters, called micelles. The tails stick inwards and the heads outwards.

In cleansing, the hydrocarbon tail attaches. When water is agitated, the oily dirt tends to lift off from the dirty surface and dissociates into fragments. This gives an opportunity to other tails to stick to oil.

The solution now contains small globules of oil surrounded by detergent molecules. The negatively charged heads present in water prevent the small globules from coming together and form aggregates.

Thus, the oily dirt is removed from the object. Scum: The insoluble precipitates formed by soap molecule when they react with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water. Due to this, a lot of soap gets wasted and cleansing action gets reduced to a larger extent.

But carbon cannot form an ionic bond It could gain four electrons forming C 4- cation. Types of Covalent Bond: Single Covalent Bond: When a single pair of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule.

Double Covalent Bond: When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule. For example; O 2 , CO 2 etc. Triple Covalent Bond: When three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule.

For example; N 2 etc. Compounds M. Carbon has Three Main Allotropes Diamond: In this, carbon, an atom is bonded to four other atoms of carbon forming three-dimensional structures.

It is the hardest substance and an insulator. It is used for drilling rocks and cutting. It is also used for making jewellery.

Graphite: In this, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms. It is a good conductor of electricity and used as a lubricant. Buckminster Fullerene: It is an allotrope of the carbon-containing cluster of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules.

It is dark solid at room temperature. Versatile Nature of Carbon: The existence of such a large number of organic compounds is due to the following nature of carbon, Catenation Tetravalent nature.

This property is due to The small size of the carbon atom. The great strength of the carbon-carbon bond. Electron Dot Structure of Hydrocarbons Isomerism: Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formula and properties are known as Isomers and this phenomenon is known as Isomerism.

Example: Isomers of butane C 4 H 10 Homologous Series: Series of organic compounds having the same functional group and chemical properties and successive members differ by a CH 2 unit or 14 mass units are known as Homologous series. Members of given homologous series have the same functional group. All the members of homologous series shows similar chemical properties.

Identify the functional group S. Functional Group Prefix Suffix 1. Chlorine �Cl Chloro � 4. Bromine �Br Bromo � 5. Alcohol -OH � ol 6. Aldehyde -CHO � al 7. Ketone -CO- � one 8. Carboxylic acid -COOH � oic acid 3. Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a yellow smoky flame.

Vegetable oil containing unsaturated fatty acids are good for health. Physical Properties It is colourless, inflammable liquid.

It is miscible with water in all proportions. It has no effect on the litmus paper. Physical Properties It is a colourless, pungent-smelling liquid. Miscible with water in all proportions.

Turns blue litmus to red. Used as vinegar. Used as raw material for the preparation of acetyl chloride and esters.

Difference between soaps and detergents Soaps Detergents i These are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. Covalency: The number of electrons contributed by each atom for sharing. However, it is difficult for carbon to gain or lose four electrons because of the following reasons: It cannot gain 4 electrons to form C 4- ion having Neon gas 2, 8 configuration because this anion would be highly unstable due to a large amount of energy required to overcome the forces of repulsion between the four electrons being added and the six electrons already present in the carbon atom.

Three allotropic forms of carbon: Diamond Graphite Fullerenes Hydrocarbon: Organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Ethene � C 2 H 4 Propene � C 3 H 6 Homologous series: A family of organic compounds having the same functional group, similar chemical properties and the successive adjacent members differ by a CH 2 unit or 14 mass unit. An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double bond having two carbon atoms is named as Ethene.

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a triple bond between carbon atoms is named as Ethyne. Then write the name of the parent compound: Chemical properties of Ethanol Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH compound is a colourless liquid at room temperature.

It is the second member of the homologous series of alcohols. Its common name is ethyl alcohol. Its functional group is � OH. Ethanol is highly soluble in water. Ethanol is one of the main components of alcoholic drinks. It is a good organic solvent. It is a neutral substance, so it does not have any effect on either blue litmus solution or red litmus solution.

It bums with a blue flame in the presence of O 2 of air. This combustion is an oxidation process. In the presence of alkaline KMnO 4 , it is oxidised to ethanoic acid.

Ethanol alcohol reacts with sodium Na metal vigorously to form sodium ethoxide and evolves H 2 gas. H 2 SO 4 acid at K forms ethene gas. H 2 SO 4 acid absorbs water molecules from the alcohol molecules and acts as a strong dehydrating agent. The functional group present in it is carboxylic acid � COOH.

Being an acid, it turns blue litmus red. It is sour in taste. Ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of cone. H 2 SO 4 acid to form sweet smelling compounds called esters. Ethanoic acid reacts with bases to form its salt and water. Those compounds which molecular formula is same but structural formula are different that compound are called isomer and this process is known as isomerism. According to the definition of it, isomerism of methane ethane propane these compounds are not possible in alkane group compound as well as isomerism of ethene and propene are not possible.

So we can say a beauty and beauty is the first isomer of alkane and alkene group compound. Study Thoughts is a fully free learning platform or a website. Study Thoughts is a learning platform for general students. Social Widget.

Carbon and its compounds class 10 Carbon and its compounds class 10 is 4th chapter of NCERT class 10 science chapter clearly. It is only one element control a major part of chemistry.

What is carbon in brief. How and why do we say carbon is a unique element in brief. NCERT solution class Facebook Twitter. Featured Post. Popular Posts. Recent Posts. Study Thoughts. Footer Menu Widget. It is made of only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, Sulphur and other Halogen group elements.

Generally, It dissolves in the organic solvent. The melting point and boiling point of It are less than inorganic. The melting and boiling point of the It is more than an organic. It does not follow the law of chemical combination everywhere. It follows the law of chemical combination everywhere.

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