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Pauline never met a stranger, never hesitated to voice her opinion, and she could make you mad as quickly as she made you laugh. Her kids and grandkids will miss this the most about her. She had an infectious smile, quick wit, and a huge heart that she shared with her family and everyone around her.
Pauline was met at the heavenly gates by her husband Bob, her parents Charlie and Evelyn, her sister Betty, and a big crew of special family and friends who have gone on before her. Lawrence Vanover, Jr. Lawrence had worked in the log woods, enjoyed hunting, fishing, and playing with the kids. Survivors include his brothers, Darryl R. Daniel Perry officiating. Burial followed in the Higginbotham Cemetery. Anna Ruth Chitwood age 74 of Morrisonville, Illinois passed from this life on Wednesday, January 27, at her home.
In addition to her parents, she is preceded in death by her husband, Max Dewey Chitwood Sr. Surviving family include her sons, Max Dewey Chitwood, Jr. Anna Ruth enjoyed music and dancing, but above all, she enjoyed spending time with her family.
Cody Canada officiating. Anna Ruth was laid to rest in the Silerville Cemetery. Robert was a retired Electronic Technician for the US Army, member of the Marshes Siding Church of God, enjoyed hunting, fishing, outdoors, watching movies, but his greatest joy were his children. Private Funeral services were held.
Burial was in the Barren Fork Cemetery. Estel was saved at an early age and joined the Rock Springs Baptist Church. He started preaching in , and was ordained a Baptist minister on July 14, He married Ruth Branscum Jones on December 31, To this union were born 3 children. The couple made their home in McCreary County. Upon retirement his favorite past time was reading the Bible and studying the Word of God.
He enjoyed visiting and talking with people about the Bible, and while he was able he enjoyed gardening and farming.
He is preceded in death by his parents and one brother, Wilburn Stanley Jones. Estel will be missed and remembered by a host of family and friends. We are comforted knowing that his Faith has ended in sight. Steven Jones and Bro. Stewart Jones officiating. Burial followed in the Rock Springs Cemetery. Lola Worley Jones, age 81 years, 10 months, and 2 days, of the Mountain View community went home to be with the Lord on January 27, at her home surrounded by her family and was placed in the care of the Hickman-Strunk Funeral Home.
Stuart Jones and Bro. Steve Jones officiating. She was born March 25, in Stearns to the late George W. Worley and Frona C. Coffey Worley. Lola enjoyed gardening and sewing. She loved cooking for everybody and especially her grandchildren. Survivors include her husband, Herstle M. Calvin Leon Snyder, 66, of Kansas, Ohio died at 11 p. Friday, Jan. He married Sharon Cole April 20, , in Kentucky and she survives.
Calvin was a Bettsville High School graduate. He retired from Concordance Health Care Solutions. He was a member of Faith United Methodist Church. He was an avid hunter, gardener, bee keeper and he loved spending time with his family.
There will be no visitation or funeral service at this time. Monroe St. To offer condolences to the family, go to: www. The family will receive friends after 6pm Thursday, February 4, at the church. A complete obituary was not available at press time but will be printed in the next issue of The Voice.
Burial followed in the Cooper Cemetery. Survivors include his sister, Phyllis Roy, a special nephew and caregiver, Brandon Roy, four nephews, and four nieces.
He was an Army Veteran and proudly served in the Vietnam War. He loved coon hunting and basketball, but most of all, he loved his family. Main St. Interment took place at Tipton Cemetery in Irvine, Kentucky. Obituary courtesy of Hickman-Strunk Funeral Home. Betty was a homemaker, of the Baptist Faith, enjoyed word search puzzles, crafts, and going to the Renfro Valley Entertainment Center.
Burial followed in the Josh Wilson Cemetery. Besides her parents, she is preceded in death by a sister Fayrene Stephens. Carol was a homemaker and member of the Hayes Creek Church of God. She enjoyed gardening and taking care of her flowers. She loved to cook and go camping and fishing. Jimmy Loudermilk and Bro. Boyd Rowe officiating. He was a self-employed carpenter and machinist. Ronald was a member of Pioneer Baptist Church. He was a prankster who enjoyed fishing, camping, hunting, but his greatest joy was his family.
Albert Clark. Burial followed in the Mt. View Cemetery. Ryder Alexander Hayes, 3 month old infant, was called to Heaven on January 21, Ryder was the most loving and precious little baby. He had a beautiful soul that lit up many lives while here on earth. He is survived by a large host of loving family, including: his parents, great grandparents, Maxine Conatser of Pine Knot, Charles R. Stephens of Pine Knot, Edna P. Brandon Hayes officiating. Burial followed in the Pine Knot Cemetery.
In addition to her parents, she is preceded in death by a special son, Tyler Robertson. Teaching was her passion. She touched the lives of many children during her career and kept each child a special place in her heart. She enjoyed photography, cross stitching, reading, playing bingo, and spending time with those she loved most.
She will be missed by all those who loved and knew her. Burial followed in the Angel Cemetery. He was the father of Randy Sizemore. He is preceded in death by his parents and his wife. In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her husband, Hurstle I. Smith; 2 sisters; and 2 brothers. Rita is survived by her 4 children, Donnie H. Florence Smith, Roger N. Pamela Smith; brother, Larry Taylor; 9 grandchildren, 13 great-grandchildren, and 2 great-great children.
