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Underwater Lighting Systems for Boats | Marlin Magazine The Special Purpose � Emergency Medical Transport features an elongated full cabin (optional climate controlled), actuated drop bow, opening face door and secure benches for . A flashlight, torch, or torchlight is a portable hand-held electric myboat354 boatplansly, the light source typically was a miniature incandescent light bulb but these have been displaced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) since the mids. A typical flashlight consists of the light source mounted in a reflector, a transparent cover (sometimes combined with a lens) to protect the light source and. Etymology. Whereas the principal meaning of "submarine" is an armed, submersible warship, the more general meaning is for any type of submersible craft. The definition as of was for any type of "submarine boat". By naval tradition, submarines are still usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships", regardless of their size. In other navies with a history of large submarine fleets.
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Storage - drawer at helm. Storage - port bow storage box. Table - fiberglass bow table doubles in cockpit area. Transducer mounting flats. Transom door - fiberglass. Washdown - freshwater. Water tank - gallon Air conditioning - 3, BTU in port console requires grill option.

Bow thruster. CE certification package European Conformity. Engine paint - Yamaha factory-painted engine s , pearlescent white.

International AC electrical conversion - V 50Hz. Lighting - underwater blue LED 3. Outrigger kit - ft. Refrigerator - stainless steel replaces wet bar storage drawers.

Ski pylon. Canvas Options. Aft curtain black or ivory. Bow cover black or ivory. Drop curtain black or ivory. Easy up bow shade black or ivory mesh. Tonneau cover black or ivory. Freedom Performance Data. Top Speed : GRAY Standard. Performance Data. Test Date. Prop Size. Weight as Tested. Bow Pulpit. Bottom Paint. Optimum Cruise. This report should be used only as a general reference guide. Prop size, pitch and prop features listed in this performance report reflect the available props factory installed on new boats from Grady-White at this time.

Props cited in the report may be an updated version s of the prop s used at the time of the test. In addition to utilitarian flashlights, novelty, toy, and ornamental portable electric lights have been made in a myriad of shapes; in the s, one of the earliest portable battery light applications was a type of novelty porcelain tie pin with a concealed bulb and battery.

The most common power source for flashlights is the battery. Primary battery disposable types used in flashlights include button cells , carbon-zinc batteries in both regular and heavy duty types, alkaline , and lithium.

Secondary, rechargeable, types include lead acid batteries , NiMH , NiCd batteries and lithium ion batteries. The choice of batteries will play a determining role in the size, weight, run time, and shape of the flashlight.

Flashlight users may prefer a common battery type to simplify replacement. Primary cells are most economical for infrequent use. Some types of lithium primary cell can be stored for years with less risk of leakage compared with zinc-type batteries.

Long storage life is useful where flashlights are required only in emergencies. Lithium primary batteries are also useful at lower temperatures than zinc batteries, all of which have water-based electrolytes. Lithium primary batteries have a lower internal resistance than zinc primary batteries and so are more efficient in high-drain flashlights.

Flashlights used for extended periods every day may be more economically operated on rechargeable secondary batteries. Flashlights designed for rechargeable batteries may allow charging without removing the batteries; for example, a light kept in a vehicle may be trickle-charged and always ready when needed. Some rechargeable flashlights have indicators for the state of charge of the battery. Power-failure lights are designed to keep their batteries charged from a wall plug and to automatically turn on after an AC power failure; the power-failure light can be removed from the wall socket and used as a portable flashlight.

Solar powered flashlights use energy from a solar cell to charge an on-board battery for later use. One type of mechanically powered flashlight has a winding crank and spring connected to a small electrical generator dynamo. Some types use the dynamo to charge a capacitor or battery, while others only light while the dynamo is moving.

Others generate electricity using electromagnetic induction. They use a strong permanent magnet that can freely slide up and down a tube, passing through a coil of wire as it does. Shaking the flashlight will charge a capacitor or a rechargeable battery that supplies current to a light source. Such flashlights can be useful during an emergency, when utility power and batteries may not be available.

Dynamo-powered flashlights were popular during the Second World War since replacement batteries were difficult to find. At least one manufacturer makes a rechargeable flashlight that uses a supercapacitor to store energy. A reflector with an approximately parabolic shape concentrates the light emitted by the bulb into a directed beam. Some flashlights allow the user to adjust the relative position of the lamp and reflector, giving a variable-focus effect from a wide floodlight to a narrow beam.

Reflectors may be made of polished metal, or glass or plastic with an aluminized reflective finish.

