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Halley referred him to George Graham, the country's foremost clockmaker. He must have been impressed by Harrison, for Graham personally loaned Harrison money to build a model of his marine clock. He demonstrated it to members of the Royal Society who spoke on his behalf to the Board of Longitude. The clock was the first proposal that the Board considered to be worthy of a sea trial. In , G. After several attempts to design a betterment of HI, Harrison believed that the ' solution to the longitude problem lay in an entirely different design.
H4 is completely different from the other three timekeepers. It looks like a very large pocket watch. It was a remarkable achievement but it would be some time before the Board of Longitude was sufficiently satisfied to award Harrison the prize.
John Hadley, an English mathematician, developed sextant, who was a competitor of Harrison at that time for the luring prize. A sextant is an instrument used for measuring angles, for example between the sun and the horizon, so that the position of a ship or aeroplane can be calculated.
Making this measurement is known as sighting the object, shooting the object, or taking a sight and it is an essential part of celestial navigation. The angle, and the time when it was measured, can be used to calculate a position line on a nautical or aeronautical chart.
A sextant can also be used to measure the Lunar distance between the moon and another celestial object e. The majority within this next generation of chronometer pioneers were English, but the story is by no means wholly that of English achievement. One French name, Pierre Le Roy of Paris, stands out as a major presence in the early history of the chronometer.
It was Eamshaw who created the final form of chronometer escapement, the spring detent escapement, and finalized the format and the production system for the marine chronometer, making it truly an article of commerce, and a practical means of safer navigation at sea over the next century and half. Questions The reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A- I, in boxes on your answer sheet. NB: you may use any letter more than once 1. It is with no great effort by sailors to calculate the position when in the center of the ocean theoretically. To determine the longitude, a measurement of distance from moon to a given star is a must. In theory, by calculating the longitude degrees covered by a sail journey, the distance between the start and the end points can be obtained.
Hundred years ago, sailors tried to identify their time by checking the sun or stars, but the trouble was that they did need a reliable clock which showed time of And the timekeeper required would be to precisely tell a tangible time lapse confined to An extraordinary craftsman, Harrison, once created a novel clock which did not rely on Later on, competitive mode of Base on Harrison's effort, Earns haw eventually implement key components for Section 2 Father of modern management A.
Widely considered as the father of "modem management," he wrote 39 books and countless scholarly and popular articles exploring how humans are organized in all sectors of society�business, government and the nonprofit world. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to a world economic power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning.
Drucker has said that writing is die foundation of everything he does. In , he published his first book, which was written in Europe. In , before the United States entered World War n, he wrote The Future of Industrial Man, in which he presented his social vision for the postwar world.
In , General Motors asked Drucker to study its management practices. Drucker accepted and spent 18 months researching and writing the book. Concept of the Corporation. The concepts Drucker introduced in the s and s have endured. In , Drucker wrote his first book that taught people how to manage. Management by objectives require managers to establish goals for theft subordinates and devise means of measuring results.
Workers are then left alone to perform as they will and measure theft performance. Drucker wrote, "It is not possible to be effective unless one first decides what one wants to accomplish.
He went on to explain that every worker must be given the tools "to appraise himself, rather than be appraised and controlled from the outside. Management by objectives has become an accepted business concept and is probably Drucker's most important contribution. Drucker issued challenges to junior, middle and senior management: 'The very term "middle management" is becoming meaningless [as some] will have to learn how to work with people over whom they have no direct line control, to work transnationally, and to create, maintain, and run systems-none of which are traditionally middle management tasks.
Drucker interviewed executives and workers, visited plants, and attended board meetings. While the book focused on General Motors, Drucker went on to discuss the industrial corporation as a social institution and economic policy in the postwar era. He introduced previously unknown concepts such as cooperation between labor and management, decentralization of management, and viewing workers as resources rather than costs. Drucker saw people as a resource, and considered that they would be more able to satisfy customers if they had more involvement in then jobs and gained some satisfaction from doing them.
This concept of management by objectives forms the keynote of his landmark The Practice of Management. He referred to decentralization as 'a system of local self government, in which central management tells division managers what to do, but not how to do it. The young executives are given the freedom to make decisions � and mistakes � and learn from the experience. Top leaders at General Motors disliked the book and discouraged their executives from reading it.
Many other American executives criticized Concept for its challenge to management authority. Drucker wasn't immune to criticism. The Wall Street Journal researched several of his lectures in and reported that he was sometimes loose with facts. Drucker was off the mark, for example, when he told an audience that English was the official language for all employees at Japan's Mitsui trading company. And he was known for his prescience.
Specifically, critics say that the system is difficult to implement, and that companies often wind up overemphasizing control, as opposed to fostering creativity, to meet their goals. Drucker didn't shy away from controversy, either.
Throughout his career, Drucker expanded his position that management was "a liberal art " and he infused his management advice with interdisciplinary lessons including history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, culture and religion.
He also strongly believed that all institutions, including those in the private sector, had a responsibility for the whole society. If the managers of our major institutions, especially in business, do not take responsibility for the common good, no one else can or will. Others include a decreasing birth rate in developed countries, a shift in population from rural to urban centers, shifts in distribution of disposable income and global competitiveness.
Drucker believes these changes will have a tremendous impact on business. Business "gums" have come and gone during the last 50 years, but Drucker's message continues to inspire managers. In Managing for the Future: The s and Beyond , Drucker discussed the emergence of the "knowledge worker" � whose resources include specialized learning or competency rather than land, labor or other forms of capital.
Questions Reading Passage 2 has 6 paragraphs A-F. Choose die correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number: i-x, in boxes on your answer sheet List of Headings i. Introducing new management concepts to postwar era ii.