Rita enjoyed sewing, canning, and cooking especially when she was younger. She even won several blue ribbons for her quilts. She was a member of the Farmersville Eastern Star. She was a good Christian mother and above all loved her kids and grandkids.
Donnie Smith officiating. Wallace was born October 13, , in Stearns, Kentucky. He graduated with his medical degree in from the University of Kentucky Medical School. Wallace began his family medicine practice in Pueblo in and served at Parkview Medical Center for the next 48 years before retiring in You could always find him at the YMCA bright and early every morning to get in a work out before making rounds at the hospital. On Thursdays he would walk the grounds of his favorite hotel, The Broadmoor, and then hike at Glen Eyrie Castle or the Garden of the Gods in the afternoon.
Wallace was a mentor to many and will be greatly missed. His love for God, family, friends, patients and community were evident to all that knew him. Spaulding Ave.
Online condolences, www. Joseph on September 8, , celebrating her Profession of Vows on August 24, At the time of her death, she was 90 years of age and in her 72nd year of Religious Life. Sister spent several years teaching at various Catholic schools in all three Connecticut Dioceses before being named principal at St.
Francis Xavier school in Waterbury. While at St. Responding to an inner call to immerse herself in direct ministry with the poor, Sister Nancy moved to Whitley City, Kentucky, in and helped create a new Sisters of St.
Joseph mission, one that continues today at the hands of capable laypeople. Eventually, a healthcare clinic became part of the Good Shepherd endeavor. Over the years, with funds and large groups of summer adult, high school, and college volunteers, Sister Nancy and her crew built more than 38 houses in the County, keeping new owners supplied with whatever was needed to make a house into a real family home.
As of her passing, two more homes are in different construction stages, a testament to the mission she instilled in others to serve the least among them. Christmas at Good Shepherd Chapel was a well-loved event in the parish, with children receiving new clothes and toys provided by local parishioners, other parishes, and volunteers. A dedicated missionary at heart, her love for all returned to her through the good wishes expressed by her students, friends, and parishioners as she left Good Shepherd.
While leaving Whitley City was not her choice, her health began to challenge her boundless energy and she realized it was time to let others take over the mission. She returned to the Provincial House in West Hartford, never relinquishing her need to keep up with her many Kentucky friends.
Her keen mind and quick wit served her well as she engaged in intense card playing with her religious sisters. A contagious laugh belied her presence wherever she was. The Sisters of St. Joseph would like to thank the administration and staff at Monsignor Bojnowski Manor for their kind and compassionate care given to Sister Nancy in her declining years. Cunningham, a niece, Kelly Spangler and her family of Maine, and her nephew, Mark Cunningham and his family.
She is predeceased by her brother, Charles Quinn Sutton, her twin baby sisters, and a nephew, Kevin Sutton. Joseph Cemetery in West Hartford. Mask-wearing and social distancing will be maintained. In lieu of flowers, we ask that you consider a memorial donation to the Sisters of St. He enjoyed fishing and watching TV. His parents precede him in death. Funeral services were held on Tuesday, January 26, , at p. Burial will follow in the Cooper Cemetery. The family will receive friends after am Friday at the funeral home The CDC requests that all guests wear masks and practice social distancing.
She was of the Christian faith, more specifically, Church of God. She enjoyed shopping and cross stitching. Patricia loved her family deeply, as she could commonly be found sitting on the porch with her mother, sister, or just spending time with her grandchildren. Her father precedes her in death. Daniel Woods officiating. Pine Knot Funeral Home assisted the family with arrangements.
He enjoyed being outdoors, especially riding his four-wheeler. Bill loved spending time with his friends and family. He always enjoyed playing the guitar and singing for them. Funeral service was held at graveside on Saturday, January 16, at noon at the Crabtree Family Cemetery. Sandra L. Her parents; and brother, Don Crabtree precede her in death. Danny Fultz officiating. Burial followed in the Sandhill Cemetery. The family received friends after 10am Saturday at the Funeral Home.
In lieu of flowers, family request donations be made in her memory to the funeral home to help with expenses. Darrell K. Leroy McKee age 78 years, 1 month, and 4 days of Stearns, Kentucky, passed from this life on Friday, January 15, at his home. After his service in the US. Leroy also had numerous retinal properties. Leroy also served his duty in many organizations in the county. He is preceded in death by his parents and brothers, Larry and Eddie.
Jack Fletcher and Bro. Daren Kidd officiating. Ron Meadows, age 75 years, 10 months, and 14 days, passed away Thursday, January 14, , at his residence in Stearns, Kentucky and was placed in the care of the Hickman-Strunk Funeral Home. George Allen Coffey officiating. He enjoyed taking rides through the mountains and nature. Ron loved history, genealogy, and visiting old cemeteries. Preceding him in death were his parents, a daughter, Melissa Meadows, and a half-brother, Wendell Meadows.
Mark Sewell and Bro. Burial followed in the Lower Hickory Grove Cemetery. Lois was a member of the Lower Hickory Grove Baptist Church and was very active as long as she was able to be.
She was the personification of the Proverbs 31 woman in everything she did for her family. Lois was a very strong woman and loved caring for her late husband and her children, teaching them about Jesus and her love for Him and His love for them.
