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Meanwhile all those difficulties of manufacture and erecting which might or might not arise were being weighed up, considered and prepared for. When an aircraft is built to operate from the surface of a river or the sea, additional factors add to the complications that face the designer. One of the most difficult tasks is the design of the planing, bottom of the hull so that the craft will "unstick" easily in all conditions of loading and yet be stable while manoeuvring on the water and while landing.
Hull design is not easy, even in small craft; imagine, then, the size of the task on the Empire boat with her all- up weight of 40, lb. She had to be strong enough to withstand tremendous shocks on alighting on a rough sea.
Yet she had to be light. Her interior capacity had to be such as to provide passenger accommodation not inferior to that in an up- to- date bungalow or flat. Yet the boat had to be aerodynamically correct in structure and contour to give adequate strength, control and the prescribed speed.
All these factors, with a great many others, were meticulously considered, calculations were made, numerous scale models were tested in a tank, and finally the Empire boat's hull was evolved. The Empire craft differs from the majority of British flying boats, in having a hull with a small beam- height ratio; her beam is narrow in comparison with the height from the keel to the top of the structure.
Throughout the hull, metal is used, with girders, sheeting and fittings riveted together. The main structure at the base consists of the keel and two chines, or "backbones.
The building of the keel is thus in itself an intricate piece of work which is further elaborated by the way in which holes are cut in the web to reduce the weight. Between the keel and the chines there is a series of transverse frames built up of other riveted girder members with horizontal channel members arranged transversely between the two chines.
To this triangular arrangement are attached the vertical frame members of varied girder form, longitudinal members, diagonals, gussets, angle- brackets and stringers which go to make up the entire framework that is the basis of the great hull. Over the whole is fixed sheet alloy known as "Alclad" planking. The "Alclad" sheeting is riveted to the longitudinal and vertical members with flush- headed rivets so as to complete the smooth surface.
The hull interior is divided into various compartments. In the bows there is a locker used for the stowage of marine equipment consisting of a retractable mooring bollard a projection to which ropes and cables are secured , an anchor and a boat hook.
This hold has a hatch in its turtle decking from which mooring operations are conducted. There is also a retractable landing light in this compartment Above the locker is the pilot's cabin, from which access is gained to the locker by a step ladder. The pilot's cabin is so large that the term "cockpit" would be a misnomer.
I mmediately behind the semicircular glazed front is the instrument panel, with its elaborate array of engine and navigation instruments.
Mounted on the top of the panel are the four starter switches and ignition switches for the engines, and in the centre is the "auto" pilot, a wonderful piece of apparatus which automatically keeps the plane on a predetermined course.
The other instruments include a rate- of- climb indicator, engine revolution indicators, sensitive altimeter, air speed indicators, homing indicator, directional gyro, artificial horizon and dual compasses. This complicated installation may seem bewildering, but every instrument is a vital and Models Of Flying Boats Game essential component.
Combined with the special radio plant that is installed in another compartment, the entire equipment makes the great flying boat almost independent of the outside world when flying on her long and lonely routes.
Four of these nine- cylinder engines, each developing horse- power, give the boats a cruising speed of miles an hour and a ceiling maximum height of 20, feet. Behind the instrument panel are the seats provided for the captain and his first officer. The flying controls consist of the orthodox control column and rudder- bar apparatus.
The control column is surmounted by a wheel which operates the lateral controlling surfaces and forward or backward movement of the column actuates the elevators. These controls are duplicated, and between the two sets the engine control levers are grouped.
These levers are centrally placed so that either pilot can operate them. They consist of four throttle levers, four mixture controls, a master switch for the automatic pilot and two "cut- out" levers. The "cut- out" levers are for the purpose of making the engines dead after switching off. Other controls disposed near the pilots' seats are the airscrew pitch controls, fore- and- after trimmer, rudder bias, fuel supply cocks and the switch for operating the wing flaps.
Arranged round the cabin behind the pilots' seats is further equipment. On the starboard side there is a panel containing gauges showing the temperature of the engines; on the opposite side there are the gyro pilot unit, auxiliary electric generators and the directional loop for the wireless direction- finding receiver, near which the radio operator is seated.