Ideas that stood the test of time iii. Early publications iv. Shifting the focus of management in modem manufactures v. Thinker and scholar with world-wide popularity vi. The changing role of employees in management viii. Find fault with Drucker ix. Paragraph c Drucker believed the employees should enjoy the same status as the employers in a company Drucker strongly support that economists of schools have resources to explain the problems of modem economies at least in a macroeconomics scope Write your answers in boxes 24 and 25 on your answer sheet.
Managers should be responsible for the common good of the whole society. Young executives should be given chances to start from low level jobs C. More emphasis should be laid on fostering the development of the union.
Management should facilitate workers with tools of self-appraisal instead of controlling them from the outside. Write your answers in boxes 26 and 27 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following are mentioned in the passage as criticisms to Drucker and his views?
His lectures are too broad and lack of being precise and accurate about the facts, C. His concepts helped corporate executives but not average workers. His ideas are sometimes impractical and result in opposite outcomes. He was overstating the case for knowledge workers when warning businesses to get prepared. Section 3 Extinct: the Giant Deer Toothed cats, mastodons, giant sloths, woolly rhinos, and many other big, shaggy mammals are widely thought to have died out around the end of the last ice age, some 10, years ago.
The Irish elk is also known as the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus. Analysis of ancient bones Toy Dinghy For Sale Malaysia and teeth by scientists based in Britain and Russia show the huge herbivore survived until about 5, B. The research team says this suggests additional factors, besides climate change, probably hastened the giant deer's eventual extinction. The factors could include hunting or habitat destruction by humans. The Irish elk, so-called because its well-preserved remains are often found in lake sediments under peat bogs in Ireland, first appeared about , years ago in Europe and central Asia.
Through a combination of radiocarbon dating of skeletal remains and the mapping of locations where the remains were unearthed, the team shows the Irish elk was widespread across Europe before the last "big freeze. He added that pollen analysis indicates the region then became very dry in response to further climactic change, leading to the loss of important food plants.
Hunting by humans has often been put forward as a contributory cause of extinctions of the Pleistocene mega fauna. The team, though, said their new date for the Irish elk's extinction hints at an additional human-made problem�habitat destruction.
Lister said, "We haven't got just hunting 7, years ago�this was also about the time the first Neolithic people settled in the region. They were farmers who would have cleared the land. Meanwhile, Lister cast doubt on another possible explanation for the deer's demise�the male's huge antlers. Some scientists have suggested this exaggerated feature�the result of females preferring stags with the largest antlers, possibly because they advertised a male's fitness �contributed to the mammal's downfall.
They say such antlers would have been a serious inconvenience in the dense forests that spread northward after the last ice age. But, Lister said, "That's a hard argument to make, because the deer previously survived perfectly well through wooded interglacials [warmer periods between ice ages]. High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are required to form antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk.
The males and male deer in general met this requirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers as has been observed in extant deer.
Thus, in the antler growth phase. Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis. The extinction of megafauna around the world was almost completed by the end of the last ice age. It is believed that megafauna initially came into existence in response to glacial conditions and became extinct with the onset of warmer climates.
Tropical and subtropical areas have experienced less radical climatic change. The most dramatic of these changes was the transformation of a vast area of north Africa into the world's largest desert.
Significantly, Africa escaped major faunal extinction as did tropical and sub-tropical Asia. The human exodus from Africa and our entrance into the Americas and Australia were also accompanied by climate change. Australia's climate changed from cold-dry to warm-dry.
As a result, surface water became scarce. Most inland lakes became completely dry or dry in the warmer seasons. Most large, predominantly browsing animals lost their habitat and retreated to a narrow band in eastern Australia, where there was permanent water and better vegetation.
Some animals may have survived until about years ago. If people have been in Australia for up to 60 years, then megafauna must have co-existed with humans for at least 30 years. Regularly hunted modem kangaroos survived not only 10 years of Aboriginal hunting, but also an onslaught of commercial shooters.
The group of scientists led by A. Stuart focused on northern Eurasia, which he was taking as Europe, plus Siberia, essentially, where they 've got the best data that animals became extinct in Europe during the Late Pleistocene. Some cold-adapted animals, go through into the last part of the cold stage, and then become extinct up there. So you've actually got two phases of extinction. Now, neither of these coincide � these are Neanderthals here being replaced by modem humans. There's no obvious coincidence between the arrival of humans or climatic change alone and these extinctions.
There's a climatic change here, so there's a double effect here. Again, as animals come through to the last part of the cold stage, here there's a fundamental change in the climate, reorganization of vegetation, and the combination of the climatic change and the presence of humans -- of advanced Paleolithic humans � causes this wave of extinction. There's a profound difference between the North American data and that of Europe, which summarize that the extinctions in northern Eurasia, in Europe, are moderate and staggered, and in North America severe and sudden.
And these things relate to the differences in the timing of human arrival. The extinctions follow from human predation, but only at times of fundamental changes in the environment. Questions Answer the questions below. What kind of physical characteristics eventually contributed to the extinction of Irish elk? What kind of nutrient substance needed in maintaining the huge size of Irish elk?
What geographical evidence suggested the advent of human resulted in the extinction of Irish elk? Questions Matching choose the letter A-D and fill in box A. Eurasia B. Australia C. Asia D. Which statement is true according the Stuart team's finding?
Neanderthals rather than modem humans caused the extinction in Europe B. Paleolithic humans in Europe along kill the big animals such as Giant deer C. Onion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoil in place, while producing the highest quality "super colossal" onions.
Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, and are still producing top-quality pears. These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with Oregon State University OSU researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management IPM.
Nationwide, however, IFM has not delivered results comparable to those in Oregon. A recent U. S General Accounting Office GAO report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM.
Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive. Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides.
In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically. The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals.
In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSU's Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams. The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality.
In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated "super colossal" and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors. The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success.
OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation. In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips - a notorious pest in commercial onion fields - a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides.
OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans.
Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregon and traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally. Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae.
Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears. These and other studies around the state are part of the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment.
