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The solution, which has no effect on any litmus paper, will be neutral and hence it will be distilled water. Question 2 Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels? Solution: Curd and other sour foodstuffs contain acids, which can react with the metal of the vessel to form poisonous metal compounds which can cause food poisoning and damage our health.
Question 3 Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Solution: When an acid reacts with metal, a salt and hydrogen gas is formed. Question 4 Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. Solution: The gas that extinguishes a burning candle is carbon dioxide, which is formed by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on a metal carbonate and produces effervescence.
Now, since one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride, it shows that the metal compound is calcium carbonate. Thus, the metal compound A is calcium carbonate CaCO 3. Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water. This can be written as:. The compounds such as glucose and alcohol also contain hydrogen but they do not show acidic character. Question 6 Why does an aqueous solution of acid conduct electricity?
Solution: The aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity due to the presence of charged particles called ions in it. Question 7 Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper? Solution: Dry HCl gas does not contain any hydrogen ions in it, so it does not show acidic behaviour. Question 8 While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid? Solution: Diluting an acid should be done by adding concentrated acid to water gradually with stirring and not by adding water to concentrated acid.
The heat is evolved gradually when a concentrated acid is added to water for diluting an acid and the large amount of water is easily absorbed. If, however, water is added to concentrated acid to dilute it, a large amount of heat is evolved at once. The heat generated may cause the mixture to splash the acid on our face or clothes and cause acid burns.
Question 10 How is the concentration of hydroxide ions OH- affected when excess base is dissolved in water? Solution: When the solution of a base is diluted by mixing more water in it, the concentration of hydroxide ions OH � ions per unit volume decreases.
Question 11 You have two solutions A and B. Solution: The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to its hydrogen ion concentration. This means that the solution having lower pH will have more hydrogen ion concentration.
In this case, solution A having a lower pH of 6 will have more hydrogen ion concentration. Solution A is acidic and solution B is basic. Solution: Acids produce hydrogen ions in water. So, when an acid is added to water, the concentration of hydrogen ions in water increases.
The solution of acid thus formed will have more of hydrogen ions and it will be acidic in nature. If yes, why are these basic? Question 14 Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime calcium oxide or slaked lime calcium hydroxide or chalk calcium carbonate? Solution: Most often the soil in the fields is too acidic. If the soil is too acidic having low pH , it is treated with materials like quicklime calcium oxide or slaked lime calcium hydroxide or chalk calcium carbonate.
Thus, a farmer should add lime or slaked lime in his fields when the soil is too acidic. Question 15 What is the common name of the compound CaOCl 2? Solution: The common name of the compound CaOCl 2 is bleaching powder. Question 16 Name the substance that on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder.
Solution: Calcium hydroxide is the substance that on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder. Question 17 Name the sodium compound, which is used, for softening hard water. Solution: Sodium carbonate washing soda is used for softening hard water. Question 18 What will happen if a solution of sodium hydro carbonate is heated?
Give the equation of the reaction involved. Sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide are evolved when sodium hydro carbonate is heated. Question 19 Write an equation to show the reaction between plaster of Paris and water. Solution: Plaster of Paris has a very remarkable property of setting into a hard mass on wetting with water.
So, when water is added to plaster of Paris, it sets into a hard mass in about half an hour. The setting of plaster of Paris is due to the hydration crystals of gypsum, which set to form a hard, solid mass. Question 20 Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rainwater does? Solution: Distilled water does not conduct electricity because it does not contain any ionic compound like acids, bases or salts dissolved in it.
On the other hand, rain water conducts electricity. This can be explained as follows: Rain water, while falling to the earth through the atmosphere, dissolves an acidic gas carbon dioxide from the air and forms carbonic acid H 2 CO 3. So, due to the presence of carbonic acid which provides ions to rain water , the rain water conducts electricity.
Question 21 Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water? Solution: The acidic behaviour of acid is due to the presence of hydrogen ions. The acids will not show its acidic behaviour in the absence of water, this is because the acids produce hydrogen ions only in the presence of water. Which solution is? Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration.
Question 23 Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. In which test-tube will fizzing occur more vigorously and why? Fizzing occurs in the test tube due to the evolution of hydrogen gas by the action of acid on magnesium ribbon. Since hydrochloric acid is a strong acid a large amount of hydrogen gas is liberated in the test tube A. So fizzing occurs more vigorously in test tube A.
Question 24 Fresh milk has a pH of 6. Solution: The pH will change to below 6, as lactic acid is formed when milk turns into curd. Question 25 Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Solution: The presence of moisture can affect the slow setting of plaster of Paris by bringing about its hydration.
This will make the plaster of Paris useless after some time. Question 26 What is a neutralization reaction? Solution: The reaction of an acid and a base, giving rise to the corresponding salt and water is called neutralization reaction. Question 27 Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda. Solution: Washing soda 1. It is often used as an electrolyte. Domestically it is used as a water softener during laundry.
