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You can use these wolutions for online study or download to use it offline. Covalent compounds are formed due to sharing of electrons wcience atoms and no charged particle ions are formed, hence such compounds are generally bad conductors of electricity. Saturated hydrocarbons: A ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 youtube in which each carbon atom is attached to four ncerf atoms, is known a saturated hydrocarbon.

The bonds so formed are single covalent bonds. These hydrocarbons are also called alkanes. The unique property of carbon to form bonds with other carbon ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 youtube giving rise to large molecules is called catenation. Due to catenation dor of carbons have long chains of carbon, youtune chains of carbon and solutkons carbon atoms arranged in rings.

The reaction of an ester to react with an claxs or base to give back the alcohol and carboxylic acid is called saponification. This is so-called because this reaction is used in the preparation of soap. Dirt is generally absorbed in the clothes as an oily material. It cannot be removed with water because it does not mix well with water. But when a cloth with dirt is soaked in soap solution, the dirt and grease attach themselves to the hydrocarbon component of the soap molecule.

Question 1: What do you understand by a homologous series? Explain giving one example of ncerf series. OR Define homologous series of carbon compound.

List any two characteristics of a homologous series. Answer 1: A homologous series is a group or family of compounds which contains the same functional group but have different chain lengths. Thus, these have the same chemical properties but different physical properties that vary in a regular manner.

Characteristics of a homologous series are: i It has ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 youtube general formula in terms of number of carbon atoms. Question 2: a Distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of i litmus test, ii reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate. Ethanoic acid solution in water turns blue litmus red.

It reacts with sodium carbonate with effervescence and ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 youtube out carbon dioxide gas which turns lime water solutoons. Question 1: Soap does not form lather with hard water. Or Why do soaps not work in hard water? Or Why do soaps from scum youttube of lather in hard water?

Question 2: What will happen if ethanol reacts will ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid? Name the reaction. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. Answer 2: Ethyl alcohol reacts with acetic acid ethanoic acid in the presence of a few drops of conc. Such a reaction is called esterification.

For example, methane, ethane, propane, butane. Ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates and metal hydrogencarbonates to form salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas while ethanol does claes react with. This reaction is applied in the hydrogenation of vegetables oils, which contain long chains of unsaturated carbons.

Why are covalent compounds poor conductor of electricity? Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. What is catenation? What is its property? What is meant by saponification? How does calss help to wash the clothes? Important Questions on ncwrt Science Chapter 4 Soluttions is a homologous series? A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of carbon atoms but contain the same functional group.

How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties? Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature with a pleasant odour while ethanoic acid has vinegar-like smell. This is below room temperature and hence, it freezes during winters. Why are ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 youtube and its compounds used as fuels for most applications? Most of the carbon compounds give a lot of soltuions and light when burnt in air.

Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clean flame and no smoke is produced. The carbon compounds, used as a fuel, have high calorific values. Therefore, carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most applications.

Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap. Soap does not work properly when the water is hard. A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. Hard water ncert solutions for class 10th science chapter 4 youtube salts of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions present in water displace sodium or potassium ions from the soap molecules forming an clasd substance called scum.

A lot of soap is wasted in the process. What change will you observe if you vor soap with litmus paper red and blue? Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus blue. However, the colour of blue litmus will remain blue. What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application? Hydrogenation is the process of addition of hydrogen. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are added with hydrogen in the presence of palladium and nickel catalysts to give saturated hydrocarbons.

What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number cnapter carbon compounds we see around us? The two features of carbon that give rise to a large number of compounds are as follows: i Catenation: It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon. What are oxidising agents? Some substances such as alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate are capable of adding oxygen to.

These are known as oxidising agents. Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements �.

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OR Explain the cleansing action of soaps. In this way the soap micelle entraps the oily or greasy particles by using its hydrocarbon ends. The ionic ends of the soap molecules in the micelles, however, remain attached to water. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily and greasy particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water due to which the soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned.

The cloth is cleaned thoroughly by rinsing in clean water a number of times. Carbon compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds, Versatile nature of carbon, Homologous series, Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups, halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes, and alkynes , difference between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Chemical properties of carbon compounds combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reaction. Ethanol only properties and uses , Ethanoic acid only properties and uses , soaps and detergents.

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science. Question 2 What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur, which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? Hint � The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring.