Questions Use the information in the passage to match the people listed A-G with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes on your answer sheet. NB you may use any letter more than once A. Patrick Leahy C. Bill Bowler D. Paul Jepson E. Art Pimms F. Steve Black G. Rick Hilton 1. There is a double-advantage to the new techniques. The work on developing these alternative techniques is not finished.
Eating food that has had chemicals used in its production is dangerous to our health. Changing current farming methods into a new one is not a cheap process.
Results have exceeded the anticipated goal. The research done should be translated into practical projects. The U. Expectations of end users of agricultural products affect the products.
Integrated Pest Management has generally been regarded as a success in j the across the US. Oregon farmers of apples and pears have been promoted as successful examples of Integrated Pest Management. The IPPC uses scientists from different organisations globally Shaw mulch experiments produced unplanned benefits. The apple industry is now facing a lot of competition from abroad.
In the French minister of education, facing limited resources for schooling, sought a way to separate die unable from the merely lazy.
Alfred Binet got the job of devising selection principles and his brilliant solution put a stamp on the study of intelligence and was the forerunner of intelligence tests still used today, he developed a thirty-problem test in , which tapped several abilities related to intellect, such as judgment and reasoning, the test determined a given child's mental age', the test previously established a norm for children of a given physical age. A large disparity in the wrong direction e.
This message was however lost, and caused many problems and misunderstanding later. Although Binet's test was popular, it was a bit inconvenient to deal with a variety of physical and mental ages.
So in Wilhelm Stem suggested simplifying this by reducing die two to a single number, he divided the mental age by the physical age, and multiplied the result by An average child, irrespective of age, would score Terman, professor of psychology and education of Stanford university, in The practical side of psychometrics the development and use of tests became widespread quite early, by , when Einstein published his grand theory of relativity, mass-scale testing was already in use.
The military had to build up an army very quickly; it had two million inductees to sort out. Who would become officers and who enlisted men? Psychometricians developed two intelligence tests that helped sort all these people out, at least to some extent, this was the first major use of testing to decide who lived and who died, as officers were a lot safer on the battlefield, the tests themselves were given under horrendously bad conditions, and the examiners seemed to lack commonsense, a lot of recruits simply had no idea what to do and in several sessions most inductees scored zero!
The examiners also came up with the quite astounding conclusion from the testing that the average American adult's intelligence was equal to that of a thirteen-year-old! Intelligence testing enforced political and social prejudice, their results were used to argue that Jews ought to be kept out of the united states because they were so intelligently inferior that they would pollute the racial mix; and blacks ought not to be allowed to breed at all.
And so abuse and test bias controversies continued to plaque psychometrics. Write the correct letter A-G in boxes on your answer sheet. Questions Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Officers B. Normal Soldiers C. Examiners D. Submarine drivers. Give credit to the contribution of Binet in IQ test B.
Computer technology was supposed to replace paper. But that hasn't happened. Every country in the Western world uses more paper today, on a per- capita basis, than it did ten years ago. The consumption of uncoated free-sheet paper, for instance the most common kind of office paper � rose almost fifteen per cent in the United States between and A number of cognitive psychologists and ergonomics experts, however, don't agree.
Paper has persisted, they argue, for very good reasons: when it comes to performing certain kinds of cognitive tasks, paper has many advantages over computers. The dismay people feel at the sight of a messy desk � or the spectacle of air-traffic controllers tracking flights through notes scribbled on paper strips - arises from a fundamental confusion about the role that paper plays in our lives. They begin their book with an account of a study they conducted at the International Monetary Fund, in Washington, D.
Economists at the I. Nonetheless, the I. Their answer is that the business of writing reports - at least at the I. The economists bring drafts of reports to conference rooms, spread out the relevant pages, and negotiate changes with one other. They go back to their offices and jot down comments in the margin, taking advantage of the freedom offered by the informality of the handwritten note.
Then they deliver the annotated draft to the author in person, taking him, page by page, through the suggested changes. At the end of the process, the author spreads out all the pages with comments on his desk and starts to enter them on the computer � moving the pages around as he works, organizing and reorganizing, saving and discarding.
Without paper, this kind of collaborative and iterative work process would be much more difficult. According to Sellen and Harper, paper has a unique set of "affordances" � that is, qualities that permit specific kinds of uses. Paper is tangible: we can pick up a document, flip through it, read little bits here and there, and quickly get a sense of it. And it's tailorable: we can easily annotate it, and scribble on it as we read, without altering the original text.
Digital documents, of course, have then own affordances. They can be easily searched, shared, stored, accessed remotely, and linked to other relevant material. But they lack the affordances that really matter to a group of people working together on a report.
Sellen and Harper write: D. Paper enables a certain kind of thinking. Picture, for instance, the top of your desk. Chances are that you have a keyboard and a computer screen off to one side, and a clear space roughly eighteen inches square in front of your chair. What covers the rest of the desktop is probably piles- piles of papers, journals, magazines, binders, postcards, videotapes, and all the other artifacts of the knowledge economy.
The piles look like a mess, but they aren't. When a group at Apple Computer studied piling behavior several years ago, they found that even the most disorderly piles usually make perfect sense to the piler, and that office workers could hold forth in great detail about the precise history and meaning of thefr piles.
The pile closest to the cleared, eighteen-inch-square working area, for example, generally represents the most urgent business, and within that pile the most important document of all is likely to be at the top. Piles are living, breathing archives. Over time, they get broken down and resorted, sometimes chronologically and sometimes thematically and sometimes chronologically and thematically; clues about certain documents may be physically embedded in the file by, say, stacking a certain piece of paper at an angle or inserting dividers into the stack.
But why do we pile documents instead of filing them? Because piles represent the process of active, ongoing thinking. The psychologist Alison Kidd, whose research Sellen and Harper refer to extensively, argues that "knowledge workers" use the physical space of the desktop to hold "ideas which they cannot yet categorize or even decide how they might use.