Baking soda 1. It is used to test garden soil for acidity. If it develops bubbles, the soil is too acidic. Washing a car with it can remove dead bug bodies without damaging the paint. Question 1. Equal pieces of zinc granules are dropped in four test tubes.
Following substances are poured in all the four test tubes. Finally, the eye lens forms a clear image at the retina. Question 2: What will be the colour of sky in the absence of atmosphere? Answer 2: In the absence of any atmosphere, there will be no scattering of sunlight and the sky will appear dark. The sky appears dark to passengers or astronauts flying at high altitudes, as scattering is not prominent at such heights due to thin atmosphere. Question 1: Why do we see stars appear twinkling, whereas planets do not twinkle?
What is this defect called? State reason for this effect. Answer 1: Twinkling of stars: The apparent position of a star is slightly different from the actual position due to refraction of starlight by the atmosphere. Further, this apparent position is not stationary but keeps on changing due to the change in atmospheric conditions like density, temperature, etc.
The amount of light entering our eyes from a particular star increases or decreases randomly with time. Sometimes, the star appears bright and other times, it appears fainter.
This gives rise to the twinkling effect of the star. The planets do not show twinkling effect: As the planets are much closer to the earth, the amount of light received from them is much greater and the fluctuations caused in the amount of light due to atmospheric refraction are negligible as compared to the amount of light received from them.
Question 2: What is astigmatism? How is it caused? How is it corrected? Or What is astigmatism and how is this vision defect counteracted? Answer 2: Astigmatism: It is a defect of vision in which a person cannot simultaneously see both the horizontal and vertical views of an object with same clarity.
Cause of astigmatism: This defect occurs when the cornea of the eye is not perfectly spherical. This results in objects in one direction being well focussed while those in perpendicular direction are not well focussed. Correction of astigmatism: Astigmatism can be corrected by using cylindrical lenses. They have different curvatures in horizontal and vertical directions and so they can be oriented suitably to compensate for the irregularities in the cornea.
As the sunlight is not scattered, no scattered light reach the eyes of the astronauts and the sky appears black to them. Solutions are available online as well as offline in PDF form to free download.
What is hypermetropia? What are the two causes of this defect of vision? How can this defect of the eye be corrected? What is presbyopia? Write two causes of this defect. Why is the colour of the clear sky blue? Important Questions on 10th Science Chapter 11 What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from the eye? Since the size of eyes cannot increase or decrease, the image distance remains constant.
The fact of sex determination in newborn individual is completely solved. Evolution can be worked out by the study of not just living species, but also fossils. Complex organs may have evolved because of the survival advantage of even the intermediate stages. Changes in the non-reproductive tissues caused by environmental factors are not inheritable indicates about different traits like Acquired and Inherited. Speciation may take place when variation is combined with geographical isolation.
Evolutionary relationships are traced in the classification of organisms. Study of the evolution of human beings indicates that all of us belong to a single species that evolved in Africa and spread across the world in stages. Chapter 10 - Light: Reflection and Refraction Light is source of energy which generates sensation of vision in human beings. In this chapter first reflection of light is discussed. Reflection is governed by its laws.
The chapter is concerned with laws of reflection. Here we are basically concerned with the spherical mirrors. After that image formation by spherical mirrors are discussed. The different types of spherical mirror, convex and concave are taught. The various terms related with spherical mirrors like centre of curvature, radius of curvature etc, focus, pole etc are discussed with ray diagrams.
Uses of spherical mirror has been discussed in chapter. Mirror formula is the way to relate object distance, image distance and focal length of mirror. Magnification is the ratio of size of image by size of object. This is related to ratio of image distance and object distance.
Distances are majored from pole of mirror. Sign convention is kept in mind to find relative distances of image and object. Refraction is the phenomena of bending of light when light travels from one medium to another. The phenomena of refraction can be understood easily by the concepts of refractive index and optical density.
This is better explained by an example of rectangular glass slab. This example is dealt. After that concept of Lens is explained. It is transparent medium bounded by refractive index. Types of Lens �converging and diverging is discussed.
Example of converging lens double convex lens and diverging double concave lens. Image formation and terminology is discussed for both convex and concave lens. Lens formula relates focal length of lens with image distance and object distance. Magnification is related with image and object distance.
Sign convention is kept in mind. Power of lens is also discussed. Numerical based on lens formula and mirror formula are to be solved. Chapter 11 - Human Eye and colorful world Human eye, its components, are discussed. The process of by which human eye can see objects is discussed.
The ability of the eye to focus on both near and distant objects, by adjusting its focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye. The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is called the near point of the eye or the least distance of distinct vision.
