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Wind shown in red. Beating to windward with tacking points shown from starboard to port tack at points 1. Tacking or coming about is a maneuver by which a sailing craft turns its bow into and through the wind called the "eye of the wind" so that the apparent wind changes from one side to the other, allowing progress on the opposite tack. Fore-and-aft rigs allow their sails to hang limp as they tack; square rigs must present the full frontal area of the sail to the wind, when changing from side to side; and windsurfers have flexibly pivoting and fully rotating masts that get flipped from side to side.

A sailing craft can travel directly downwind only at a speed that is less than the wind speed. However, a variety of sailing craft can achieve a higher downwind velocity made good by traveling on a series of broad reaches, punctuated by jibes in between. This is true of iceboats and sand yachts. On the water it was explored by sailing vessels, starting in , and now extends to high-performance skiffs, catamarans and foiling sailboats. Navigating a channel or a downwind course among obstructions may necessitate changes in direction that require a change of tack, accomplished with a jibe.

Jibing or gybing is a sailing maneuver by which a sailing craft turns its stern past the eye of Small Traditional Sailing Boats Meaning the wind so that the apparent wind changes from one side to the other, allowing progress on the opposite tack. This maneuver can be done on smaller boats by pulling the tiller towards yourself the opposite side of the sail.

Fore-and-aft sails with booms, gaffs, or sprits are unstable when the free endpoints into the eye of the wind and must be controlled to avoid a violent change to the other side; square rigs as they present the full area of the sail to the wind from the rear experience little change of operation from one tack to the other; and windsurfers again have flexibly pivoting and fully rotating masts that get flipped from side to side.

The most basic control of the sail consists of setting its angle relative to the wind. The control line that accomplishes this is called a "sheet.

Finer controls adjust the overall shape of the sail. Two or more sails are frequently combined to maximize the smooth flow of air. The sails are adjusted to create a smooth laminar flow over the sail surfaces. This is called the "slot effect". The combined sails fit into an imaginary aerofoil outline, so that the most forward sails are more in line with the wind, whereas the more aft sails are more in line with the course followed.

The combined efficiency of this sail plan is greater than the sum of each sail used in isolation. An important safety aspect of sailing is to adjust the amount of sail to suit the wind conditions.

As the wind speed increases the crew should progressively reduce the amount of sail. On a small boat with only jib and mainsail this is done by furling the jib and by partially lowering the mainsail, a process called 'reefing the main'. Reefing means reducing the area of a sail without actually changing it for a smaller sail.

Ideally, reefing does not only result in a reduced sail area but also in a lower centre of effort from the sails, reducing the heeling moment and keeping the boat more upright. Mainsail furling systems have become increasingly popular on cruising yachts, as they can be operated shorthanded and from the cockpit, in most cases. However, the sail can become jammed in the mast or boom slot if not operated correctly.

Mainsail furling is almost never used while racing because it results in a less efficient sail profile. The classical slab-reefing method is the most widely used. Mainsail furling has an additional disadvantage in that its complicated gear may somewhat increase weight aloft. However, as the size of the boat increases, the benefits of mainsail roller furling increase dramatically. An old saying goes, "Once you've realized it's time to reef, it's too late".

A similar one says, "The time to reef is when you first think about it". Hull trim is the adjustment of a boat's loading so as to change its fore-and-aft attitude in the water. In small boats, it is done by positioning the crew. In larger boats, the weight of a person has less effect on the hull trim, but it can be adjusted by shifting gear, fuel, water, or supplies.

Different hull trim efforts are required for different kinds of boats and different conditions. Here are just a few examples: In a lightweight racing dinghy like a Thistle , the hull should be kept level, on its designed water line for best performance in all conditions.

In many small boats, weight too far aft can cause drag by submerging Hunter 707 Sailing Boat English the transom , especially in light to moderate winds. Weight too far forward can cause the bow to dig into the waves. In heavy winds, a boat with its bow too low may capsize by pitching forward over its bow pitch-pole or dive under the waves submarine.

On a run in heavy winds, the forces on the sails tend to drive a boat's bow down, so the crew weight is moved far aft. When a ship or boat leans over to one side, from the action of waves or from the centrifugal force of a turn or under wind pressure or from the number of exposed topsides, it is said to 'heel'.