She enjoyed quilting in her spare time and gardening. Mark Sewell and his wife, Sherry, of Whitley City, a daughter, Marilyn Casada and her husband, Roger, of Greenwood, brothers, Doyle Bell and his wife, Lavonne, of Eaton, Indiana and Andrew Phipps and his wife, Shirlene, of Muncie, Indiana, six grandchildren, fourteen great grandchildren, and six great great grandchildren.
She was the widow of Hurstle Smith. Burial to follow in the Pine Knot Cemetery. The family will receive friends for visitation on Friday after am until service time at the funeral home.
In addition to his parents he is also preceded in death by his brother; James D. Strunk and sister; Lois Donovan. Per his wishes, cremation was chosen. Upon the early passing of Carroll, Sherri was raised by the man she knew as her father, Phillip Carter.
Sherri was a member of the Flat Rock Baptist Church. She enjoyed attending reenactments at Camp Wildcat, where she also volunteered to work to continue these reenactments. Sherri also enjoyed being home, caring for her flower gardens, floating and swimming in the pool, and cooking.
She especially enjoyed baking desserts. The family will receive friends for visitation on Monday after pm until service time at the funeral home. He is preceded in death by his parents; brother, Christopher Yancey; and sister, Debbie Yancey.
Alan Coffey officiating. Burial followed in the Owens Family Cemetery. The family received friends after 11am Sunday at the Funeral Home. Norman Burke officiating. She was a member of the Mount Pleasant Baptist Church. She was a very talented potter who made and sold beautiful hand thrown pottery through Kentucky Hills Industries.
Irene enjoyed gardening, canning, sewing and homemaking. She loved spending time with her family. Irene will be missed by so many people who loved her. Harold Dean Chinn, age 84 left his earthly home in Speedwell to enter into his heavenly home and woke in the arms of Jesus on January 8th, Harold was employed for 31 years at General Motors and retired in He went on to buy the Pro-Angler Shop, where he still worked and ran at the time of his home going.
Harold worked six days a week and encountered many people both saved and unsaved. Harold has witnessed to many people and prayed with numerous people right there at that cash register, in the place he loved so dearly, The Pro-Angler Shop. When those same children would return to the shop, there was an expectation of that same treat.
You see, Harold was saved on February 23, and he became a new man in Christ. He was a faithful member of Liberty Baptist Church in which he had a great part in building. The family received friends from P.
The funeral service for Harold was on Friday, January 15th at A. Tim Russell, Rev. Kemit Phillips, his son Rev. Tim Chinn, and his son, Darrell Chinn officiating. He was born in Corbin, Kentucky on January 2, His grandmother, Lois Crabtree precedes him in death. Private funeral services will be held. Burial will be in the Lower Hickory Grove Cemetery. In addition to her parents, she is preceded in death by her grandmother, Lois Collins; brother, Jeremy Collins; and sister, Lisa Collins.
Burial was in the Higginbotham Cemetery. Harold was the son of the late Phillip and Lois Davis Douglas. Preceding him in death were his parents and his wife, Brenda Wilson Douglas. There was no formal funeral service, only viewing for the family and friends at the Heritage Funeral Home, Panama City FL on December 22, at 1PM; cremation followed and burial at a later date.
She is survived by her husband, Orvilee Lay, whom she married on August 25, In addition to her parents, she is preceded in death by her son Mark Alan Lay, a sister Louise Malone, and one grandson.
She also had 12 grandchildren and 14 great grandchildren Dorothy was a member of the Davis Hill church of God. She loved working with her hands, sewing, crocheting, quilting, and anything else she could find.
She loved and enjoyed being with her family. Burial followed in the Hayes Creek Cemetery. Ray was a retired welder from Lear-Siegler. He enjoyed making replica native American artifacts, fishing, hunting, flowers, and gardening. He loved tinkering and working on lawn mowers. Preceding him in death were his parents, and daughter, Rhonda Carol Reynolds. Barbara was a homemaker and enjoyed her flower gardening. Her parents; husband, Francis Vanover; and sister, Naydean Vanover precede her in death.
Graveside services were held 11am Thursday, January 7, at the Taylor Cemetery. Martha loved tending her flowers, playing with her animals and spending time with her family. Box , Stearns, KY or call You may view the obituary and send condolences to the family at www. Roger had worked as a coal miner and was of the Church of God faith.
Survivors include his sons, Jerry Watson of Mt. Scotty Corder officiating. Eddie had worked as a car salesman, enjoyed working on mowers, 4-wheeling, and hot rods. Robert Spradlin officiating. Burial followed in the Waters-Davis Cemetery. Willard had very strong faith, loved the Lord, and carried his Bible with him as he travelled around the country.
As a youth, Will enlisted in the Army. He made his living as a trim and finish carpenter and was excellent at his craft. He loved fishing and the ocean. He panned gold in California, worked fiberglass on yachts, and lived life to the fullest. He enjoyed cooking and was a great cook. Will was eager to learn and enjoyed watching the Discovery and History channels. He had a kind heart and could always be counted on to lend a helping hand.
Preceding him in death were his parents and other loved ones. Survivors include the many family and friends who loved him dearly including Eugenia Jones, his caregiver and best friend. The family will receive friends after 11am Sunday at the Funeral Home. The family will receive friends for visitation after pm EST on Saturday at the funeral home.