Some manufacturers use a pebbled or "orange peel", instead of a smooth, reflector, to improve the uniformity of the light beam emitted. Where multiple LEDs are used, each one may be put in its own parabolic reflector. Flashlights using a " total internal reflection " assembly have a transparent optical element light pipe to guide light from the source into a beam; no reflector surface is required.

For a given size of light source, a larger reflector or lens allows a tighter beam to be produced, while capturing the same fraction of the emitted light. Some flashlights use Fresnel lenses , which allow the weight of the lens to be reduced. The reflector may have a flat transparent cover to keep out dirt and moisture, but some designs have a plastic or glass "bulls-eye" lens to form a concentrated beam. The lens or reflector cover must resist impacts and the heat of the lamp, and must not lose too much of the transmitted light to reflection or absorption.

Very small flashlights may not have a reflector or lens separate from the lamp. Some types of penlight bulbs or small LEDs have a built-in lens. A reflector forms a narrow beam called the "throw", while light emitted forward misses the reflector and forms a wide flood or "spill" of light.

Because LEDs emit most light in a hemisphere, lens lights with the LED facing forward or reflector lights with it facing backwards radiate less spill. Variable focus "zoom" or "flood to throw" lights may move the reflector or lens or they may move the emitter; moving the emitter presents the designer with the problem of maintaining heat dissipation for the LED.

The original s flashlights used a metal ring around the fiber body of the flashlight as one contact of a switch ; the second contact was a movable metal loop that could be flipped down to touch the ring, completing the circuit. A wide variety of mechanical switch designs using slide switches, rocker switches, or side-mounted or end-mounted pushbuttons have been used in flashlights. A common combination is a slide switch that allows the light to be left on for an extended time, combined with a momentary button for intermittent use or signalling.

On earlier models, the button was a switch and the slider simply locked the button down. Since voltages and currents are low, switch design is limited only by the available space and desired cost of production. Switches may be covered with a flexible rubber boot to exclude dirt and moisture and may be backlit for easy location. Another common type of switch relies on twisting the head of the light.

Weapon-mounted lights may have remote switches for convenience in operation. Electronic controls allow the user to select variable output levels or different operating modes such as pre-programmed flashing beacon or strobe modes. Electronic controls may be operated by buttons, sliders, magnets, rotating heads, or rotating control rings. Some models of flashlight include an acceleration sensor to allow them to respond to shaking, or to select modes based on what direction the light is held when switched on.

At least one manufacturer allows user programming of the features of the flashlight through a USB port. An electronic control may also provide an indication of remaining battery capacity, voltage, or provide information regarding recharging or automatic step-down of brightness as the battery nears full discharge. Early flashlights used vulcanized fiber or hard rubber tubes with metal end caps.

Many other materials including drawn steel, plated brass, copper, silver, even wood and leather have been used. Modern flashlights are generally made of plastic or aluminum.

Plastics range from low-cost polystyrene and polyethylene to more complex mixtures of ABS or glass-reinforced epoxies. Some manufacturers have proprietary plastic formulations for their products. Aluminum, either plain, painted or anodized , is a popular choice. It is electrically conductive, can be easily machined, and dissipates heat well. Several standard alloys of aluminum are used. Other metals include copper , stainless steel , and titanium , which can be polished to provide a decorative finish.

Zinc can be die-cast into intricate shapes. Magnesium and its alloys provide strength and heat dissipation similar to aluminum with less weight, but they corrode easily. Metals may be drawn into a tubular shape, or tubular extruded stock can be machined to add threads for the head and tail cap, knurling for grip, and decorative and functional flats or holes in the body.

LED flashlights may have cooling fins machined into their metal cases. Plastics are often injection molded into nearly final shape, requiring only a few more process steps to complete assembly. Industrial, marine, public safety and military organizations develop specifications for flashlights in specialized roles. Typically, light output, overall dimensions, battery compatibility and durability are required to meet minimum limits. Flashlights may be tested for impact resistance, water and chemical resistance, and for the life span of the control switch.

Flashlights intended for use in hazardous areas with flammable gas or dust are tested to ensure they cannot set off an explosion. Flashlights for hazardous areas may be designed to automatically disconnect the lamp if the bulb is broken, to prevent ignition of flammable gas. Regulations for ships and aircraft will specify the number and general properties of flashlights included as part of the standard safety equipment of the vessel.

Flashlights for small boats may be required to be waterproof and to float. Uniformed services may issue particular models of flashlight, or may only provide minimum performance standards for the member to purchase his or her own flashlights. The United States Army former standard MIL-FE described the performance standard for plastic flashlights using two or three D cell dry batteries, in either straight or angle form, and in standard, explosion-proof, heat-resistant, traffic direction, and inspection types.