A sailing boat that is over-canvassed , and therefore heeling excessively, may sail less efficiently. This is caused by factors such as wind gusts, crew ability, the point of sail, or hull size and design. When a vessel is subject to a heeling force such as wind pressure , vessel buoyancy and beam of the hull will counteract the heeling force. A weighted keel provides additional means to right the boat.

In some high-performance racing yachts, water ballast or the angle of a canting keel can be changed to provide additional righting force to counteract heeling.

The crew may move their personal weight to the high upwind side of the boat, this is called hiking , which also changes the centre of gravity and produces a righting lever to reduce the degree of heeling. Incidental benefits include faster vessel speed caused by more efficient action of the hull and sails.

Other options to reduce heeling include reducing exposed sail area and efficiency of the sail setting and a variant of hiking called " trapezing ". This can only be done if the vessel is designed for this, as in dinghy sailing.

A sailor can usually involuntarily try turning upwind in gusts it is known as rounding up. This can lead to difficulties in controlling the vessel if over-canvassed. Wind can be spilled from the sails by 'sheeting out', or loosening them. The number of sails, their size, and shape can be altered.

Raising the dinghy centreboard can reduce heeling by allowing more leeway. The increasingly asymmetric underwater shape of the hull matching the increasing angle of heel may generate an increasing directional turning force into the wind.

The sails' centre of effort will also increase this turning effect or force on the vessel's motion due to increasing lever effect with increased heeling which shows itself as increased human effort required to steer a straight course.

Increased heeling reduces exposed sail area relative to the wind direction, so leading to an equilibrium state. As more heeling force causes more heel, weather helm may be experienced. This condition has a braking effect on the vessel but has the safety effect in that an excessively hard pressed boat will try to turn into the wind, therefore, reducing the forces on the sail.

This aerofoil lift produces helpful motion to windward and the corollary of the reason why lee helm is dangerous. Lee helm, the opposite of weather helm, is generally considered to be dangerous because the vessel turns away from the wind when the helm is released, thus increasing forces on the sail at a time when the helmsperson is not in control. In the case of a standard catamaran , there are two similarly-sized and -shaped slender hulls connected by beams, which are sometimes overlaid by a deck superstructure.

Another catamaran variation is the proa. In the case of trimarans, which have an unballasted centre hull similar to a monohull, two smaller amas are situated parallel to the centre hull to resist the sideways force of the wind. The advantage of multihulled sailboats is that they do not suffer the performance penalty of having to carry heavy ballast, and their relatively lesser draft reduces the amount of drag, caused by friction and inertia when moving through the water.

One of the most common dinghy hulls in the world is the Laser hull. It was designed by Bruce Kirby in and unveiled at the New York boat show It was designed with speed and simplicity in mind. The Laser is 13 ft Nautical terms for elements of a vessel: starboard right-hand side , port or larboard left-hand side , forward or fore frontward , aft or abaft rearward , bow forward part of the hull , stern aft part of the hull , beam the widest part.

Spars, supporting sails, include masts, booms, yards, gaffs and poles. In most cases, rope is the term used only for raw material. Once a section of rope is designated for a particular purpose on a vessel, it generally is called a line, as in outhaul line or dock line.

A very thick line is considered a cable. Lines that are attached to sails to control their shapes are called sheets , as in mainsheet. If a rope is made of wire, it maintains its rope name as in 'wire rope' halyard.

Lines generally steel cables that support masts are stationary and are collectively known as a vessel's standing rigging , and individually as shrouds or stays. The stay running forward from a mast to the bow is called the forestay or headstay.

Stays running aft are backstays or after stays. Moveable lines that control sails or other equipment are known collectively as a vessel's running rigging. Lines that raise sails are called halyards while those that strike them are called downhauls.

Lines that adjust trim the sails are called sheets. These are often referred to using the name of the sail they control such as main sheet or jib sheet.

Sail trim may also be controlled with smaller lines attached to the forward section of a boom such as a cunningham; a line used to hold the boom down is called a vang , or a kicker in the United Kingdom.

A topping lift is used to hold a boom up in the absence of sail tension. Guys are used to control the ends of other spars such as spinnaker poles. Lines used to tie a boat up when alongside are called docklines , docking cables or mooring warps. In dinghies, the single line from the bow is referred to as the painter.

