CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 1 Notes - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

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Nceert 1 - Claws Reactions and Equations: Our revision notes cover all the concepts in the chapter. It offers elaborated explanations on important topics like chemical reactions, types of chemical reactions, how to write and balance chemical equations and. Chapter 2 - Acids, Bases, and Salts: Our crucial notes cover essential details about acids, bases, and salts, making anything taste sour or bitter.

Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals: The Class 10 Science Revision Notes covers physical and chemical properties that explains the differences between metals and nonmetals. It highlights how metals and non-metals react when in contact with acids, water and metal salts. Chapter 4 - Carbon and Its Compounds: Our revision notes cover all the topics histpry in this chapter.

Students can learn about covalent compounds, four main chemical dlass history class 10th ncert notes not found combustion, oxidation, substitution, addition and how millions of saturated and unsaturated compounds structured in chains, rings, or branches are formed.

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It explains all the easy processes that keep humans, animals, and plants alive. Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination: The crucial notes cover the concept of how living organisms owe their survival to numerous procedures, including movement and interaction. It highlights how living organisms react to certain situations that require control and coordination. Chapter 8 - How do Organisms Reproduce: Our notes thoroughly cover the concept of reproduction in human beings, animals, and plants.

Students can understand the primary topics of reproduction like sexual and asexual in. Chapter 9 - Heredity and Evolution: Our Notes for Class 10 Science covers the biological ont, which means passing traits and features from partners to their offspring. It also explains prime examples of evolution thoroughly. Chapter 10 - Ncert Class 10th Biology Notes Light Reflection and Refraction: The crucial notes cover the important topic of reflection and refraction and how to calculate the nature, position, image and its magnification generated by a spherical mirror.

It also includes refraction of light via glass slab, the concept of refractive index and. Chapter 11 - Human Eye and Colourful World: Our revision notes cover the importance of the eye, defects of vision and their correction, atmospheric refraction, light refraction through the prism, scattering of light, Tyndall effect and.

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Main points:

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In many cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots, or ceramic rings arranged one on top of the other. These are known 10th Class Physics Notes Pdf Ncert Video as ring wells. These seem to have been used as toilets in some cases, and as drains and garbage dumps.

Another way of finding out about early cities is from the accounts of sailors and travellers who visited them. One of the most detailed accounts that has been found was by an unknown Greek sailor.

He described all the ports he visited. Find Below : A sculpture from Sanchi. S9I1 This is a sculpture from Sanchi, a site with stupas, in Madhya Pradesh, showing the scene in a city. Coins Archaeologists have found several thousands of coins belonging to this period. The earliest coins which were in use for about years were punch marked coins. Punch-marked Coins Punch-marked coins were generally rectangular or sometimes square or round in shape, either cut out of metal sheets or made out of flattened metal globules a small spherical body.

Coins were not inscribed, but were stamped with symbols using dies or punches. Hence, they are called punch-marked coins. These coins are found over most parts of the subcontinent and remained in circulation till the early centuries CE.

Cities with many functions Mathura has been an important settlement for more than years. It was important because it was located at the cross roads of two major routes of travel and trade � from the northwest to the east and from north to south.

There were fortifications around the city, and several shrines. Farmers and herders from adjoining areas provided food for people in the city. Mathura was also a centre where some extremely fine sculpture was produced.

Around years ago Mathura became the second capital of the Kushanas. Mathura was also a religious centre � there were Buddhist monasteries, Jaina shrines, and it was an important centre for the worship of Krishna. Several inscriptions on surfaces such as stone slabs and statues have been found in Mathura.

These were made by kings and queens, officers, merchants, and crafts persons who lived in the city. For instance, inscriptions from Mathura mention goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland makers, perfumers.

Log into your account. Sign up. Password recovery. Thursday, April 8, About Contact Us! Forgot your password? Get help. Create an account. Pilgrims are men and women who undertake journeys to holy places in order to offer worship.

The best-known of these are the Chinese Buddhist pilgrims, Fa Xian, who came to the subcontinent about years ago, Xuan Zang who came around years ago and I-Qing, who came about 50 years after Xuan Zang. Each of these pilgrims left an account of his journey. They wrote of the dangers they encountered on their travels, which often took years, of the countries and the monasteries that they visited, and the books they carried back with them.

He boarded a ship belonging to some merchants. They had barely travelled for two days when they were caught in a storm. The merchants began throwing their merchandise overboard so as to lighten the load and save the ship from sinking.

Fa Xian threw away his meagre personal belongings, but clung to his books and the statues of the Buddha that he had collected. Finally, the storm subsided after 13 days. It took him more than 90 days to reach Java, where he halted for five months, before boarding another merchant ship that took him to China.

Xuan Zang , who took the land route back to China through the north-west, and Central Asia carried back with him statues of the Buddha made of gold, silver and sandalwood, and over manuscripts loaded on the backs of 20 horses. Over 50 manuscripts were lost when the boat on which he was crossing the Indus capsized.

He spent the rest of his life translating the remaining manuscripts from Sanskrit into Chinese. Nalanda � A unique centre of Buddhist learning Xuan Zang, and other pilgrims spent time studying in Nalanda, Bihar the most famous Buddhist monastery of the period. They follow the teachings of the Buddha in all sincerity.

The rules of the monastery are strict, and everyone has to follow them. Discussions are held throughout the day, and the old and the young mutually help one another.

Learned men from different cities come here to settle their doubts. The gatekeeper asks new entrants difficult questions. They are allowed to enter only after they have been able to answer these. Seven or eight out of every ten are not able to answer. These deities included Shiva, Vishnu, and goddesses such as Durga.

These deities were worshipped through Bhakti , an idea that became very popular at this time. In this Krishna the God, asks Arjuna, his devotee and friend, to abandon all dharmas and take refuge in him, as only he can set Arjuna free from every evil.

Those who followed the system of Bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of a god or goddess, rather than the performance of elaborate sacrifices. According to this system of belief, if a devotee worships the chosen deity with a pure heart, the deity will appear in the form in which he or she may desire. So, the deity could be thought of as a human being, lion, tree or any other form.

Once this idea gained acceptance, artists made beautiful images of these deities. Bhakti is directed towards Bhagavat, which is often translated as god, but also means one who possesses and shares bhaga, literally good fortune or bliss.

It was used by Arabs and Iranians to refer to people who lived to the east of the river, and to their cultural practices, including religious beliefs.

Elsewhere About years ago, Christianity emerged in West Asia.




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