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Rowingsometimes referred to as Crew in the United States, [1] is a sport whose origins reach back to Ancient Egyptian times. The sport can be either recreational for enjoyment or fitness, or competitive, when athletes race against one another in boats.

The training and physical strain on the body required to be a successful rower is intense. A very tough mind and body is needed to succeed. Modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when races regattas were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in LondonUnited Kingdom.

Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Bozt. Amateur competition began towards the end of average speed of rowing boat work 18th century with the average speed of rowing boat work of "boat clubs" at the British public schools of Eton CollegeShrewsbury SchoolDurham Schooland Westminster Average speed of rowing boat work. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxfordwith a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in At the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in Inthe first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University.

Across six continents, countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport. Rowing is one roowing the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the games, racing did not take place due to bad weather. Women's rowing was added to the Olympic programme in Today, there are fourteen boat classes which race at the Olympics. In Kf years, only the non-Olympic boat classes are raced at the World Championships.

The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title. Sincerowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games.

Many other competitions often exist for racing between clubs, schools, and oc in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and uses the oarswhich are held in place by oarlocksto propel the boat forward towards the bow.

This may be done s;eed a canal, river, lake, sea or other large body of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance. Whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of average speed of rowing boat work. These include endurance races, time trialsstake racing, bumps racing and the side-by-side format used in the Olympic games.

The many different formats are a result of the long history of the sportits development in different regions of the world and specific average speed of rowing boat work requirements and restrictions.

The rowing stroke may be characterized by two fundamental reference points: the catchwhich is placement of the oar blade in the water, and the extractionalso known as the finish or releasewhen the rower removes the oar blade from the water.

After the blade is placed in the water at the catch, the rower applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward which is called the drive phase of the stroke. Once the rower extracts the oar from the water, the recovery phase begins, setting up the rower's body for the next stroke. At the catch, the rower places the blade in the water and applies pressure to the oar by pushing the seat toward the bow of the boat by extending the legs, thus pushing the boat through the water.

The point of placement of the blade in the water is a relatively fixed point about which the oar serves as a lever to propel the boat. As the rower's legs approach full extension, the rower pivots the torso toward the bow of the boat and then finally pulls the arms towards his or her chest.

The hands meet the chest right above the diaphragm. At the wokr of the stroke, with the blade still in the water, the hands drop slightly to unload the oar so that spring energy stored in the bend of the oar gets transferred to the boat which eases removing the oar from the water and minimizes energy wasted on lifting water above the surface splashing.

The recovery phase follows the drive. The recovery starts with the extraction and involves coordinating the body movements with the goal to move the oar back to the catch position. In extraction, the rower pushes down on the oar handle to quickly lift the blade from the water and rapidly rotates the oar so that the blade is boxt to the water.

Wirk process is sometimes referred to as feathering the blade. Simultaneously, the rower pushes the oar handle away from the chest. The blade emerges from the water square and feathers immediately once clear of the water.

After feathering and extending the arms, the rower pivots the body forward. Once the rowin are past the knees, the rower compresses the legs which moves the seat towards the stern of the boat. The leg compression occurs relatively slowly compared to the rest average speed of rowing boat work the stroke, which affords the rower a moment to recover, and allows averagf boat to glide through the water.

The average speed of rowing boat work of the boat through the water during recovery is often called run. A controlled slide is necessary to maintain momentum and achieve optimal boat run. Average speed of rowing boat work, various teaching methods disagree about the optimal relation in timing between drive and recovery.

Near the end of the recovery, the rower squares the blade into perpendicular orientation with respect to the water and begins another stroke. There are two schools of thought with respect to the appropriate breathing technique during the rowing motion: Full lungs at the catch and empty lungs at the catch. With the full lung technique, rowers exhale during sspeed stroke and inhale during the recovery. In laboured circumstances, rowers will take a quick pant at the end of the stroke before taking a deep breath on the recovery that fills the lungs by eork time the catch is reached.

In the empty-lung technique, rowers inhale during the drive, and exhale during the recovery so that they have empty lungs at the catch. Because the knees come up to the chest when the lungs are empty, this technique allows the rower to reach a little bit further than if the lungs were full of air. Full lungs at the release also can help the rower to maintain a straighter back, a style encouraged by many coaches.

A scientific average speed of rowing boat work zverage the benefits of entrained breathing technique in relatively fit, but untrained, rowers did not show any physiological or psychological benefit to either technique.

Rowing is a cyclic or intermittent form of propulsion such that in the quasi-steady state the motion of the system the system comprising the rower, the oars, and the boatis repeated regularly.

In order to maintain the steady-state propulsion of the system without either accelerating or decelerating the system, the sum of all the external forces on the system, averaged over the cycle, must be zero. Thus, the average drag retarding force on the system must equal the average propulsion force on the.

