Major served in the Thatcher government from to as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Foreign Secretaryand was Member of Parliament MP for Huntingdonformerly Huntingdonshirefrom to Major was born in St Helier, London. Leaving school in with just three O-levelsafter working a variety of jobs and enduring a period of unemployment, Major established a career at Standard Bank.
He was elected as a councillor in Lambethand was later an MP at the general election. He initially served as a parliamentary private secretary and an assistant whip before joining the government as a minister.
He was later moved to become foreign secretary in Julybefore becoming chancellor of the Exchequer just three months later after Nigel Lawson 's abrupt resignation. As chancellor, he presented the Budget, the first to be aired on television. In Novemberafter Thatcher resigned following a challenge to her leadership by Michael HeseltineMajor entered the second stage of the contest and emerged victorious; he was appointed prime minister on 28 November.
In his first months in office, he launched the Citizen's Charterreplaced the unpopular Community Charge known as the "poll tax" with Council Taxcommitted British troops to the Gulf Warand negotiated the European Union 's Maastricht Treaty. This led to a loss of confidence in Major's economic credibility, and he was never again able to achieve a lead in opinion polls.
Despite a dwindling majority, Major passed further reforms to education and criminal justiceprivatised British Rail and the ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write industry, and signed the Downing Street Declarationreinvigorating the Northern Ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write peace processwhich would eventually help lead to the Good Friday Agreement. Bysplits over EU policy and the loss of numerous MPs to a series of sexual and financial scandals widely known as "sleaze" led Major to resign as party leader in June, challenging his critics to either back him or challenge him; he was duly challenged by John Redwood but was easily re-elected.
This did not lead to an improvement in his political standing, and by December the Government had lost its majority in the House of Commons. Major resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party following defeat, and was succeeded by William Hague. Major retired from the House of Commons at the electionand has since pursued his ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write in business and charity.
While early assessments of his time in office saw him characterised as being a weak and unassertive leader, a reappraisal in following years saw many note his successes in the Northern Irish peace process, restoring economic growth, reforming the public sector, boosting the profile of arts and sports, and preserving British influence on the international stage. John began attending primary school at Cheam Common School from Major's interest in politics stems from this period, and he avidly kept up with current affairs by reading newspapers on his long commutes from Brixton to Wimbledon.
Major's first job was as a clerk in the London-based insurance brokerage firm Price Forbes inthough finding the job dull and offering no prospects he quit. In Major had joined the Young Conservatives in Brixton and soon became a highly active member, which helped increase his confidence following the failure of his school days.
Seldon writes "She Major left the LEB and took up a post at District Bank in May[48] [40] though he soon left this to join Standard Bank the following year, largely because the latter offered the chance to work abroad.
Though a Labour stronghold, the Conservatives received a huge boost following Enoch Powell 's anti-immigration ' Rivers of Blood speech ' in April and Major won, despite strongly disapproving of Powell's views.
In February Major became Chairman of the Housing Committee, being responsible for overseeing the building of several large council estates.
Major met Norma Johnson at a Conservative party event in Brixton in Apriland the two became engaged shortly thereafter, marrying at St Matthew's Church in Brixton on 3 October Despite his setback at the Lambeth Council election, Major continued to nurse political ambitions, and with help from friends in the Conservative Party managed to get onto the Conservative Central Office's list of potential MP candidates. Major won the Huntingdon seat by a large margin in the general electionwhich brought Margaret Thatcher to power.
The group met with King Hussein of Jordan and Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation in Lebanon ; in Israel they were briefly caught in the middle of a shooting incident between Israeli troops and a Palestinian rock-thrower. Major comfortably won re-election to the now slightly ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write seat of Huntingdon at the general election.
Following the June general electionin which Major retained his seat with an increased majority, [] [] he was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasurymaking him the first MP of the intake to reach the Cabinet.
In �88 it became clear that Major had become a 'favourite' of Margaret Thatcher and he was widely tipped for further promotion. Amongst Major's first acts as Foreign Secretary was to cancel the sale of Hawk aircraft to Iraqover concerns they would be used for internal repression. Major spent most of a summer holiday that year in Spain conducting extensive background reading on foreign affairs and British foreign policy. The ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write was dominated by the issue of sanctions on South Africa, with Britain being the only country to oppose them, on the grounds that they would end up hurting poorer South Africans far more than the apartheid regime ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write which they were aimed.
