With an estimated population of , in , [6] it is the most populous city in Louisiana. Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States. New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialects , and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras.
The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street.
The city has been described as the "most unique" [7] in the United States, [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage.
Founded in by French colonists, New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to its high rainfall, low lying elevation, poor natural drainage, and proximity to multiple bodies of water.
State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city. Concerns about gentrification , new residents buying property in formerly closely knit communities, and displacement of longtime residents have been expressed. Tammany Parish and Lake Pontchartrain to the north, St.
The city anchors the larger Greater New Orleans metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 1,, in During the American Revolutionary War , New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the American revolutionaries , and transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Beginning in the s, Filipinos began to settle in and around New Orleans.
As a French colony, Louisiana faced struggles with numerous Native American tribes , one of which was the Natchez in southern Mississippi. Approximately French colonists were killed and the young colony was burnt to the ground.
The Natchez pretended to surrender and actually worked for the French in the hunting game, but as soon as they were weaponized, they struck back and killed several men, resulting in the colonists fleeing downriver to New Orleans.
The fleeing colonists sought protection from what they feared might be a colony-wide Indian raid. The Natchez, however, did not press on after their surprise attack, leaving them vulnerable enough for King Louis XV's appointed governor Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to reclaim the settlement. Relations with Louisiana's Indians, a problem inherited from Bienville, remained a concern for the next governor, Marquis de Vaudreuil.
In the early s traders from the Thirteen Colonies crossed into the Appalachian Mountains. The Native American tribes would now operate dependent on which of various European colonists would most benefit them.
Several of these tribes and especially the Chickasaw and Choctaw would trade goods and gifts for their loyalty.
The economic issued in the colony, which continued under Vaudreuil, resulted in many raids by Native American tribes, taking advantage of the French weakness. In and , the Chickasaw would raid along the east bank of the Mississippi all the way south to Baton Rouge. These raids would often force residents of French Louisiana to take refuge in New Orleans proper.
Inability to find labor was the most pressing issue in the young colony. The colonists turned to African slaves to make their investments in Louisiana profitable. In the late s the transatlantic slave trade imported enslaved Africans into the colony.
This led to the biggest shipment in where several trading ships appeared with slaves as cargo to the local residents in a one-year span. By , the large number of blacks in Louisiana prompted the institutionalizing of laws governing slavery within the colony. The slave law formed in the s is known as the Code Noir , which would bleed into the antebellum period of the American South as well.
Louisiana slave culture had its own distinct Afro-Creole society that called on past cultures and the situation for slaves in the New World.
Afro-Creole was present in religious beliefs and the Louisiana Creole dialect. The religion most associated with this period for was called Voodoo. In the city of New Orleans an inspiring mixture of foreign influences created a melting pot of culture that is still celebrated today. By the end of French colonization in Louisiana, New Orleans was recognized commercially in the Atlantic world. Its inhabitants traded across the French commercial system.
New Orleans was a hub for this trade both physically and culturally because it served as the exit point to the rest of the globe for the interior of the North American continent. In one instance the French government established a chapter house of sisters in New Orleans. The Ursuline sisters after being sponsored by the Company of the Indies , founded a convent in the city in Today numerous schools in New Orleans can trace their lineage from this academy.
Another notable example is the streetplan and architecture still distinguishing New Orleans today. French Louisiana had early architects in the province who were trained as military engineers and were now assigned to design government buildings. Pierre Le Blond de Tour and Steamboat Pot Brand Name Adrien de Pauger , for example, planned many early fortifications, along with the street plan for Steamboat Buffet Hatyai 5g the city of New Orleans. French policy-makers in Paris attempted to set political and economic norms for New Orleans.
It acted autonomously in much of its cultural and physical aspects, but also stayed in communication with the foreign trends as well. After the French relinquished West Louisiana to the Spanish, New Orleans merchants attempted to ignore Spanish rule and even re-institute French control on the colony. The citizens of New Orleans held a series of public meetings during to keep the populace in opposition of the establishment of Spanish rule. Anti-Spanish passions in New Orleans reached their highest level after two years of Spanish administration in Louisiana.
On October 27, , a mob of local residents, spiked the guns guarding New Orleans and took control of the city from the Spanish. This group brought with them a long memorial to summarize the abuses the colony had endured from the Spanish.
