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In that sense, upstream processes have a profound impact on the reproducibility and performance of downstream processes. Development of a robust and consistent downstream process must include the ability to understand and balance the output from the interconnected upstream process. During upstream production, we tend to overly focus on product titers, but other factors such as cell concentration, cell viability, and various product quality characteristics may be impacted to achieve those high titers.
And these upstream factors will most likely impact the subsequent recovery and purification process steps. As an example, one NS0 process developed was initially harvested at a viability of 30 percent to maximize the antibody titer. Unfortunately, this low harvest viability resulted in significant problems downstream and caused very low cumulative process yields. Through discussions with the purification team, it was decided that a new harvest viability specification of greater than 50 percent would be used for this process.
Upstream, there was a 20 percent loss in productivity, but the downstream process yields were much higher than before and the overall amount of purified protein increased. This example highlights the importance of cross-functional collaboration to ensure the entire process, and not just one discrete area, is successful. For example, a lower cell viability at harvest typically generates a greater release of host cell protein and DNA impurities. The higher impurity load can lead to diminished product recovery, or overwhelmed chromatography processes leading to a failed batch.
This is where Lone Tree adds value. Providing a warm, comfortable, inviting place to eat and rest is as critical as the work itself. By doing this, the workers in the industry remain safe, healthy, and well rested for the important and labor intensive work they perform. The upstream section is risky, complex, and heavily regulated by government.
The midstream sector connects the upstream sector to the downstream sector. Often times it is lumped in with the downstream sector. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to refineries and deliver the various refined products to downstream distributors.
Natural gas pipeline networks aggregate gas from natural gas purification plants and deliver it to downstream customers, such as local utilities. The midstream operations are often taken to include some elements of the upstream and downstream sectors. For example upstream may include some storage functions and downstream may include some transport that overlaps into the midstream sector.
Here's a look at upstream and downstream oil and gas production, their individual functions, and what role they play in the broader supply chain. Upstream oil and gas production and operations identify deposits, drill wells, and recover raw materials from underground. They are also often called exploration and production companies. This sector also includes related services such as rig operations, feasibility studies, machinery rental, and extraction of chemical supply.
Many of those employed in the upstream part of the industry include geologists, geophysicists, service rig operators, engineering firms, scientists, and seismic and drilling contractors. These people are able to locate and estimate reserves before any of the actual drilling activity starts.
Many of the largest upstream operators are the major diversified oil and gas firms, such as Exxon-Mobil XOM. The closer an oil and gas company is to supplying consumers with petroleum products, the further downstream it is said to be in the industry. Downstream operations are oil and gas processes that occur after the production phase to the point of sale.
This sector of the oil and gas industry�the final step in the production process�is represented by refiners of petroleum crude oil and natural gas processors, who bring usable products to end users and consumers. They also engage in the marketing and distribution of crude oil and natural gas products. Simply put, the downstream oil and gas market is anything that has to do with the post-production of crude oil and natural gas Upstream Downstream Concept Journal activities.
Many of the products that consumers use every day come directly from downstream production, including diesel, natural gas , gasoline, heating oil, lubricants, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and propane.
Midstream operations link the upstream and downstream entities and mostly include resource transportation and storage services for resources, such as pipelines and gathering systems. Companies engaged in the downstream process include oil refineries, petroleum product distributors, petrochemical plants, natural gas distributors, and retail outlets.
Many major downstream companies are also diversified and engage in all levels of the production process. Examples of downstream companies include leading U. Phillips 66 was initially part of parent company ConocoPhillips COP until the larger oil company opted to spin off the downstream business in
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