What we see when we look at the piles on our desks is, in a sense, the contents of our brains. This idea that paper facilitates a highly specialized cognitive and social process is a far cry from the way we have historically thought about the stuff. Paper first began to proliferate in the workplace in the late nineteenth century as part of the move toward "systematic management.
Thus was born the monthly sales report, and the office manual and the internal company newsletter. The typewriter took off in the eighteen-eighties, making it possible to create documents in a fraction of the time it had previously taken, and that was followed closely by the advent of carbon paper, which meant that a typist could create ten copies of that document simultaneously.
Paper was important not to facilitate creative collaboration and thought but as an instrument of control. Questions The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-F Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list below.
Favorable situation that economists used paper pages iv. Paragraph F Questions Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Compared with digital documents, paper has several advantages. First it allows clerks to work in a Next, paper is not like virtual digital versions, it's Finally, because it is However, shortcoming comes at the absence of convenience on task which is for a What do the economists from IMF say that their way of writing documents? What is the implication of the "Piles " mentioned in the passage?
What does the manager believe in sophisticated economy? Teamwork is the most important D. Terminated Dinosaur Era A. The age of dinosaurs, which ended with the cataclysmic bang of a meteor impact 65 million years ago, may also have begun with one. Researchers found recently the first direct, though tentative, geological evidence of a meteor impact million years ago, coinciding with a mass extinction that eliminated half of the major groups of life and opened the evolutionary1 door for what was then a relatively small group of animals: dinosaurs.
The cause and timing of the ascent of dinosaurs has have been much debated. It has been impossible to draw any specific conclusions because the transition between the origin of dinosaurs and their ascent to dominance has not been sampled in detail.
Paul E. Olsen and his colleagues studied vertebrate fossils from 80 sites in four different ancient rift basins, part of a chain of rifts that formed as North America began to split apart from the supercontinent that existed million years ago. In the layer of rock corresponding to the extinction, the scientists found elevated amounts of the rare element iridium.
A precious metal belonging to the platinum group of elements, iridium is more abundant in meteorites than in rocks. On Earth, A similar spike of iridium in 65 million- year-old rocks gave rise in the s to the theory that a meteor caused the demise of the dinosaurs. That theory remained controversial for years until it was corroborated by other evidence and the impact site was found off the Yucatan Peninsula.
Scientists will need to examine the new iridium anomaly similarly. The levels are only about one-tenth as high as those found at the later extinction. That could mean that the meteor was smaller or contained less iridium or that a meteor was not involved�iridium can also come from the Earth's interior, belched out by volcanic eruptions.
Michael J. Benton, a professor of vertebrate paleontology at the University of Bristol in England, described the data as "the first reasonably convincing evidence of an iridium spike". The scientists found more evidence of rapid extinction in a database of 10, fossilized footprints in former lake basins from Virginia to Nova Scotia.
Although individual species cannot usually be identified solely from their footprints � the tracks of a house cat, for example, resemble those of a baby tiger � footprints are much more plentiful than fossil bones and can provide a more complete picture of the types of animals walking around.
Olsen said. Because the sediment piles up quickly in lake basins, the researchers were able to assign a date to each footprint, based on the layer of rock where it was found.
They determined that the mix of animals walking across what is now the East Coast of North America changed suddenly about million years ago. The tracks of several major reptile groups continue almost up to the layer of rock marking the end of the Triassic geologic period million years ago, and then vanish in younger layers from the Jurassic period.
Peter D. Ward, a professor of geology at the University of Washington. He called the data "very required more research. Last year, researchers led by Dr. Ward reported that the types of carbon in rock changed abruptly at this time, indicating a sudden dying off of plants over less than 50, years.
Several groups of dinosaurs survived that extinction, and the footprints show that new groups emerged soon afterward. Before the extinction, about one-fifth of the footprints were left by dinosaurs; after the extinction, more than half were from dinosaurs.
The changes, the researchers said, occurred within 30, years- a geological blink of an eye. The scientists postulate that the asteroid or comet impact and the resulting death of Triassic competitors allowed a few groups of carnivorous dinosaurs to evolve in size very quickly and dominate the top of the terrestrial food chain globally. Among the creatures that disappeared in the extinction were the dominant predators at the time: foot- long rauisuchians with great knife-like teeth and phytosaurs that resembled large crocodiles.
Dinosaurs first evolved about million years ago, but they were small, competing in a crowded ecological niche.
Before the extinction million years ago. Not terribly impressive. The dinosaurs quickly grew. The toe-to-heel length of the foot of a meat eater from the Jurassic period was on average 20 percent longer than its Triassic ancestor. Larger feet can carry bigger bodies; the scientists infer the dinosaurs doubled in weight, eventually evolving into fearsome velociraptors, Tyrannosaurus rex and other large carnivorous dinosaurs.
The spurt in evolution is similar to the rise of mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs. Mammals, no larger than small dogs during the age of dinosaurs, diversified into tigers, elephants, whales and people after the reptilian competition died away. The success of the dinosaurs after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction may be why they did not survive the second extinction. Olsen said, because they can survive on smaller amounts of food.
Write the appropriate letter A-C in boxes on your answer sheet. Paul Olsen B. Michael Benton C. Peter Ward 1 Large animals are in a disadvantageous position when disasters happen. Question Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? Section 2 Detection of a meteorite Lake A.
AS THE SUN rose over picturesque Lake Bosumtwi, a team of Syracuse University researchers prepared for another day of using state-of- the-art equipment to help unlock the mysteries hidden below the lake bottom.
Nestled in the heart of Ghana, the lake holds an untapped reservoir of information that could help scientists predict future climate changes by looking at evidence from the past.