After just three months as Foreign Secretary Major was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer on 26 October after the sudden resignation of Nigel Lawsonwho had fallen out with Thatcher over what he saw as her excessive reliance on the advice of her Economic Adviser Alan Walters. Major made tackling inflation a priority, stating that tough measures were needed to bring it down and that "if it isn't hurting, it isn't working. As Chancellor, Major presented only one Budget, the first to be televised live, on 20 March Major also abolished the composite rate tax and stamp duty on share trades, whilst increasing taxes on alcohol, cigarettes and petrol.
The European Community 's push for full Economic and Monetary Union EMU was another important factor in Major's time as Chancellor; in June he proposed that instead of a single European currency there could instead be a 'hard ECU ', [nb 10] which different national currencies could compete against and, if the ECU was successful, could lead to a single currency.
By early Major had become convinced that the best way to combat ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write and restore macroeconomic stability would be if the British pound were to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism ERMand he and Douglas Hurd Major's successor as Foreign Secretary set about trying to convince a reluctant Thatcher to join it.
The rest of Major's Chancellorship prior to the leadership contest was largely uneventful; he considered granting the Bank ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write England operational independence over monetary policy, with the ability to set interest rates, but decided against it. Opposition within the Conservative Party to Margaret Thatcher had been brewing for some time, focusing on what was seen as her brusque, imperious style and the Poll Tax, which was facing serious opposition across the country.
In December she had survived a leadership bid by Anthony Meyer ; though she won easily, 60 MPs had not voted for her, and it was rumoured that many more had had to be strong-armed into supporting. The day after Howe's speech Michael HeseltineThatcher's former Secretary of State for Defence who had acrimoniously resigned in over the Westland affairchallenged Thatcher for the leadership of the Conservative Party.
Major was at home in Huntingdon recovering from a pre-arranged wisdom tooth operation during the first leadership ballot, which Thatcher won but not by the required threshold, necessitating a second round. Unlike in the first ballot, a candidate only required a simple majority of Conservative MPs to win, in this case of MPs.
The ballot was held on the afternoon of 27 November; although Major obtained votes, 2 votes short of an overall majority, he polled far enough ahead of both Hurd and Heseltine to secure their immediate withdrawal. Major became Prime Minister on 28 November when he accepted the Queen 's invitation to form a government, succeeding Margaret Thatcher.
His term ended with his resignation on 2 May He was succeeded by Tony Blair after the general election. Although many Conservative MPs wanted Major to resign as leader immediately, there was a movement among the grassroots of the party, encouraged by his political allies, to have him stay on as leader until the autumn. Lord Ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 writehis Chief of Staff during ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write election, and the Chief Whip, Alastair Goodladboth pleaded with him to stay on: they argued that remaining as leader for a few months would give the party time to come to terms with the scale of defeat before electing a successor.
It would merely prolong the agony. Major served as Leader of the Opposition for seven weeks while the leadership election to replace him was underway. He formed a temporary Shadow Cabinetbut with seven of his Cabinet Ministers having lost their seats at the election, and with few senior MPs left to replace them, several MPs had to hold multiple briefs. Major's Resignation Honours were announced on 1 August Like some post-war former Prime Ministers such as Edward HeathMajor turned down a peerage when he retired from the House of Commons in He said that he wanted a "firebreak from politics" and to focus on writing and his business, sporting and charity work.
Since leaving office, Major has tended to maintain a low profile in the media, occasionally commentating on political developments in the manner of an elder statesman. Major left the committee inciting concerns with the planned redevelopment of Lord's Cricket Ground. Following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales inMajor was appointed a special guardian to Princes William and Harrywith responsibility for legal and administrative matters.
Bush on 5 December Major's low profile following his exit from parliament was disrupted by Edwina Currie 's revelation in September that, prior to his promotion to the Cabinet, he had had a four-year extramarital affair with her from to An obituary of Tony Newton in The Daily Telegraph claimed that if Newton had not kept the affair a closely guarded secret "it is highly unlikely that Major would have become prime minister".