A rode is what attaches an anchored boat to its anchor. It may be made of chain, rope, or a combination of the two. Walls are called bulkheads or ceilings , while the surfaces referred to as ceilings on land are called overheads or deckheads. Floors are called soles or decks. The toilet is traditionally called the head , the kitchen is the galley.

When lines are tied off, this may be referred to as made fast or belayed. Sails in different sail plans have unchanging names, however. For the naming of sails, see sail-plan. The following knots are regarded as integral to handling ropes and lines, while sailing: [36] [37]. Lines and halyards are typically coiled neatly for stowage and reuse. In some sailing events, such as the Olympic Games , which are held on closed courses where no other boating is allowed, specific racing rules such as the Racing Rules of Sailing RRS may apply.

The stand-on vessel must hold a steady course and speed but be prepared to take late avoiding action to prevent an actual collision if the other vessel does not do so in time. The give-way vessel must take early, positive and obvious avoiding action, without crossing ahead of the other vessel. Rules 16� Specifically, for sailing boats, red and green sidelights and a white stern light are required, although, for vessels under 7 m 23 ft in length, these may be substituted by a torch or white all-round lantern.

Sailors are required to be aware not only of the requirements for their own boat but of all the other lights, shapes, and flags that may be shown by other vessels, such as those fishing, towing, dredging, diving, etc.

Rules 32� Licensing regulations vary widely across the world. While boating on international waters does not require any license, a license may be required to operate a vessel on coastal waters or inland waters. Some jurisdictions require a license when a certain size is exceeded e.

For example, the European Union issues the International Certificate of Competence , which is required to operate pleasure craft in most inland waterways within the union. The United States , in contrast, has no licensing, but instead has voluntary certification organizations such as the American Sailing Association. Sailboat racing generally fits into one of two categories:. They set sail for France.

Idiom under sail. Sail also means to leave on a boat or ship :. Phrasal verb sail through something. I restored an old wooden boat and got a new canvas sail for it.

Examples of sail. The next year eight vessels sailed to the new sealing ground. From the Cambridge English Corpus. By the newly launched large sailing ships gradually changed in rigging from barque to schooner. We describe the different techniques currently sailing under this flag, and point out where and how kernels occur.

Also, the world merchant fleet has many vessels sailing under flags of convenience. The navigator will ensure that the ship sails in the right direction, so they have to engage with the engine room. The colourful sails now functioned visually and as counterweights air-resistant to motion.

Again, pendulums were fitted with colourful sails and set in motion by an oscillating fan which ran continuously. They could pay overbearing chiefs what they asked for, or they could set their outrigger sails to the wind and hope for the best.

The language barrier proved to be insurmountable for the ship to be identified, and no action was deemed necessary once she had sailed off. A nautical derivation would imply that sails are the only physical objects that flap agitatedly. The airfoil theory predicts some interesting characteristics of sails.

The model used here eliminates these difficulties, but it does still treat only twodimensional sails, and it does have physical limitations of its own. There are then activities such as a rowing competition, sailing trip, speeches, and musical performances. He loved and still loves sports, sailing being one of his favorite hobbies. However far utopian fiction sails into an imaginary future, it remains anchored to the room in which it is written.

See all examples of sail. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. A rainbow, trees and a sailing boat create an image of peace and harmony. From the Cambridge English Corpus. There is no more healthy use of leisure time than to spend it with a small sailing boat. From the Hansard archive. Example from the Hansard archive.

Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3. A young man without much money to spend must decide whether to buy a motorcycle or a sailing boat.

I have had experience of having to tow one of these boats behind a small sailing boat simply because the engine had broken down. It will be a sailing boat , but the principal means of propulsion will be the engine because he never intends to sail it. What is the position of a sailing boat which has an auxiliary motor? The steam drifter is very rapidly taking the place of the sailing boat.

I do not see what the distinction is between, for example, those and a sailing boat , a pedalo or a small motor boat. It is the analogy of a sailing boat crossing a very turbulent sea. An inexperienced man, whether in a sailing boat or in a motor boat, can be a danger not only to himself but to others. I have approved a proposal for using a small steamer instead of a sailing boat for these mail services.

The cameras wanted to photograph him in a sailing boat while the race was taking place, and people were queuing to walk over the bridges. I understand that even a sailing boat can disturb birds. I also support what has been said about the small sailing boat.

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