Interment will follow the services and will be in the Pine Knot Cemetery. Pine Knot Funeral Home is assisting the family with arrangements. Bell and Rosie Lee Moore Bell. Sidney enjoyed playing cards, especially poker. In past time he had worked in construction building log homes. Sidney took much pride in caring for his home, always keeping a clean house and a home cooked meal on the table.
He will be sadly missed. Burial followed in the Chitwood Cemetery in Winfield, Tennessee. In lieu of flowers, the family has asked that donations be made to assist with remaining funeral expense. He was the last of three children born to his parents, a daughter, Betsy Jane Blevins, and son, Warren Harding Blevins, died in infancy. Edsel remained close to his parents and devoted his life to caring for them. The years rolled by and Edsel never married. Edsel was the custodian at Smithtown School for many years and was loved by the students and faculty alike.
He was always quick with an encouraging word, a hug, a joke or a novelty song. A renowned old time banjo picker, Edsel also spent many years with the Big South Fork Scenic Railway in Stearns, Kentucky as an entertainer and goodwill ambassador for the community. Edsel was a devout Christian, and often travelled seven nights per week to play music in church services.
Thanks to the efforts of his many friends, Edsel was given the opportunity to share his talent and banjo style with other area musicians and popular venues in the area. Notably, the Master Musicians Festival in Somerset, where he was honored with a lifetime achievement award for his vast contributions to old time music. Edsel leaves a legacy of music, friendship, service to others and a wonderful example of what it really means to be a Christian.
Funeral services were held Monday, December 21, at pm at the Bethel Cemetery. Wanda was a member of the Upper Marsh Creek Baptist Church and enjoyed going to church and visiting with her church family. She loved birdwatching and was always mindful to keep her bird feeders full.
In her spare time, Wanda enjoyed word search puzzles and listening to bluegrass gospel music. The thing she most enjoyed was spending time with her family. Preceding her in death were her parents and a sister, Lois.
Survivors include her husband, J. Johnny had worked as a carpenter, was a member of the Hilltop Baptist Church, and enjoyed working as a mechanic and on electronics. His mother precedes him in death.
George Coffey officiating. Burial followed in the Sherd Dobbs Cemetery. Shirley was a homemaker, enjoyed painting, cooking, sewing, crocheting, gardening, but most especially her family. Burial followed in the Jones Cemetery. The family will received friends after 12pm Tuesday at the Funeral Home. In addition to his parents, Gregory is preceded in death by his brother, Jason Dobbs. He also enjoyed carpentry work, having worked for Monticello Flooring as well. In his spare time, Gregory enjoyed hunting, fishing, and working on Chevrolet Trucks.
Rufus Hughes and Bro. Delmus Watson officiating. Burial followed in the Corder Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, the family has asked that donations be made to the funeral home to assist with remaining funeral expenses. In the past, he had been an equipment operator for the Gatliff Coal Company and had also worked for the Sunshine Biscuit Company. Bob was a member of the Lincoln-Mercury Club in Detroit, loved fishing, socializing, and attending church.
William Kilby officiating. Roger Anderson and Bro. James Upchurch officiating. Burial was in the McCreary Memorial Gardens. After graduating high school, Buddy served in the US Navy from until He had worked as a dorm supervisor for Pine Knot Job Corps before his retirement. Buddy was of the Baptist faith and enjoyed fishing, yard work and watching TV. Buddy left a lifetime of memories to enjoy and find comfort in.
He was born in to a quickly changing world. His two older brothers entered WWII when he was four and two older sisters left for nurses training at almost the same time. The world was just settling down in when his father suddenly died in a coal mining accident and Ralph, age 14, saw everything change again.
He graduated from high school and moved to Indianapolis where a sister was living and went to work for Chevrolet, retiring after 30 years. Ralph loved the outdoors, exploring the mysteries that were waiting for him.
He loved to fish, hunt, and tell big stories about his adventures. It did not matter if he was in the hills of Kentucky, or out west in New Mexico, there was always a story to tell with that sly grin of his. Ralph enjoyed entertaining his children, grandchildren, nieces and nephews with his animal calls and big bear stories. He never met a stranger and will be missed by all who knew him. He is survived by Carolyn, his wife of 48 years, two daughters Kimberly Brooks and Elizabeth Ann Gulock husband Jim , two sons Gregory wife Kristen and David wife Linda , four grandchildren, four great grandchildren and one great great grandson.
Delmer was married to the late Etta Weaver Lay on April 10, Delmer hauled cars in his early years and then drove a coal truck for many years, while also farming. He was a heavy equipment operator in the Strip Pits till He was a strong man of faith and was highly respected.
Delmer was saved in and was baptized by Rev. Ledford Perry. He attended Hayes Creek Church of God faithfully throughout his life, training up his children in church. Delmer would mention the Lord to nearly everyone he met.
He lived a life of hard work and always willing to pray for anyone. He will be greatly missed, but we rejoice that one day, we will be reunited with him again in paradise. Delmer was laid to rest at the T. In keeping with her wishes she was cremated. She is proceeded in death by her parents, a son, Jackie Murphy Jr. Allen Coffey officiating. Burial was in the Owens Family Cemetery. She met and later married Silas Owens on December 24, and made their home together and raised a family.