Behind the starboard pilot's seat there is a skylight which can be opened. This allows the navigator to make his observations without difficulty, as the aperture is provided with a wind- screen which protects the navigator from the rush of air.
In regular operating conditions the duties are divided between various members of a crew, but on the initial test flight of the first Empire boat Shorts' test pilot, Captain J.
Lankester Barker, was alone in the machine. The pilots' cabin is partitioned off from the radio operator's cabin by a sloping bulkhead and door.
The operator sits with his back to the pilots and is in charge of a transmitting set and a, receiving set which operate on wave- lengths of 2, metres and 75 metres. The directional loop can be projected from or retracted into the compartment by a simple mechanism, the object being to reduce drag when it is not Models Of Flying Boats Relationship in use.
There is also a trailing aerial which, when not in use, is wound on a drum. When it is drawn up an automatically- closing flap seals the aperture through which it passes. In addition to the trailing aerial there is another one arranged in a "V" on the top of the wing and the hull. By means of this aerial the radio operator is able to pick up signals and calls while he is transmitting, for as soon as he releases the key of his transmitter his headphones are connected to the receiver.
The pilots' cabin and the radio room are located in the upper deck - for the flying boat has two decks within her hull. At the top of the instrument panel are the starter switches and ignition switches for the Outer Limits Boats Models Website four engines.
The dials of the rate- of- climb indicator, air speed indicator, revo- lution counter, gyro compass, altimeter and homing indicator all face the pilots. Many other controls are arranged round the walls of the cabin. Next to the radio compartment, in the aft direction, there is the mail compartment, which is combined with the office of the ship's clerk, whose desk and equipment are on the starboard side, the space for mail or freight being arranged on the port side.
A sliding door in this compartment provides communication. The clerk's office serves as headquarters for the internal lighting equipment of the whole craft, and beside the desk the main switch panel is fitted. This carries voltmeters, ammeters, fuses and switches not only for the ceiling and wall lights in the passengers' quarters but also for those in the radio cabin, pilots' cabin, mail and bunk stowage and loading hatch, and for the navigation lights as well.
The top deck extends beyond the clerk's office to a hold in which is housed bedding for passengers' use during night nights. At the rear of the office there is a step ladder leading to the kitchen, which is on the lower deck between the midship cabin and a smoking cabin. The smoking cabin is immediately behind the mooring locker in the bows, and is 6 ft 6 in long, 10 feet wide and 8 feet high, sumptuously furnished and decorated in green and white.
It is only one of four compartments allotted for the accommodation of the passengers. Amidships is another saloon of similar size, which is connected by a passageway to the smoking cabin. This saloon contains chairs of a special design which can be adjusted to provide a reclining position or an upright sitting position. They are upholstered with air cushions.
Near by are the steward's pantry and the lavatories. The pantry is lavishly equipped with compact and ingenious devices. There are plate racks, sink, draining- board, an ice chest and hot cupboards. This is an innovation in heavier- than- air craft, and one of considerable importance. One of the disadvantages associated with air travel in the past has been the lack of room. On long trips passengers became cramped. The promenade cabin in the Empire boat overcomes this difficulty.
The midship cabin accommodates three passengers by day and four by night: the promenade cabin holds eight seated passengers and four resting occupants; and in the fourth cabin, which is far down the hull, there are six seats for use during the day, or accommodation for four sleeping passengers can be provided at night.
The equipment and furnishing of these saloons, or cabins, does not cease at lighting, carpets, chairs and tables. This list does not include ekranoplans , 'Wing-In-Ground-effect' WIG , water-skimmers, wingships or similar vehicles reliant on ground effect. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from List of seaplanes and flying boats. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Aviation portal. Retrieved Retrieved 18 March German Aircraft of the First World War 2nd ed. London: Putnam. ISBN Archived from the original on Lists of aircraft. Civil aircraft. Double-deck Narrow-body Wide-body. Maximum takeoff weight Light aircraft very light jets Large aircraft. Trijets Trimotors Twinjets.
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