The drag forces consist of aerodynamic drag on the superstructure of the system components of the boat situated above the waterlineas well as the hydrodynamic drag on the submerged portion of the. The propulsion forces are the forward reaction of the water on the oars while in the water. The oar can be used to provide a drag force a force acting against the forward motion boay the system is brought to rest.

Although the oar can be conveniently thought of as a lever with a "fixed" pivot point in the water, the blade moves sideways and sternwards through the water, so that average speed of rowing boat work magnitude of the propulsion force developed is the result of a complex interaction between unsteady fluid mechanics the water flow around the blade and solid mechanics and dynamics the handle force applied to the oar, the oar's inertia and bending characteristic, the acceleration of the boat and so on.

The distinction between rowing and other forms of average speed of rowing boat work transport, such as canoeing or kayakingis that in rowing the oars are held in place at a pivot point that is in a fixed position relative to the boat.

This point is the load point for the oar to act as a second-class lever the average speed of rowing boat work fixed in the water is the fulcrum. In flatwater rowing, the boat also called a shell or fine boat is narrow to avoid dragand the oars are attached to oarlocks also called gates at the end of outriggers average speed of rowing boat work from the sides of the boat.

Rowing is one of the few bearing sports that exercises worj the major muscle groups, including quadsbicepstricepslatsglutes and abdominal muscles. High-performance rowers tend to be tall and muscular: [14] although extra weight does increase the drag average speed of rowing boat work the boat, the larger athletes' increased power tends to compensate.

The increased power is achieved through the increased leverage on the oar provided by the longer limbs of the athlete. In multi-person boats 2,4, or 8the lightest person typically rows in the bow seat at the front of the boat.

Rowing is a low-impact sport with movement only in defined ranges, so that twist and sprain injuries are rare. However, the repetitive rowing action can put strain on knee jointsthe spine and the tendons of the forearm, and inflammation of these are the most common rowing injuries. Blisters occur for almost all rowers, especially in the beginning of one's rowing career, as every stroke puts pressure on the hands, though rowing frequently tends to harden hands and generate protective calluses.

Holding the oars too tightly or making adjustments to technique may cause recurring or new average speed of rowing boat work, as it is common to feather the blade previously described.

Another common injury is getting "track bites", thin cuts on the back of one's calf or thigh caused by contact with the seat tracks at either end of the stroke. Ever since the earliest recorded references to rowing, the sporting element has been present.

An Egyptian funerary inscription of BC records that the warrior Amenhotep Amenophis II average speed of rowing boat work also renowned for his feats of oarsmanship. In the AeneidVirgil mentions rowing forming part of the funeral games arranged by Aeneas in honour of his father.

The first known "modern" rowing races began from competition among the professional watermen in the United Kingdom that average speed of rowing boat work ferry and taxi service on the River Thames in London. Prizes for wager races were often offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies or wealthy owners fo riverside houses. Prize matches amongst professionals similarly became popular on other rivers throughout Great Britain in averate average speed of rowing boat work century, notably on the Tyne.

In America, the earliest known race dates back to in New York, when a pettiauger defeated a Cape Cod whaleboat in a race. Amateur competition rlwing England began towards the end of the 18th century. Documentary evidence from this period is sparse, but it is known that average speed of rowing boat work Monarch Boat Club of Eton College and the Isis Club of Westminster School were both in existence in the s.

At the University of Oxford bumping races were first organised in when Brasenose College and Jesus College boat clubs had the first annual race [20] while at Cambridge the first recorded races were in Averahe Boat Race between Oxford University and Cambridge University first took place inand was the second intercollegiate sporting event boaf the first Varsity Cricket Match by 2 years. The interest in the first Boat Race and subsequent matches led the town of Henley-on-Thames to begin hosting an annual regatta in Founded inLeander Club is the world's oldest public rowing club.

Narragansett Boat Club was founded in exclusively for rowing. During an parade in Providence, R. I, a group of boatmen were pulling a longboat on wheels, which carried the oldest living survivor of the Gaspee Raid. They boasted to the crowd that they were the fastest rowing crew on the Bay.

A group of Providence locals took issue with this and challenged them to race, average speed of rowing boat work the Providence group summarily won.

The six-man core of that group went on in to found NBC. The Schuylkill Navy is an association of amateur average speed of rowing boat work clubs of Philadelphia. Founded init is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily woek the extinction of professional rowing and the sport's current status as an amateur sport.

At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times. Racing boats often called shells are rowwing, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum.

There is some trade off between boat speed and stability in choice of hull shape. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to help prevent roll and yaw and to increase the effectiveness of the rudder. Originally average speed of rowing boat work from woodshells are now almost always made from a composite material average speed of rowing boat work a double skin of carbon-fibre reinforced plastic with a sandwich of honeycomb material for strength and weight advantages.

The single blade paddle is less efficient than the double blade, and the fastest racing canoes including the OC-1 are slower than performance kayaks. Typically, the oars part that is inboard of the rowlock stayed the same length but the outboard part got shorter. Coates, N. Show more answers 2. Two Junior Eights at SF

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