Wanda was of the Baptist faith, and enjoyed raising a big garden for as long as she was able. But most of all, she loved caring for and spending time with her family. Wymon Owens Jr. In addition to his parents, he is preceded in death by an infant son, Rodney Perry. Mike was a longtime member of the Marshes Siding Church of God. He was very active within the church, always lending a helping hand and taking a large role in vacation bible school.
At home, he enjoyed fishing, taking walks, and working. Mike loved his family and was the most proud of his children and grandchildren. The fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. Despite the lack of resources, sound economic management has produced steadily improving incomes. Continued economic reforms are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy and mitigate high unemployment.
Future prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the encouragement of tourism, remittances, and the momentum of the government's development program. Cayman Islands With no direct taxation, the islands are a thriving offshore financial center. More than 93, companies were registered in the Cayman Islands as of , including almost banks, insurers, and 10, mutual funds.
A stock exchange was opened in The tourist industry is aimed at the luxury market and caters mainly to visitors from North America.
Total tourist arrivals exceeded 1. The Caymanians enjoy a standard of living comparable to that of Switzerland. The agricultural sector generates more than half of GDP. Timber and diamonds account for most export earnings, followed by cotton. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system, a largely unskilled work force, and a legacy of misdirected macroeconomic policies.
Factional fighting between the government and its opponents remains a drag on economic revitalization. Since the IMF has worked closely with the government to institute reforms that have resulted in some improvement in budget transparency, but other problems remain. The government's additional spending in the run-up to the election in worsened CAR's fiscal situation. Distribution of income is extraordinarily unequal.
Grants from France and the international community can only partially meet humanitarian needs. After a two year lag in donor support, the IMF's first review of CAR's extended credit facility for praised improvements in revenue collection but warned of weak management of spending. Chad Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major foreign direct investment projects in the oil sector that began in However, Chad's investment climate remains challenging due to limited infrastructure, a lack of trained workers, extensive government bureaucracy, and corruption.
The government of Chad is determined to improve agricultural production through modernization and mechanization over the next three years, and hosted a national Rural Development Forum in to promote investment in agriculture. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects.
Remittances are also an important source of income. The Libyan conflict disrupted inflows of remittances to Chad's impoverished western region that relies on income from Chadians living in Libya. Chinese companies are also expanding exploration efforts and have completed a km pipeline and the country's first refinery. The nation's total oil reserves are estimated at 1. Oil production came on stream in late Chad began to export oil in Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings.
Chile Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Exports account for approximately one-third of GDP, with commodities making up some three-quarters of total exports.
Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took effect on 1 January Chile has joined the United States and nine other countries in negotiating the Trans-Pacific-Partnership trade agreement. The Chilean Government has generally followed a countercyclical fiscal policy, accumulating surpluses in sovereign wealth funds during periods of high copper prices and economic growth, and generally allowing deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices and growth.
Chile used these funds to finance fiscal stimulus packages during the economic downturn. China Since the late s China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role - in China became the world's largest exporter. Reforms began with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, creation of a diversified banking system, development of stock markets, rapid growth of the private sector, and opening to foreign trade and investment.
China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors it considers important to "economic security," explicitly looking to foster globally competitive national champions. After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, in July China revalued its currency by 2. The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since Measured on a purchasing power parity PPP basis that adjusts for price differences, China in stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, having surpassed Japan in The dollar values of China's agricultural and industrial output each exceed those of the US; China is second to the US in the value of services it produces.
Still, per capita income is below the world average. The Chinese government faces numerous economic challenges, including: a reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic demand; b sustaining adequate job growth for tens of millions of migrants and new entrants to the work force; c reducing corruption and other economic crimes; and d containing environmental damage and social strife related to the economy's rapid transformation.
Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by more than million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of population control policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world.
Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem.
China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. The Chinese government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on nuclear and alternative energy development.
In , China faced high inflation resulting largely from its credit-fueled stimulus program. An economic slowdown in Europe contributed to China's, and is expected to further drag Chinese growth in Debt overhang from the stimulus program, particularly among local governments, and a property price bubble challenge policy makers currently.
The government's 12th Five-Year Plan, adopted in March , emphasizes continued economic reforms and the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make the economy less dependent on exports in the future. However, China has made only marginal progress toward these rebalancing goals.
Christmas Island The main economic activities on Christmas Island are the mining of low grade phosphate, limited tourism, the provision of government services and more recently the construction and operation of the Immigration Detention Center.
The government sector includes administration, health, education, policing, customs, quarantine and defense. Clipperton Island Although species of fish have been identified in the territorial waters of Clipperton Island, the only economic activity is tuna fishing. Cocos Keeling Islands Coconuts, grown throughout the islands, are the sole cash crop. Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia.
There is a small tourist industry. Colombia Colombia's consistently sound economic policies and aggressive promotion of free trade agreements in recent years have bolstered its ability to face external shocks. All three major ratings agencies have upgraded Colombia's government debt to investment grade. Nevertheless, Colombia depends heavily on oil exports, making it vulnerable to a drop in oil prices.
Economic development is stymied by inadequate infrastructure, weakened further by recent flooding. Moreover, the unemployment rate of Colombia is the third largest Latin American exporter of oil to the United States, and the United States' largest source of imported coal. Inequality, underemployment, and narcotrafficking remain significant challenges, and Colombia's infrastructure requires major improvements to sustain economic expansion.