For a young adult with normal vision, it is about 25 cm. Defects of vision is discussed with their corrective measures using suitable ray diagrams. The common refractive defects of vision include myopia, hypermetropia and presbyopia. Myopia short-sightedness � the image of distant objects is focussed before the retina is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power. Hypermetropia far-sightedness � the image of nearby objects is focussed beyond the retina is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power.
The eye loses its power of accommodation at old age. The splitting of white light into its component colours is called dispersion. Scattering of light causes the blue colour of sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunrise and sunset. Chapter 12 - Electricity Electricity is required for many thing around us. What is electricity? It is phenomena related to flow of Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 11 Workbook charge.
The concept of electric current and electric potential difference voltage is taught. Flow of electrons moving through a conductor constitutes an electric current.
Conventionally, the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of flow of electrons. The SI unit of electric current is ampere. To set the electrons in motion in an electric circuit, we use a cell or a battery. A cell generates a potential difference across its terminals. It is measured in volts V. Resistance is a property that resists the flow of electrons in a conductor. It controls the magnitude of the current.
Ohms Law, which establish relationship between potential difference and current is discussed. Concept of resistance and resistivity is studied. Resistance is property of any conductor to resist flow of current. The resistance of a conductor depends directly on its length, inversely on its area of cross-section, and also on the material of the conductor. Resistance of conductor having unit length and cross section is defined specific resistance.
Series and parallel combination of resistors are discussed. In series current is same and in parallel potential difference is same across resistors.
The unit of power is watt W. One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential difference of 1 V. The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt hour kWh. Chapter 13 - Magnetic effects of Current In this chapter, relationship between magnetism and electricity is discussed. At first some basics of magnetism is discussed with magnetic field lines. A compass needle is a small magnet. Its one end, which points towards north, is called a north pole, and the other end, which points towards south, is called a south pole.
Magnetic Field lines are used to represent a magnetic field. A field line is the path along which a hypothetical free north pole would tend to move.
The direction of the magnetic field at a point is given by the direction that a north pole placed at that point would take. The denser magnetic field lines indicate more magnetic field strength. After that, magnetic field due to current carrying conductor is discussed. A metallic wire carrying an electric current has associated with it a magnetic field whose direction is given by right hand thumb rule.
An electromagnet consists of a core of soft iron wrapped around with a coil of insulated copper wire. A current-carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field experiences a force.
Phenomena related to this are explained. This is the basis of an electric motor. An electric motor is a device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
Working and construction of electric motor is discussed. Electricity generation through magnet is discussed. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is the production of induced current in a coil placed in a region where the magnetic field changes with time.
The magnetic field may change due to a relative motion between the coil and a magnet placed near to the coil. If the coil is placed near to a current-carrying conductor, the magnetic field may change either due to a change in the current through the conductor or due to the relative motion between the coil and conductor.
A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works on the basis of electromagnetic induction. Two types of generators are discussed. DC generator generates direct current as a cell. AC generators generates Alternating Current whose direction keep on changing after a time period. Domestic circuiting is discussed. In our houses we receive AC electric power of V with a frequency of 50 Hz.
The different aspects is discussed. The concept of live wire, neutral wire and earth wire is discussed. Earth wire, insulated green which provide, passage for leakage of current. Chapter 14 - Sources of Energy Our energy requirements increase with our standard of living. In order to fulfil our energy requirements, we try to improve the efficiency of energy usage and also try and exploit new sources of energy.
The chapter is all about different sources of energy. Three types of sources of energy are discussed. The first one is conventional sources of energy.
These are sources of energy we keep on using from long years. It include fossil fuels, thermal power plant and hydroelectric power plant. These are discussed with advantages and disadvantages. After that, energy sources conventionally used, but improvised due to technology has been discussed.
For example, cow dung used initially had low calorific value, and combustion of it causes lot of pollution. But, with help of technology, it can converted into Bio-gas, which is an efficient and pollution free fuel.
Similarly, with the help of technology, wind energy can be harnessed by placing many wind mills in a large field creating a wind farm. Charcoal obtained from wood is better fuel than wood.
All these things are discussed. The third category is Non-conventional sources of energy. In this category, we have energy sources like solar energy, in which energy is generated through solar cell and solar panel, or by solar cooker. Energy from ocean can be generated through waves, tides or through temperature difference between upper and lower level of ocean.
Energy can also be obtained from earth crust, known as geo-thermal energy. Nuclear energy can generated by controlled Nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fusion reactions generate more energy than fission but are difficult to control.
All such sources of energy are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 15 - Our Environment The various components of an ecosystem are interdependent. The producers make the energy from sunlight available to the rest of the ecosystem. There is a loss of energy as we go from one trophic level to the next, this limits the number of trophic levels in a food-chain. This concept of food chain and food web is discussed with concept of Biological magnification.
It is the process of accumulation of pesticides or other harmful chemicals. Impact of human activities are discussed in this chapter. The use of chemicals like CFCs has endangered the ozone layer.
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