The standard described only incandescent lamp flashlights and was withdrawn in The FL1 standard gives definitions for terms used in marketing flashlights, with the intention of allowing the consumer to compare products tested to the standard. Testing may be carried out by the manufacturer itself or by a third-party test laboratory. The FL1 standard requires measurements reported on the packaging to be made with the type of batteries packaged with the flashlight, or with an identified type of battery.

Initial light output is measured with an integrating sphere photometer, 30 seconds after the light is switched on with fresh or newly charged batteries. The total light emitted is reported in lumens. Luminous intensity is determined by measuring the brightest spot in the beam produced by the flashlight, in candelas.

They were the forerunners of modern submarine-launched cruise missiles, which can be fired from the torpedo tubes of submerged submarines, for example, the US BGM Tomahawk and Russian RPK-2 Viyuga and versions of surface-to-surface anti-ship missiles such as the Exocet and Harpoon , encapsulated for submarine launch. Ballistic missiles can also be fired from a submarine's torpedo tubes, for example, missiles such as the anti-submarine SUBROC. With internal volume as limited as ever and the desire to carry heavier warloads, the idea of the external launch tube was revived, usually for encapsulated missiles, with such tubes being placed between the internal pressure and outer streamlined hulls.

Germany is working on the torpedo tube-launched short-range IDAS missile , which can be used against ASW helicopters, as well as surface ships and coastal targets. A submarine can have a variety of sensors, depending on its missions. Modern military submarines rely almost entirely on a suite of passive and active sonars to locate targets. Active sonar relies on an audible "ping" to generate echoes to reveal objects around the submarine. Active systems are rarely used, as doing so reveals the sub's presence.

Passive sonar is a set of sensitive hydrophones set into the hull or trailed in a towed array, normally trailing several hundred feet behind the sub. The towed array is the mainstay of NATO submarine detection systems, as it reduces the flow noise heard by operators. Hull mounted sonar is employed in addition to the towed array, as the towed array can't work in shallow depth and during maneuvering. In addition, sonar has a blind spot "through" the submarine, so a system on both the front and back works to eliminate that problem.

As the towed array trails behind and below the submarine, it also allows the submarine to have a system both above and below the thermocline at the proper depth; sound passing through the thermocline is distorted resulting in a lower detection range. Submarines also carry radar equipment to detect surface ships and aircraft. Submarine captains are more likely to use radar detection gear than active radar to detect targets, as radar can be detected far beyond its own return range, revealing the submarine.

Periscopes are rarely used, except for position fixes and to verify a contact's identity. Civilian submarines, such as the DSV Alvin or the Russian Mir submersibles , rely on small active sonar sets and viewing ports to navigate. The human eye cannot detect sunlight below about feet 91 m underwater, so high intensity lights are used to illuminate the viewing area. Early submarines had few navigation aids, but modern subs have a variety of navigation systems.

Modern military submarines use an inertial guidance system for navigation while submerged, but drift error unavoidably builds over time. To counter this, the crew occasionally uses the Global Positioning System to obtain an accurate position.

The periscope �a retractable tube with a prism system that provides a view of the surface�is only used occasionally in modern submarines, since the visibility range is short. The Virginia -class and Astute -class submarines use photonics masts rather than hull-penetrating optical periscopes.

These masts must still be deployed above the surface, and use electronic sensors for visible light, infrared, laser range-finding, and electromagnetic surveillance. One benefit to hoisting the mast above the surface is that while the mast is above the water the entire sub is still below the water and is much harder to detect visually or by radar.

Military submarines use several systems to communicate with distant command centers or other ships. One is VLF very low frequency radio, which can reach a submarine either on the surface or submerged to a fairly shallow depth, usually less than feet 76 m. ELF extremely low frequency can reach a submarine at greater depths, but has a very low bandwidth and is generally used to call a submerged sub to a shallower depth where VLF signals can reach.

A submarine also has the option of floating a long, buoyant wire antenna to a shallower depth, allowing VLF transmissions by a deeply submerged boat. By extending a radio mast, a submarine can also use a " burst transmission " technique.

A burst transmission takes only a fraction of a second, minimizing a submarine's risk of detection. To communicate with other submarines, a system known as Gertrude is used. Gertrude is basically a sonar telephone. Voice communication from one submarine is transmitted by low power speakers into the water, where it is detected by passive sonars on the receiving submarine.

The range of this system is probably very short, and using it radiates sound into the water, which can be heard by the enemy. Civilian submarines can use similar, albeit less powerful systems to communicate with support ships or other submersibles in the area. With nuclear power or air-independent propulsion , submarines can remain submerged for months at a time. Conventional diesel submarines must periodically resurface or run on snorkel to recharge their batteries.

