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An atom is the smallest unit of matter. They are so small that thousands of them are stacked in your hair. The atom of one element is different from that of the other elements. Therefore, each of these atoms is depicted by different symbols.
Dalton used different combinations of straight lines and circles for denoting various atoms. However, the modern-day symbols consider the first or the first two letters of the element's name to denote an atom of the element. For example, Hydrogen is denoted by H and Oxygen by O. In some cases, and the Latin names are also considered. For example, the Latin name of Potassium is Kalium, and it is denoted by K. A list of names of elements is shown in Atom and Molecules Class 9. Every atom has a definite mass, called the atomic mass unit.
The atomic mass is the characteristic of the atom. The concept of atomic mass supports the law of constant proportion and the law of conservation of mass. However, atoms cannot exist freely in nature. It interacts with the same or different atoms to form molecules. They can also form ions. These ions or molecules aggregate to form elements of compounds that we can see. These concepts are covered in Ch 3 Science Class 9. A group of two or more atoms is joined together to form a molecule.
A molecule can exist freely in nature. For example, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Calcium molecules can exist freely in nature. Molecules can be created from the same atoms or different atoms. If the molecules are made from the same kind of atoms, they are called molecules of elements. For example, Sodium and Potassium elements. Molecules can also be made from dissimilar atoms. When different atoms come together, they form a compound.
The molecules made of different atoms are called molecules of compounds. Sometimes, the atoms can be charged. Charged atoms are called ions. An ion can always be charged positively or negatively charged. Positively charged ones are known as cations, while negative ones are known as anions. Sometimes, a molecule can contain more than one ion. Such molecules make a polyatomic ion. The individual charges on each atom determine the net charge of such ions.
To learn more about polyatomic ions, go through Class 9 Science Chapter 3. The symbolic representation of the compounds is said to be their chemical formulae.
The chemical formula considers the net charge of individual ions in the formula. The charge of individual ions determines the valency of the radical. The valency of the individual ions determines how many ions of a particular kind will take part in the interaction.
For the proper representation of the chemical formula, the valency of individual ions must be balanced. The metal names should come before any non-metal name. In the case of polyatomic ions, the individual elements must be kept in a bracket if their overall valency is more than one.
Otherwise, there is no need to use a bracket�for example, NaOH. God bless the kind soul who had made this site for aspiring students. I am extremely grateful to you. Life Processes Solved Exercises. Question 1.
Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans? In multi-cellular organisms like humans, various body parts have specialized in the functions they perform. All the cells with in different parts of human body need oxygen but all are not exposed to surrounding environment for intake of oxygen through diffusion. Therefore, process of diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi-cellular organisms like human Question 2.
What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive? Living organisms are well-organized structures. Due to the effects of Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 2 Date the environment, this organized structures of living organisms is very likely to keep breaking down over time. If order breaks down, the organism will no longer be alive.
So living creatures must keep repairing and maintaining their structures. As all these structures are made up of molecules, they must carry out effective movement of molecules around all the time. This invisible molecular movement with in living organism is necessary criteria to decide whether something is alive Question 3. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism? For maintenance, growth and reproduction, an living organism needs energy, which is produced from outside raw materials through process of nutrition.
These outside raw material are : Food : Since life on earth depends on carbon based molecules, most of these food sources are also carbon-based.
Different organisms, Depending on the complexity of these carbon sources, can use different kinds of nutritional processes Oxygen : The oxygen is acquired from outside the body, and is used for the break-down of food sources for cellular needs by using process of respiration Water : Water forms an essential part in facilitating most of the functions with in a living organism Question 4. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life? The processes essential for maintaining life are : Nutrition Respiration Transport of materials Excretion of waste products Activity 6.
Keep the plant in a dark room for three days so that all the starch gets used up. Now keep the plant in sunlight for about six hours. Pluck a leaf from the plant. Mark the green areas in it and trace them on a sheet of paper. Dip the leaf in boiling water for a few minutes. After this, immerse it in a beaker containing alcohol.
Carefully place the above beaker in a water-bath and heat till the alcohol begins to boil. What happens to the colour of the leaf? What is the colour of the solution? The green leaf becomes colourless. On immersing green leaf in a alcohol, chlorophyll responsible for its green colour gets dissolves in alcohol. The colour of the alcohol solution turns green. Unknown 27 February at Unknown 15 March at
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