In Major had also sued two magazines, New Statesman and Society and Scallywagas well as their distributors, for reporting rumours of an affair with Clare Latimer, a Downing Street caterer, even though at least one of the magazines had said that the rumours were false. Both considered legal action to recover their costs when the affair with Currie was revealed. In a press statement, Major said that he was "ashamed" by the affair and that his wife had forgiven.
In response, Currie said "he wasn't ashamed of it at the time and he wanted it to continue. In DecemberMajor led calls for an independent inquiry into Tony Blair's decision to invade Iraqfollowing revelations made by Carne Rossa former British senior diplomat, that contradicted Blair's case for the invasion.
He was touted as a possible Conservative candidate for the Mayor of London elections inbut turned down an offer from Conservative leader David Cameron. A spokesperson for Major said "his political career is behind him".
Following the general election Major announced his support for the Cameron�Clegg coalitionand stated that he hoped for a " liberal conservative " alliance beyondcriticising Labour under Ed Miliband for playing "party games" rather than serving the national. To me, from my background, I find that truly shocking.
During the Scottish independence referendum Major strongly encouraged a 'no' vote, stating that a vote for independence would be damaging both for Scotland and the rest of the UK. Major was a vocal supporter for the Remain camp in the referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union.
John Major supported a second referendum over Brexit ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write, stating that the leave campaign put out a "fantasy case" during the referendum campaign, adding that to describe a second vote as undemocratic was "a rather curious proposition" and that he could see no "intellectual argument" against redoing the ballot.
Major said Brexit is, "the worst foreign policy decision in my lifetime. It will affect nearly every single aspect of our lives for many decades to come. It will make our country poorer and weaker. It will hurt most those who have. Never have the stakes been higher, ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write for the young.
Brexit may even break up our historic United Kingdom. Major's mild-mannered style and moderate political stance contrasted with that of Thatcher, and made him theoretically well-placed to act as a conciliatory and relatively uncontroversial leader of his party.
In spite of this, conflict raged within the parliamentary Conservative Party, particularly over the extent of Britain's integration with the European Union.
Major never succeeded in reconciling the "Euro-rebels" among his MPs to his European policy, who although relatively few in number, wielded great influence because of his small majority and their wider following among Conservative activists and voters. The additional bitterness on the right wing of the Conservative Party at the manner in which Margaret Thatcher had been deposed did not make Major's task any easier, with many viewing him as a weak and vacillating leader.
His task became even more difficult after the election of the modernist and highly media-savvy Tony Blair as Labour leader in Julywho mercilessly exploited Conservative divisions whilst shifting Labour to the centre, thus making it much more electable.
Major defended his government in his memoirs, focusing particularly on how under him the British economy had recovered ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write the recession of � Writing shortly after he left office, the historian and journalist Paul Johnson wrote that Major was "a hopeless leader" who "should never have been Prime Minister.
The journalist Peter Oborne was one such figure, though writing in he stated that he now regrets his negative reporting, stating that he himself and the press in general were "grossly unfair to Major" and that this was motivated at least in part by snobbery at Major's humble upbringing.
In academic circles Major's legacy has generally been more well received. Mark Stuart, writing instated that Major is "the best ex-Prime Minister we have ever had", praising him for initiating the Northern Ireland peace process, peacefully handing Hong Ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write back to China, creating the National Lottery and leaving a sound economy to Labour in Furthermore, the narrow majority achieved after the election left him exposed to internal Conservative rebellions, which only worsened as time went by, abetted by a hostile press, as it became clear the Conservatives would lose the next election.
His will be judged ch 7 maths class 10 ex 7.1 write important if unruly premiership at the end of the Conservative century, completing some parts of an earlier agenda while in some key respects helping to define a Conservatism for the 21st century. Britain's most extraordinary Conservative Prime Minister bequeathed an important legacy to this party and his country to build on.
One day both yet may come to recognise and appreciate it. It was not. During his leadership of the Conservative Party, Major was portrayed as honest "Honest John" [] [] but unable to exert effective control over his fractious party. However his polite, easy-going manner was initially well received by both his supporters and his critics.
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