Later immigrants were Irish , Germans , Poles and Italians. Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on nearby large plantations. Thousands of refugees from the Haitian Revolution , both whites and free people of color affranchis or gens de couleur libres , arrived in New Orleans; a number brought their slaves with them, many of whom were native Africans or of full-blood descent.
While Governor Claiborne and other officials wanted to keep out additional free black people, the French Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking population.
Nearly 90 percent of these immigrants settled in New Orleans. The migration brought 2, whites, 3, free people of color of mixed-race European and African descent , and 3, slaves of primarily African descent, doubling the city's population.
The city became 63 percent black, a greater proportion than Charleston, South Carolina 's 53 percent. During the final campaign of the War of , the Steamboat Buffet Kuantan Online Shop British sent a force of 11, in an attempt to capture New Orleans. Despite great challenges, General Andrew Jackson , with support from the U. Navy , successfully cobbled together a force of militia from Louisiana and Mississippi , U.
Army regulars, a large contingent of Tennessee state militia, Kentucky frontiersmen and local privateers the latter led by the pirate Jean Lafitte , to decisively defeat the British , led by Sir Edward Pakenham , in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, The armies had not learned of the Treaty of Ghent , which had been signed on December 24, however, the treaty did not call for cessation of hostilities until after both governments had ratified it.
The U. The fighting in Louisiana had begun in December and did not end until late January, after the Americans held off the Royal Navy during a ten-day siege of Fort St. Philip the Royal Navy went on to capture Fort Bowyer near Mobile , before the commanders received news of the peace treaty.
As a port , New Orleans played a major role during the antebellum era in the Atlantic slave trade. The port handled commodities for export from the interior and imported goods from other countries, which were warehoused and transferred in New Orleans to smaller vessels and distributed along the Mississippi River watershed. The river was filled with steamboats, flatboats and sailing Steamboat Springs Tubing 101 ships. Despite its role in the slave trade , New Orleans at the time also had the largest and most prosperous community of free persons of color in the nation, who were often educated, middle-class property owners.
The market expanded after the United States ended the international trade in Two-thirds of the more than one million slaves brought to the Deep South arrived via forced migration in the domestic slave trade. The money generated by the sale of slaves in the Upper South has been estimated at 15 percent of the value of the staple crop economy.
The slaves were collectively valued at half a billion dollars. The trade spawned an ancillary economy�transportation, housing and clothing, fees, etc. If a substantial proportion of free persons of color and slaves had not also spoken French, however, the Gallic community would have become a minority of the total population as early as After the Louisiana Purchase, numerous Anglo-Americans migrated to the city. The population doubled in the s and by , New Orleans had become the nation's wealthiest and the third-most populous city, after New York and Baltimore.
In this period, the state legislature passed more restrictions on manumissions of slaves and virtually ended it in In the s, white Francophones remained an intact and vibrant community in New Orleans. They maintained instruction in French in two of the city's four school districts all served white students. They set up some private schools for their children. The census recorded 81 percent of the free people of color as mulatto , a term used to cover all degrees of mixed race.
The mass of blacks were still enslaved, working at the port, in domestic service, in crafts, and mostly on the many large, surrounding sugarcane plantations. After growing by 45 percent in the s, by , the city had nearly , people. As the Creole elite feared, the American Civil War changed their world. Philip , Northern forces occupied the city. Benjamin F. Butler , a respected Massachusetts lawyer serving in that state's militia, was appointed military governor.
New Orleans residents supportive of the Confederacy nicknamed him "Beast" Butler, because of an order he issued. After his troops had been assaulted and harassed in the streets by women still loyal to the Confederate cause, his order warned that such future occurrences would result in his men treating such women as those "plying their avocation in the streets", implying that they would treat the women like prostitutes. Accounts of this spread widely.
He also came to be called "Spoons" Butler because of the alleged looting that his troops did while occupying the city, during which time he himself supposedly pilfered silver flatware. Significantly, Butler abolished French-language instruction in city schools. Statewide measures in and, after the war, further strengthened the English-only policy imposed by federal representatives. With the predominance of English speakers, that language had already become dominant in business and government.
It was also under pressure from Irish, Italian and German immigrants. As the city was captured and occupied early in the war, it was spared the destruction through warfare suffered by many other cities of the American South.
The Union Army eventually extended its control north along the Mississippi River and along the coastal areas.
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