Comoros One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of three islands that have inadequate transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources.
The low educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Export income is heavily reliant on the three main crops of vanilla, cloves, and ylang-ylang; and Comoros' export earnings are easily disrupted by disasters such as fires.
The country is not self-sufficient in food production; rice, the main staple, accounts for the bulk of imports. The government - which is hampered by internal political disputes - lacks a comprehensive strategy to attract foreign investment and is struggling to upgrade education and technical training, privatize commercial and industrial enterprises, improve health services, diversify exports, promote tourism, and reduce the high population growth rate.
Remittances from , Comorans abroad help supplement GDP. Congo, Republic of the The economy is a mixture of subsistence hunting and agriculture, an industrial sector based largely on oil and support services, and government spending. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government revenues and exports. Natural gas is increasingly being converted to electricity rather than being flared, greatly improving energy prospects.
Economic reform efforts have been undertaken with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the IMF, including recently concluded Article IV consultations. Denis SASSOU-Nguesso, who returned to power when the war ended in October , publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions.
Economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December , which worsened the republic's budget deficit.
The current administration faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty. Contracts with China have increased Congo's publicly held debt.
Cook Islands Like many other South Pacific island nations, the Cook Islands' economic development is hindered by the isolation of the country from foreign markets, the limited size of domestic markets, lack of natural resources, periodic devastation from natural disasters, and inadequate infrastructure. Agriculture, employing more than one-quarter of the working population, provides the economic base with major exports of copra and citrus fruit.
Black pearls are the Cook Islands' leading export. Manufacturing activities are limited to fruit processing, clothing, and handicrafts. Trade deficits are offset by remittances from emigrants and by foreign aid overwhelmingly from New Zealand. In the s and s, the country lived beyond its means, maintaining a bloated public service and accumulating a large foreign debt. Subsequent reforms, including the sale of state assets, the strengthening of economic management, the encouragement of tourism, and a debt restructuring agreement, have rekindled investment and growth.
The economy contracted 1. While the traditional agricultural exports of bananas, coffee, sugar, and beef are still the backbone of commodity export trade, a variety of industrial and specialized agricultural products have broadened export trade in recent years. High value-added goods and services, including microchips, have further bolstered exports. Tourism continues to bring in foreign exchange, as Costa Rica's impressive biodiversity makes it a key destination for ecotourism.
Foreign investors remain attracted by the country's political stability and relatively high education levels, as well as the incentives offered in the free-trade zones; and Costa Rica has attracted one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America.
However, many business impediments remain, such as high levels of bureaucracy, legal uncertainty due to overlapping and at times conflicting responsibilities between agencies, difficulty of enforcing contracts, and weak investor protection.
Immigration from Nicaragua has increasingly become a concern for the government. The estimated ,, Nicaraguans in Costa Rica legally and illegally are an important source of mostly unskilled labor but also place heavy demands on the social welfare system. CAFTA-DR has increased foreign direct investment in key sectors of the economy, including the insurance and telecommunications sectors recently opened to private investors.
Cote d'Ivoire is the world's largest producer and exporter of cocoa beans and a significant producer and exporter of coffee and palm oil. Consequently, the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for these products, and, to a lesser extent, in climatic conditions. Cocoa, oil, and coffee are the country's top export revenue earners, but the country is also producing gold. Since the end of the civil war in , political turmoil has continued to damage the economy, resulting in the loss of foreign investment and slow economic growth.
In late , Cote d'Ivoire's economy began to recover from a severe downturn of the first quarter of the year that was caused by widespread post-election fighting. Cote d'Ivoire's long-term challenges include political instability and degrading infrastructure. Croatia Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the war. The country's output during that time collapsed and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in and has yet to recover. Difficult problems still remain, including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, uneven regional development, and a challenging investment climate. The new government has announced a more flexible approach to privatization, including the sale in the coming years of state-owned businesses that are not of strategic importance.
While macroeconomic stabilization has largely been achieved, structural reforms lag. Croatia will face significant pressure as a result of the global financial crisis, due to reduced exports and capital inflows. Croatia reentered a recession in , and Zagreb cut spending. The government also raised additional revenues through more stringent tax collection and by raising the Value Added Tax in February On 1 July Croatia joined the EU, following a decade long application process.
Croatia will be a member of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism until it meets the criteria for joining the Economic and Monetary Union and adopts the euro as its currency. Croatia's high foreign debt, strained state budget, and over-reliance on tourism revenue could hinder economic progress over the medium-term.
Cuba The government continues to balance the need for loosening its socialist economic system against a desire for firm political control. The government in April held the first Cuban Communist Party Congress in almost 13 years, during which leaders approved a plan for wide-ranging economic changes. The government has expanded opportunities for self-employment and has introduced limited reforms, some initially implemented in the s, to increase enterprise efficiency and alleviate serious shortages of food, consumer goods, services, and housing.
The average Cuban's standard of living remains at a lower level than before the downturn of the s, which was caused by the loss of Soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies. Since late , Venezuela has been providing oil on preferential terms, and it currently supplies over , barrels per day of petroleum products. Cuba has been paying for the oil, in part, with the services of Cuban personnel in Venezuela including some 30, medical professionals.