This information will also improve the scientists' understanding of the changes that occur in a region struck by a massive meteorite B. The resulting crater is one of the largest and most well- preserved geologically young craters in the world, says Scholz, who is collaborating on the project with researchers from the University of Arizona, the University of South Carolina, the University of Rhode Island, and several Ghanaian institutions.
Equally important is the fact that the lake, which is about 8 kilometers in diameter, has no natural outlet. The rim of the crater rises about meters above the water's surface. Streams flow into the lake, Scholz says, but the water leaves only by evaporation, or by seeping through the lake sediments.
The record of those changes is hidden in sediment below the lake bottom. To understand global climate, we need to have records of climate changes from many sites around the world, including the tropics. Before the researchers could explore the lake's subsurface, they needed a boat with a large, working deck area that could carry eight tons of scientific equipment.
It was constructed in modules that were dismantled, packed inside a shipping container, and reassembled over a day period in late November and early December in the rural village of Abono, Ghana.
The research team then spent the next two weeks testing the boat and equipment before returning to the United States for the holidays.
In this process, a high-pressure air gun is used to create small, pneumatic explosions in the water. The sound energy penetrates about 1, to 2, meters into the lake's subsurface before bouncing back to the surface of the water. The reflected sound energy is detected by underwater microphones-called hydrophones�embedded in a meter-long cable that is towed behind the boat as it crosses the lake in a carefully designed grid pattern.
On-board computers record the signals, and the resulting data are then processed and analyzed in the laboratory. Team members spent about four weeks in Ghana collecting the data. On a good day, when everything went as planned, the team could collect data and be back at the dock by early afternoon. Except for a few relatively minor adjustments, the equipment and the boat worked well. Problems that arose were primarily non-scientific�tree stumps, fishing nets, cultural barriers, and occasional misunderstandings with local villagers.
Lake Bosumtwi, the largest natural freshwater lake in the country, is sacred to the Ashanti people, who believe their souls come to the lake to bid farewell to their god. The lake is also the primary source of fish for the 26 surrounding villages. Conventional canoes and boats are forbidden.
Fishermen travel on the lake by floating on traditional planks they propel with small paddles. When the team began gathering data, rumors flew around the lake as to why the researchers were there. Questions 19 - 22 There are three steps of collecting data from the lake as followings, please filling the blanks in the Flow Chart below: Questions Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
The technology they used called Then the data had been analyzed and processed in the Scholz also added that they were now building Whole set of equipment works well yet the ship should avoid physical barrier including tree stumps or Section 3 Internal and External Marketing A. Employees need to hear the same messages that you send out to the marketplace. At most companies, however, internal and external communications are often mismatched. This can be very confusing, and it threatens employees' perceptions of the company's integrity: They are told one thing by management but observe that a different message is being sent to the public.
One health insurance company, for instance, advertised that the welfare of patients was the company's number one priority, while employees were told that theft main goal was to increase the value of theft stock options through cost reductions.
And one major financial services institution told customers that it was making a major shift in focus from being a financial retailer to a financial adviser, but, a year later, research showed that the customer experience with the company had not changed.
It turned out that company leaders had not made an effort to sell the change internally, so employees were still churning out transactions and hadn't changed theft behavior to match theft new adviser role. Enabling employees to deliver on customer expectations is important, of course, but it's not the only reason a company needs to match internal and external messages. Another reason is to help push the company to achieve goals that might otherwise be out of reach. In , when IBM launched its e-business campaign which is widely credited for turning around the company's image , it chose to ignore research that suggested consumers were unprepared to embrace IBM as a leader in e-business.
Although to the outside world this looked like an external marketing effort, IBM was also using the campaign to align employees around the idea of the Internet as the future of technology. The internal campaign changed the way employees thought about everything they did, from how they named products to how they organized staff to how they approached selling. Today, research shows that people are four times more likely to associate the term "e-business" with IBM than with its nearest competitor, Microsoft.
The type of "two-way branding" that IBM did so successfully strengthens both sides of the equation. Internal marketing becomes stronger because it can draw on the same "big idea" as advertising. Consumer marketing becomes stronger because the messages are developed based on employees' behavior and attitudes, as well as on the company's strengths and capabilities� indeed, the themes are drawn from the company's very soul.
This process can result in a more distinct advertising idea because marketers are more likely to create a message that7 s unique to the company. Perhaps even more important, by taking employees into account, a company can avoid creating a message that doesn't resonate with staff or, worse, one that builds resentment.
In , United Airlines shelved its "Come Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan when presented with a survey that revealed the depth of customer resentment toward the airline industry.
In an effort to own up to the industry's shortcomings. United launched a new campaign, "Rising," in which it sought to differentiate itself by acknowledging poor service and promising incremental improvements such as better meals.
While this was a logical premise for the campaign given the tenor of the times, a campaign focusing on customers' distaste for flying was deeply discouraging to the staff. Employee resentment ultimately made it impossible for United to deliver the improvements it was promising, which in turn undermined the "Rising" pledge. Three years later. United decided employee opposition was undermining its success and pulled the campaign.
It has since moved to a more inclusive brand message with the line "United," which both audiences can embrace. Here, a fundamental principle of advertising�find and address a customer concern�failed United because it did not consider the internal market. When it comes to execution, the most common and effective way to link internal and external marketing campaigns is to create external advertising that targets both audiences.
IBM used this tactic very effectively when it launched its e-business campaign. This is an expensive way to capture attention, but if used sparingly, it is the most powerful form of communication; in fact, you need do it only once for everyone in the company to read it.
There's a symbolic advantage as well. Such a tactic signals that the company is taking its pledge very seriously; it also signals transparency�the same message going out to both audiences.
Advertising isn't the only way to link internal and external marketing. At Nike, a number of senior executives now hold the additional title of "Corporate Storyteller. One tale, for example, recalls how legendary coach and Nike cofounder Bill Bowerman, in an effort to build a better shoe for his team, poured rubber into the family waffle iron, giving birth to the prototype of Nike's famous Waffle Sole.