Question 3 How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? Solution: We can draw 3 structural isomers for pentane. Question 4 What are the two properties of carbon that lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?

Solution: Due to its large valency, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with a number of carbon atoms as well as with a large number of other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many more atoms. This leads to the formation of a large number of organic compounds. Question 5 What will be the formula and electron dot structure of Cyclopentane? Question 6 Draw the structures for the following compounds. Ethanoic acid ii.

Bromopentane iii. Butanone iv. Hexanal Solution:. Question 7 How would you name the following compounds? Solution: i. Ethyl bromide ii. Formaldehyde iii. Question 8 Why is the conversion of ethanol to Ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction? Solution: The conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is called an oxidation reaction because oxygen is added to it during this conversion.

Question 9 A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Solution: When a mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt, it burns completely producing a blue flame. This blue flame is extremely hot which produced a very high temperature which is used for welding metals. But the mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding purposes because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.

Question 10 What are oxidizing agents? Solution: Oxidizing agents are the substances that gain electrons in an redox reaction and whose oxidation number is reduced. Question 11 Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation of CH 3 Cl. Solution: CH 3 Cl methyl chloride is made up of one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom.

Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, each hydrogen atom has one valence electron, and a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons. Carbon atom shares its four valence electrons with three hydrogen atoms and 1 chlorine atom to form methyl chloride as follows: From the above reaction, in the dot structure of methyl chloride CH 3 Cl there are four pairs of shared electrons between carbon and other atoms.

Each pair of shared electrons constitutes one single covalent bond. So, methyl chloride has four single covalent bonds. Question 12 Draw the electron dot structures for- Solution:.

Question 13 What is a homologous series? Solution: Homologous series is a series of compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, and shows a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass.

For example, methane has a lower boiling point than ethane since it has more intermolecular forces with neighbouring molecules. This is because of the increase in the number of atoms making up the molecule. Question 14 How can ethanol and Ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?

Solution: i Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar. Question 15 Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also? Solution: Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water. This is because when soap is added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolves in two different mediums.

The organic tail dissolves in the dirt, grime or grease and the ionic head dissolves in water. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes in the water by the soap molecule.

In this way the soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands. The soap molecules actually form a closed structure because of mutual repulsion of the positively charged heads. This structure is called a micelle. Question 16 Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?

Solution: Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most of the applications because they burn in air releasing a lot of heat energy. Question 17 Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.

Solution: The precipitate form of scum is formed when soap is Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 1 Ii used for washing clothes. With hard water, a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate.

The precipitate form formed by the action of hard water on soap, sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with the cleaning ability of the additional soap. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.

Question 18 What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper red and blue? Solution: Soap is the salt of a strong base NaOH and a weak acid carboxylic acid , so a solution of soap in water is basic in nature. Being basic, a soap solution turns red litmus paper blue.

Question 19 What is hydrogenation? Solution: It is a class of chemical reactions in which the net result is addition of hydrogen H 2 to unsaturated organic compounds such as alkenes, alkynes, etc.

Hydrogenation is widely applied to the processing of vegetable oils and fats. Complete hydrogenation converts unsaturated fatty acids to saturated ones.

From the above hydrocarbons C 2 H 2 is an alkyne, whereas C 3 H 6 is an alkene. So, C 3 H 6 and C 2 H 2 will undergo addition reactions. Question 21 Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil. Solution: Bromine water test can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.

Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test tubes. Decolourising of bromine water by cooking oil unsaturated compound b. Butter saturated compound does not decolourise bromine water. Question 22 Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.

Solution: We all know that soap is used to remove dirt and and grime from substances. Generally dirt and grime get stuck because they have an oily component, which is difficult to remove, by plain brushing or washing by water.

A soap molecule has two parts, a head and a tail i. A soap molecule has a tadpole like structure shown below. The organic part is water insoluble but is soluble in organic solvents or in oil or grease. The ionic part is soluble in water, as water is a polar solvent. When soap is added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolve in two different mediums. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes, by the soap molecule.

In this way soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands. The micelle pulls out the dirt and grime more efficiently. Question 23 Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent? Solution: We would not be able to check whether a sample of water is hard by using a detergent, this is because a detergent forms lather easily even with hard water.

Question 24 People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Solution: It is necessary to shake to get clean clothes because the soap micelles, which entrap oily or greasy particles on the surface of dirty clothes, have to be removed from their surface. When the clothes which are wet by soap solution are beaten, the micelles containing oil or greasy dirt particles get removed from the surface of dirty clothes and go into water and the dirty cloth gets cleaned.