Cyprus The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by the service sector, which accounts for four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, financial services, and real estate are the most important sectors. Erratic growth rates over the past decade reflect the economy's reliance on tourism, the profitability of which can fluctuate with political instability in the region and economic conditions in Western Europe. Nevertheless, the economy in the area under government control has grown at a rate well above the EU average since An aggressive austerity program in the preceding years, aimed at paving the way for the euro, helped turn a soaring fiscal deficit 6.
This prosperity came under pressure in , as construction and tourism slowed in the face of reduced foreign demand triggered by the ongoing global financial crisis. Although Cyprus lagged behind its EU peers in showing signs of stress from the global crisis, the economy tipped into recession in , contracting by 1.
Serious problems surfaced in the Cypriot financial sector in early as the Greek fiscal crisis and euro zone debt crisis deepened. Cyprus's borrowing costs have risen steadily because of its exposure to Greek debt. Two of Cyprus's biggest banks are among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and have a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries.
Cyprus experienced numerous downgrades of its credit rating in and has been cut off from international money markets.
The Cypriot economy contracted in following the writedown of Greek bonds. A liquidity squeeze is choking the financial sector and the real economy as many global investors are uncertain the Cypriot economy can weather the EU crisis. The budget deficit rose to 7. In response to the country's deteriorating finances and serious risk of contagion from the Greek debt crisis, Nicosia implemented measures to cut the cost of the state payroll, curb tax evasion, and revamp social benefits, and trimmed the deficit to 4.
In July, Nicosia became the fifth euro zone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the "Troika".
Negotiations over the final details of the plan are ongoing. Czech Republic The Czech Republic is a stable and prosperous market economy closely integrated with the EU, especially since the country's EU accession in While the conservative, inward-looking Czech financial system has remained relatively healthy, the small, open, export-driven Czech economy remains sensitive to changes in the economic performance of its main export markets, especially Germany.
When Western Europe and Germany fell into recession in late , demand for Czech goods plunged, leading to double digit drops in industrial production and exports.
As a result, real GDP fell 4. Real GDP, however, slowly recovered with positive quarter-on-quarter growth starting in the second half of and continuing throughout In , however, the economy fell into a recession due to a slump in external demand. Foreign and domestic businesses alike voice concerns about corruption especially in public procurement.
Other long term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy.
Democratic Republic of the Congo The economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - a nation endowed with vast natural resource wealth - is slowly recovering after decades of decline.
Systemic corruption since independence in , combined with country-wide instability and conflict that began in the mids has dramatically reduced national output and government revenue and increased external debt. With the installation of a transitional government in after peace accords, economic conditions slowly began to improve as the transitional government reopened relations with international financial institutions and international donors, and President KABILA began implementing reforms.
Progress has been slow to reach the interior of the country although clear changes are evident in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. An uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy are long-term problems for the mining sector and for the economy as a whole.
Much economic activity still occurs in the informal sector and is not reflected in GDP data. Renewed activity in the mining sector, the source of most export income, has boosted Kinshasa's fiscal position and GDP growth in recent years.
The country marked its tenth consecutive year of positive economic expansion in Denmark This thoroughly modern market economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, state-of-the-art industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income.
Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector. Within the EU, Denmark is among the strongest supporters of trade liberalization. After a long consumption-driven upswing, Denmark's economy began slowing in with the end of a housing boom. Housing prices dropped markedly in and, following a short respite in , has since continued to decline.
The global financial crisis has exacerbated this cyclical slowdown through increased borrowing costs and lower export demand, consumer confidence, and investment. The global financial crisis cut Danish real GDP in Denmark made a modest recovery in with real GDP growth of 1.
An impending decline in the ratio of workers to retirees will be a major long-term issue. Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to , but the budget balance swung into deficit in In spite of the deficits, the new coalition government delivered a modest stimulus to the economy in Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union EMU , so far Denmark has decided not to join, although the Danish krone remains pegged to the euro.
Dhekelia Economic activity is limited to providing services to the military and their families located in Dhekelia. Djibouti Djibouti's economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in the Horn of Africa.
Three-fourths of Djibouti's inhabitants live in the capital city; the remainder are mostly nomadic herders. Scant rainfall limits crop production to small quantities of fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center.
Djibouti has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. While inflation is not a concern, due to the fixed tie of the Djiboutian franc to the US dollar, the artificially high value of the Djiboutian franc adversely affects Djibouti's balance of payments. Djibouti holds foreign reserves amounting to less than six months of import coverage.
Djibouti has experienced relatively minimal impact from the global economic downturn, but its reliance on diesel-generated electricity and imported food leave average consumers vulnerable to global price shocks. Djibouti in began construction of a third port to secure its position as a critical transshipment hub in the Horn of Africa and the principal conduit for Ethiopia's trade. Djibouti also received funding in late for a desalination plant to begin address the severe freshwater shortage affecting Djibouti City, and particularly its poorest residents.
Dominica The Dominican economy has been dependent on agriculture - primarily bananas - in years past, but increasingly has been driven by tourism as the government seeks to promote Dominica as an "ecotourism" destination.