By talking about such inventive moves, the company hopes to keep the spirit of innovation that characterizes its ad campaigns alive and well within the company. But while their messages must be aligned, companies must also keep external promises a little ahead of internal realities. Such promises provide incentives for employees and give them something to live up to. In the s, Ford turned "Quality is Job " from an internal rallying cry into a consumer slogan in response to the threat from cheaper, more reliable Japanese cars.
It did so before the claim was fully justified, but by placing it in the public arena, it gave employees an incentive to match the Japanese.
If the promise is pushed too far ahead, however, it loses credibility. When a beleaguered British Rail launched a campaign announcing service improvement under the banner "We're Getting There," it did so prematurely.
By drawing attention to the gap between the promise and the reality, it prompted destructive press coverage. This, in turn, demoralized staff, who had been legitimately proud of the service advances they had made. Questions Use the information in the passage to match the company listed A-F with correct category or deeds below. NB: you may use any letter more than once A. Employers in almost all companies successfully make their employees fully understand the outside campaign.
Currently IBM is more prominent in the area of E-business United Airline finally gave up an ads slogan due to a survey in Nike had improved company performance through telling employees legendary corporation stories. Questions Choose Two correct letters below Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.
Please choose TWO approaches in the passage mentioned that were employed as company strategy: A. Otters have long, thin bodies and short legs - ideal for pushing through dense undergrowth or hunting in tunnels. An adult male may be up to 4 feet long and bs. Females are smaller typically. The Eurasian otter's nose is about the smallest among the otter species and has a characteristic shape described as a shallow 'W. An otter's tail or rudder, or stem is stout at the base and tapers towards the tip where it flattens.
This forms part of the propulsion unit when swimming fast under water. Otter fur consists of two types of hair: stout guard hairs which form a waterproof outer covering, and under-fur which is dense and fine, equivalent to an otter's thermal underwear. The fur must be kept in good condition by grooming. Sea water reduces the waterproofing and insulating qualities of otter fur when salt water in the fin.
This is why freshwater pools are important to otters living on the coast. After swimming, they wash the salts off in the pools and then squirm on the ground to rub dry against vegetation. Scent is used for hunting on land, for communication and for detecting danger, otterine sense of smell is likely to be similar in sensitivity to dogs. Otters have small eyes and are probably short-sighted on land. But they do have the ability to modify the shape of the lens in the eye to make it more spherical, and hence overcome the refraction of water.
In clear water and good light, otters can hunt fish by sight. The otter's eyes and nostrils are placed high on its head so that it can see and breathe even when the rest of the body is submerged.
Underwater, the otter holds its legs against the body, except for steering, and the hind end of the body is flexed in a series of vertical undulations. River otters have webbing which extends for much of the length of each digit, though not to the very end. Giant otters and sea otters have even more prominent webs, while the Asian short-clawed otter has no webbing - they hunt for shrimps in ditches and paddy fields so they don't need the swimming speed.
Otter ears are tiny for streamlining, but they still have very sensitive hearing and are protected by valves which close them against water pressure.
A number of constraints and preferences limit suitable habitats for otters. Water is a must and the rivers must be large enough to support a healthy population of fish. Being such shy and wary creatures, they will prefer territories where man's activities do not impinge greatly.
Of course, there must also be no other otter already in residence - this has only become significant again recently as populations start to recover. Coastal otters have a much more abundant food supply and ranges for males and females may be just a few kilometres of coastline. Because male ranges are usually larger a male otter may find his range overlaps with two or three females - not bad! Otters will eat anything that they can get hold of - there are records of sparrows and snakes and slugs being gobbled.
Apart from fish the most common prey are crayfish, crabs and water birds. Small mammals are occasionally taken, most commonly rabbits but sometimes even moles. Eurasian otters will breed any time where food is readily available.
In places where condition is more severe, Sweden for example where the lakes are frozen for much of winter, cubs are born in spring. This ensures that they are well grown before severe weather returns. In the Shetlands, cubs are born in summer when fish is more abundant. Though otters can breed every year, some do not. Again, this depends on food availability. Other factors such as food range and quality of the female may have an effect. Gestation for Eurasian otter is 63 days, with the exception of Lutra canadensis whose embryos may undergo delayed implantation.
Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are lined with bedding to keep the cubs warm while mummy is away feeding. Nests are lined with bedding reeds, waterside plants, grass to keep the cubs warm while is away feeding. Litter Size varies between 1 and 5. For some unknown reason, coastal otters tend to produce smaller litters. At five weeks they open their eyes - a tiny cub of g. At seven weeks they're weaned onto solid food. At ten weeks they leave the nest, blinking into daylight for the first time.
After three months they finally meet the water and learn to swim. After eight months they are hunting, though the mother still provides a lot of food herself. Finally, after nine months she can chase them all away with a clear conscience, and relax - until the next fella shows up. Pesticides, such as dieldrin and aldrin, were first used in in agriculture and other industries - these chemicals are very persistent and had already been recognised as the cause of huge declines in the population of peregrine falcons, sparrow hawks and other predators.
The pesticides entered the river systems and the food chain - micro- organisms, fish and finally otters, with every step increasing the concentration of the chemicals. From the chemicals were phased out, but while some species recovered quickly, otter numbers did not - and continued to fall into the 80s. This was probably due mainly to habitat destruction and road deaths. Acting on populations fragmented by the sudden decimation in the 50s and 60s, the loss of just a handful of otters in one area can make an entire population unviable and spell the end.
Otter numbers are recovering all around Britain - populations are growing again in the few areas where they had remained and have expanded from those areas into the rest of the country. This is almost entirely due to legislation, conservation efforts, slowing down and reversing the destruction of suitable otter habitat and reintroductions from captive breeding programs. Releasing captive- bred otters is seen by many as a last resort.