Question 1. Buckminster fullerene is an allotropic form of [NCERT Exemplar] a phosphorus b sulphur c carbon d tin Answer: c Buckminster fullerene is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules.

Its formula isC 60 C-sixty. It is a dark solid at room temperature and as compared to another allotropic form of carbon diamond and graphite , it is neither very hard nor soft.

Question 2. Question 3. In which Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Chapter 9 Eng of the following. Question 4. The long hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic water repelling and ionic portion is hydrophilic water attracting. Question 5. Its formula is C 6 H 6. In structure b formula is C 6 H In structure a double bond is not at alternate position. Question 6. Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon? Rest three are straight chain hydrocarbons. Question 7. Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Both ii and iv structures have triple and double carbon-carbon bonds respectively. Question 8. Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the [NCERT Exemplar] a absence of sunlight b presence of sunlight c presence of water d presence of hydrochloric acid Answer: b Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbon at room temperature in the presence of sunlight. Question 9.

In the above given reaction, alk. Question Butanone is a four carbon compound with functional group [NCERT Exemplar] a carboxylic acid b aldehyde c ketone d alcohol Answer: c In butanone, the functional group is. Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series? Thus, C 4 H 10 is the next member of this series.

So, C 4 H 8 does not belong to the homologous series. Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane? Since, molecular formula is same, only structures are different.

So, i and iii are isomers while structures ii and iv have molecular formulaC 4 H 8. In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged readily with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards. Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an example of [NCERT Exemplar] a addition reaction b substitution reaction c displacement reaction d oxidation reaction Answer: a Oils are unsaturated compounds containing double bonds.

Addition reactions are characteristic property of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The given reaction is an example of addition reaction. Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e. Atomic number of Ne is Its electronic K L configuration is 2,8.

Therefore, after the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of neon. Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because i mineral acids are completely ionised. While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that [NCERT Exemplar] a food is not cooked completely b the fuel is not burning completely c fuel is wet d fuel is burning completely Answer: b The unburnt particles of the fuel present in smoke blacken the vessel from outside.

The reaction in which a reagent partially or completely replaces atom or group of atoms from saturated compounds or A are called B reaction. Here, A and B respectively refers to a unsaturated compounds, addition b unsaturated compounds, substitution c benzene, substitution d alkene, addition Answer: c Substitution reaction is usually given by saturated compounds and benzene.

Unsaturated compounds usually give addition reactions. Which structure do the ester compounds in the table have in common? Answer: d All esters have the common structure of carboxylic group represented by the suffix date. Carbon is an important constituent of the foods, fuels, household and commercial articles, textile fabrics, perfumes, explosives, dyes, war gases etc. Allotropes of Carbon An element, in different forms, having different physical properties but similar chemical properties is known as allotropes of that element.

Carbon has three well known allotropes which are graphite, diamond and buck minster fullerene. Fullerene: This is another class of carbon allotropes. Give below are the main topics covered in class 10 Science Chapter Here students get to learn the carious concepts related to the classification of elements.

Some major concepts discussed in this chapter are:. Life Processes chapter deals with the various biological processes and reaction taking place in organisms.

Some major topics covered in this chapter are:. Control and Coordination chapter gives details of different ways in which organisms respond to the stimuli.

Here you also get to know about the human nervous system, automatics and voluntary actions, exocrine and endocrine glands, etc. How do Organisms Reproduce chapter students get to learn different methods of reproduction in plants and animals and get aware of the various methods of birth control in humans. Some of the important topics discussed in this chapter are:.

Heredity And Evolution chapter deals with the details related to heredity and evolution of different species. Go through the major topics mentioned below:.

Light Reflection and Refraction explains the concepts of reflection and refraction of light. Some important topics to learn from this chapter are:. The Human Eye and Colorful World chapter students get to know each and every detail of the human eye from its structure to its working.

Various defects of vision are also discussed here. It also explains atmospheric refraction and various phenomena related to it. Some major topics discussed in this chapter are:. Electricity chapter explains electric current, its applications and various effects related to it. Sources of Energy: Different forms of energy and their sources are discussed in this chapter. Some of the main topics explained in this chapter are:.

Our Environment chapter deals with various components of environment components and how human activities are affecting the environment.

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