Moreover, Dominica has successfully developed an offshore medical education sector. In order to diversify the island's economy, the government is also attempting to develop an offshore financial sector and plans to sign agreements with the private sector to develop geothermal energy resources. In , the government began a comprehensive restructuring of the economy - including elimination of price controls, privatization of the state banana company, and tax increases - to address an economic and financial crisis and to meet IMF requirements.
In , the economy contracted as a result of the global recession and growth remains anemic. Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic has long been viewed primarily as an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, but in recent years the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy's largest employer, due to growth in telecommunications, tourism, and free trade zones.
The economy is highly dependent upon the US, the destination for more than half of exports. Remittances from the US amount to about one-tenth of GDP, equivalent to almost half of exports and three-quarters of tourism receipts. High unemployment and underemployment remains an important long-term challenge. The growth of the Dominican Republic's economy rebounded from the global recession in and remains one of the fastest growing in the region although its fiscal situation is weak; the fiscal deficit climbed from 2.
A tax reform package passed in November aims to narrow this deficit. East Timor Since its independence, Timor-Leste has faced great challenges in rebuilding its infrastructure, strengthening the civil administration, and generating jobs for young people entering the work force. The development of oil and gas resources in offshore waters has greatly supplemented government revenues.
This technology-intensive industry, however, has done little to create jobs for the unemployed in part because there are no production facilities in Timor-Leste.
Gas is piped to Australia. In June , the National Parliament unanimously approved the creation of a Petroleum Fund to serve as a repository for all petroleum revenues and to preserve the value of Timor-Leste's petroleum wealth for future generations.
The economy continues to recover from the mid outbreak of violence and civil unrest, which disrupted both private and public sector economic activity. Government spending increased markedly from through , primarily on basic infrastructure, including electricity and roads. Limited experience in procurement and infrastructure building has hampered these projects.
The underlying economic policy challenge the country faces remains how best to use oil-and-gas wealth to lift the non-oil economy onto a higher growth path and to reduce poverty. Ecuador Ecuador is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of the country's export earnings and approximately two-fifths of public sector revenues in recent years.
In March , the Congress approved a series of structural reforms that also provided for the adoption of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the economy, and positive growth returned in the years that followed, helped by high oil prices, remittances, and increased non-traditional exports. From the economy grew an average of 4. After moderate growth in , the economy reached a growth rate of 6. Economic policies under the CORREA administration - for example, an announcement in late of its intention to terminate 13 bilateral investment treaties, including one with the United States - have generated economic uncertainty and discouraged private investment.
Growth picked up to a 3. Egypt Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. Cairo from to aggressively pursued economic reforms to attract foreign investment and facilitate GDP growth. Despite the relatively high levels of economic growth in recent years, living conditions for the average Egyptian remained poor and contributed to public discontent.
After unrest erupted in January , the Egyptian Government backtracked on economic reforms, drastically increasing social spending to address public dissatisfaction, but political uncertainty at the same time caused economic growth to slow significantly, reducing the government's revenues. Tourism, manufacturing, and construction were among the hardest hit sectors of the Egyptian economy, and economic growth is likely to remain slow during the next several years. El Salvador The smallest country in Central America geographically, El Salvador has the third largest economy in the region.
With the global recession in , real GDP contracted by 3. The economy slowed even further during El Salvador has promoted an open trade and investment environment and has completed a wave of privatizations extending to telecom, electricity distribution, banking, and pension funds. The Salvadoran Government maintained fiscal discipline during post-war reconstruction and reconstruction following earthquakes in and hurricanes in and , but El Salvador's external debt has been mounting over the last several years.
The VAT accounted for about El Salvador's external debt amounts to about one-fourth of GDP. Equatorial Guinea The discovery and exploitation of large oil and gas reserves have contributed to dramatic economic growth, but fluctuating oil prices have produced huge swings in GDP growth in recent years. The economy is still dominated by hydrocarbon production. The government has solicited foreign investment, particularly from the United States, to diversify the economy.
Undeveloped natural resources include gold, zinc, diamonds, columbite-tantalite, and other base metals. Forestry and farming are also minor components of GDP. Subsistence farming is the dominant form of livelihood. Although pre-independence Equatorial Guinea counted on cocoa production for hard currency earnings, the neglect of the rural economy under successive regimes has diminished potential for agriculture-led growth.
The government has stated its intention to reinvest some oil revenue into agriculture. A number of aid programs sponsored by the World Bank and the IMF have been cut off since because of corruption and mismanagement. The government has been widely criticized for its lack of transparency and misuse of oil revenues.
The government has made efforts to address this issue working towards compliance with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative in The economy recovered from the global recession in stimulated by higher oil prices and large investments in public infrastructure and hotels. Eritrea Since independence from Ethiopia in , Eritrea has faced the economic problems of a small, poor country, facing chronic drought. These have been exacerbated by restrictive economic policies.
That sector only produces a small share of the country's total output. Since the conclusion of the Ethiopian-Eritrea war in , the government has expanded use of military and party-owned businesses to complete President ISAIAS's development agenda.
The government strictly controls the use of foreign currency by limiting access and availability. Few large private enterprises exist in Eritrea and most operate in conjunction with government partners, although recently a number of large international mining ventures have opened. Eritrea's national income also relies in part on taxes paid by members of the Diaspora. Numpy outer custom function. Vr cable twisting. Reality shifting methods no sleep.
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