The argument runs that where there is no suitable habitat for them they will not survive after release and where there is suitable habitat, natural populations should be able to expand into the area. However, reintroducing animals into a fragmented and fragile population may add just enough impetus for it to stabalise and expand, rather than die out.
This is what the Otter Trust accomplished in Norfolk, where the otter population may have been as low as twenty animals at the beginning of the s. The Otter Trust has now finished its captive breeding program entirely, great news because it means it is no longer needed.
Questions The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes on your answer sheet. NB: You may use any letter more than once.
What affects the outer fur of otters? What skill is not necessary for Asian short-clawed otters? Which type of otters has the shortest range? Which type of animals do otters hunt occasionally?
What we have done is figured out HOW we need to do this planning to make it work. And at times we have had to opt for not the exact site or campground that we wanted. With a Thousand Trails membership we are able to book sites online up to 90 days out memberships vary with this number and then we can cancel them.
We also keep an eye on the booking system at places and sometimes check daily to see if anything opens up. This has worked to get us into National Parks last minute when people have canceled a reservation.
You have to be comfortable with uncertainty and also comfortable with the fact you may end up boondocking somewhere for a few days if nothing is available. It is up to you to decide how that feels to you. We highly recommend setting realistic expectations. This lifestyle has its challenges.
If you accept that and anticipate it you will be more prepared when they happen. Here is a post we wrote on the evolving emotions of full time RV travel. Here is a great post about safe RVing. This is such a fun part on this journey, but also stressful! That adds a little more pressure to picking the right RV camper.
There is everything from camper vans to gigantic 5th wheels! It can be hard to pick. Another option is to do an RV rental first. To help you decide what you like. We have a post here on tips for renting an RV and one here on tips for planning an RV trip. Do you have a lot of camping gear, Kayaks, Paddle-boards, indoor toys, kitchen products?
Where will everyone sleep � will that work? What about the dogs bed � is there a spot on the floor for it? Is there a place for all the clothes to go? Is there a desk area or place for the computer? Thinking about the things that we knew we were going to want and need room for was helpful in narrowing down our decision. We have also gotten our last 2 rigs from Camping World and we were really happy with the whole trade-in and purchase process!
We chose to start BIG and got a 39 foot motorhome with 4 slides, then went small and are now back up to a 36 footer. Here are some more great tips from Heath and Alyssa about what RV you should buy. An RV loan can either be the same as a car loan or you can go the route of getting a longer term loan more like a mortgage in the 15 � 20 year range, but and that is a big BUT know that there are limitations with these loans.
For example to get a longer term loan your RV may need to be less than 8 years old. In the end if you buy from a dealer it may make sense to go through their finance department, but it is always good to do your homework before that so you know what the normal going rate is.
If you can, add solar to your rig ASAP! It will give you the opportunity to go out and boondock camp without hookups. We have been to so many amazing places boondocking.
We had our current solar setup installed by Future Solutions in Indiana and they did an amazing job! With our Keystone Montana High Country BH it came pre-wired for solar which saved a lot of time and money on the whole process of getting solar installed. We plan on expanding on this system since our usage demands more panels and batteries�full-time living! Moving into an RV which is now your tiny house on wheels you still want to make it your own!
We had so much fun doing this with every rig we have had. With our first rig we took out closets and sinks and added bunks and shelves. We also ripped out all of the old fashioned looking decor and made curtains to hang. Plus we painted the whole RV. Nothing really different here. Craig just primed the walls and we painted them with normal paint. Nothing special. We were very happy with everything we did and really enjoyed living in it that way, but when it came time to sell we had to repaint everything back to a neutral color.
Just something to keep in mind. With our 3rd RV 21 foot travel trailer and a much smaller one � we have found that there is more of a NEED to customize it so that we have the things in place that we need. When it is something you are going to be living in you are going to want to make updates to make it livable! Have some fun here and come up with a name for your house on wheels.
We would love to hear yours so shoot us a message! Pretty late in the game we learned that there are only certain vehicles that can be towed 4 down behind a motorhome. I think there are a few older models you can, but it is a pretty small list. Here is a great list to determine what vehicles can be dinghy towed � 4 down. If you are buying a truck to tow your 5th wheel or trailer just remember this is also the vehicle you will be driving around to attractions, the grocery store, parking structures, etc.
Learn more about trucks for towing. Over the years we have learned that the less things we have the more space we have and that is a good thing. Same thing goes for outside toys � things like a big grill, a ton of lawn chairs, yard decorations, things like that. Believe me setting them up and taking them down starts to get really old really fast. That being said we are really happy when it is cold and our friends have a clam tent and we do borrow my parents grill for grilling now and then :.
Here are a few tips on how we keep our life simplified: simplified. It is all about minimizing. Instead we focused on things we were going to use day in and day out. Here are our recommended Kitchen Accessories. I had 2 closets full! Now I have one bin full and a few hangers and that is it. It really is kind of crazy, but what I have learned is that I really only wear a small number of clothes. Granted if I had to go into work every day or dress nice, I would probably need more, but that is one of the many benefits of this lifestyle.
I can wear yoga pants or work out clothes every day! For the kids I have found that having a bin full of campground play clothes works great. Then I have a collection of 2 to 3 outfits that are nice clothes that they only wear when we are going out to eat, to a museum, exploring, etc. It truly is amazing how little clothes you really do need to have.
I should add our kids and us will wear the same clothes for a couple days in a row. Why not?! Less laundry and way easier to maintain! The space is tight. Especially if you have a bigger family. You will adapt, but be prepared for some growing pains. Plus if you go down to one bathroom it can be a challenge. But luckily most campgrounds have a bathroom you can use.
We have also found that when we need space, we just go outside or get in the car and go to a park, museum, etc. Craig always laughs at me, but going to a new grocery store every few weeks has its challenges!