Most modern military submarines generate breathing oxygen by electrolysis of water using a device called an " Electrolytic Oxygen Generator ". Atmosphere control equipment includes a CO 2 scrubber, which uses an amine absorbent to remove the gas from air and diffuse it into waste pumped overboard. A machine that uses a catalyst to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide removed by the CO 2 scrubber and bonds hydrogen produced from the ship's storage battery with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water, is also used.

An atmosphere monitoring system samples the air from different areas of the ship for nitrogen , oxygen, hydrogen, R and R refrigerants, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide , and other gases. Poisonous gases are removed, and oxygen is replenished by use of an oxygen bank located in a main ballast tank.

Some heavier submarines have two oxygen bleed stations forward and aft. The oxygen in the air is sometimes kept a few percent less than atmospheric concentration to reduce fire risk.

Fresh water is produced by either an evaporator or a reverse osmosis unit. The primary use for fresh water is to provide feedwater for the reactor and steam propulsion plants. It is also available for showers, sinks, cooking and cleaning once propulsion plant needs have been met. Seawater is used to flush toilets, and the resulting " black water " is stored in a sanitary tank until it is blown overboard using pressurized air or pumped overboard by using a special sanitary pump.

The blackwater-discharge system is difficult to operate, and the German Type VIIC boat U was lost with casualties because of human error while using this system.

Trash on modern large submarines is usually disposed of using a tube called a Trash Disposal Unit TDU , where it is compacted into a galvanized steel can. At the bottom of the TDU is a large ball valve. An ice plug is set on top of the ball valve to protect it, the cans atop the ice plug. The top breech door is shut, and the TDU is flooded and equalized with sea pressure, the ball valve is opened and the cans fall out assisted by scrap iron weights in the cans.

The TDU is also flushed with seawater to ensure it is completely empty and the ball valve is clear before closing the valve. A typical nuclear submarine has a crew of over 80; conventional boats typically have fewer than The conditions on a submarine can be difficult because crew members must work in isolation for long periods of time, without family contact. Submarines normally maintain radio silence to avoid detection.

Operating a submarine is dangerous, even in peacetime, and many submarines have been lost in accidents. Most navies prohibited women from serving on submarines, even after they had been permitted to serve on surface warships. The Royal Norwegian Navy became the first navy to allow women on its submarine crews in The Royal Danish Navy allowed female submariners in But a study showed no medical reason to exclude women, though Underwater Led Lights For Boats Nz pregnant women would still be excluded. Today, pregnant women are still not allowed to serve on submarines in Sweden.

However, the policymakers thought that it was discriminatory with a general ban and demanded that women should be tried on their individual merits and have their suitability evaluated and compared to other candidates. Further, they noted that a woman complying with such high demands is unlikely to become pregnant. Women have served on US Navy surface ships since , and as of � [update] , began serving on submarines for the first time.

Until presently, the Navy allowed only three exceptions to women being on board military submarines: female civilian technicians for a few days at most, women midshipmen on an overnight during summer training for Navy ROTC and Naval Academy , and family members for one-day dependent cruises.

Both the US and British navies operate nuclear-powered submarines that deploy for periods of six months or longer. Other navies that permit women to serve on submarines operate conventionally powered submarines, which deploy for much shorter periods�usually only for a few months. In , Japan's national naval submarine academy accepted its first female candidate.

In an emergency, submarines can transmit a signal to other ships. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. This article is about watercraft designed for submerged operation. For other uses, see Submarine disambiguation. Main article: History of submarines. This section needs expansion.

You can help by adding to it. June Main articles: Attack submarine , Ballistic missile submarine , Cruise missile submarine , and Nuclear submarine. See also: Timeline of underwater technology. Main article: Submarine hull.

Further information: Marine propulsion , Air-independent propulsion , Nuclear marine propulsion , and Nuclear submarine. Further information: Diesel�electric transmission. Main article: Submarine Led Lights For Boats Underwater Oven snorkel. Main article: Air-independent propulsion. Main articles: Nuclear submarine and Nuclear marine propulsion. Main article: Sonar. Main article: Submarine navigation. Main article: Communication with submarines.

Autonomous underwater vehicle Coastal submarine Depth charge Fictional submarines Flying submarine List of ships sunk by submarines by death toll List of submarine actions List of submarine classes List of submarine museums List of submarines of the Second World War List of specifications of submarines of World War II List of sunken nuclear submarines Merchant submarine Nuclear navy Ohio Replacement Submarine Semi-submersible naval vessel Submarine films Submarine power cable Submarine simulator , a computer game genre Supercavitation Unmanned underwater vehicle.

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