But all that aside, it really is like shopping for groceries when you live in a house minus having the basement or garage space to stock pile when there is a great sale. Same thing with an RV fridge. You can usually fit more than you think. I know other people have gone the route of installing a residential fridge in their rig. So there are options. We have a fridge, oven, and stove top, plus appliances like a toaster, donut maker, Instant Pot etc. I will say I also bake a lot less in the RV.
Just not as much room for all that. The fridge will probably be smaller unless you get a residential fridge � which people do and overall storage for food is usually less, so your shopping style may change � no more stock piling those canned goods! Oh the Internet. I think it is a good thing that we left our house right after we got rid of cable and moved to internet TV watching. Also before our kids started wanting to stream from their iPads. It rarely works and when it does you normally have to be at the club house or a designated area for it to really work.
Instead we recommend getting your own hotspot. Plus a booster. When we decided to RV full time, we knew we would be bringing our dogs with us. That was part of the reason we went with RVing since they could come with us. It has its challenges, but what you will find is most RV parks are filled with people with pets. If you have what is termed an aggressive breed, you may run into more issues.
Just always be sure to double check if dogs are allowed. Also note there are times when an RV park may charge an extra fee for having a pet. Also be sure whatever pet food you get for your dog can be purchased anywhere or that you can get it shipped to you. We use Pedigree � not the best quality � but is available in Walmarts all over the US. If your dog barks, you need to take care of that. We used a citronella bark collar and it worked great. Which is also why we leave a window open. We never leave without a window open.
You can check out our post about it here RVing with dogs. Our Favorite Dog Friendly Places. We have had to put both of our dogs down while being on the road. They both were getting old when it happened and not doing well, so we had to make the hard decision to put them down. For us it was the best solution in the situation. It was horrible and sad, but it was all possible.
We had no idea if cremation would be an option. Had it not been where we were we would have gone somewhere where it was. There are so many different ways to live this lifestyle. For is it was never about saving money. Please note we move a lot. If we choose to stay put in places for longer things would cost less. Instead we normally move every 4 days or so.
If your goal is to save money by living full time in an RV it can be possible. I think we thought living in an RV was going to be a lot cheaper than living in a house.
It can be. Then everything else � campgrounds, groceries, spending money, etc. What we Small Dinghy Boat Synonym Zoom have found is there is a BIG variation in the full time family RV community on how much money people spend.
It all depends on what style of full time RVing you are looking for. Here are detailed write-ups on how we afford full time travel. Plus a couple months of detailed budgeting for our family.
It all depends what you are looking for. If you purchase a membership like Thousand Trails � you pay a flat one time fee to buy the membership.
We bought our used membership here: Campground Membership Outlet. We have mixed feelings about them. Some are really nice, others are not so great.
They are normally pretty far from attractions and a lot of the time our Verizon hotspot does not get coverage. Then there are private RV parks. There are times we really like these concrete centric RV parks with full hook ups and a nice clean setup � and cable � the kids love cable :.
Then there is BLM land and boondocking opportunities where you can stay for free but have no hook ups. You find most of the BLM land on the west coast � not as much on the east coast. Here is a post we did on how to camp for free or close to it in the US. There are a decent amount of RV memberships sites out there. We belong to:. Fulltime Families � all about families traveling fulltime in their RV.
Lots of great resources and rallies! Click here to join Fulltime Families! Thousand Trails � as mentioned above. Great for inexpensive camping once you buy the membership and for meeting other full time traveling families.
For more details call or email tell them we sent you :. Passport America � great discounts on campgrounds usually for one to two nights, but sometimes more. If you work for a company you probably have health insurance through them, so you are good to go. Emergency room is covered all over the country. Outside of emergency room we are only covered in Wisconsin which means we would have to go back if something came up that meant we needed ongoing care.
Or pay Dinghy Sailing Boats 80 out of pocket. Not ideal, but is what it is. Here is a great post about Healthcare Options. We insure our RV through State Farm � same place we have our cars. This all depends on what kind of campgrounds you are looking for. Good Sam also has a directory. And if you want the full on video tour of a campground � how cool is that?! Basically any people over 2, you are paying an extra fee per night. That can make a big difference when you have kids.
Fulltime Families is working on a service where they reach out to campgrounds and ask that they waive the kids tax if you are a full time family member. It is coming soon so stay tuned! Let us know if you figure this out :. Then you want to have a truckers map book. We have also heard that AllStays is a good app for finding large gas stations if you have a big rig. If you are looking to socialize go to a campground and walk around and talk to people. Seriously it is that easy.
RVers and campers tend to be very social. Then if you are looking for it you can continue conversations with people that may lead to you planning on traveling together for a while. This has happened multiple times to us. The one we recommend is Fulltime Families. It is a great resource for people traveling with kids. Their Facebook group has over 10, members and is a great way to drop a message asking if any other families are going to be at a campground or in an area you are heading to.
Feeling lonely on the road? Head to a rally! You will instantly not feel lonely, but you may feel overwhelmed. I have heard people say attending their first rally was like drinking from a fire hose. So many people and so much chaos, but so much fun! Plus Full Time Families will run some random get togethers throughout the year which would work too. There are so many great memberships out there that have saved us hundreds if not thousands of dollars a year. This pass has saved us SO much money!
You can learn all about it here: Reciprocal Museum Membership. This is a great membership to have to get really good discounts on sites for a night or 2 � sometimes a week at locations that are usually in really good places.
Check that out here: Passport America. Like I mentioned above this is a great group to be part of. You can join their free Facebook group for free, but once you become a member, you get member benefits along with access to their members only Facebook group.
This group is filled with mostly people who are on the road or have been � not dreamers � so you know you are going to get great feedback and information. We have mixed feelings about the Thousand Trails parks. If you are interested in a membership we recommend starting off with a zone membership and the buying a used membership if you like the zone membership.
Another MUST have pass if you are hitting the road. In total it gets you into 2, federal recreation sites including National Forests, National Wildlife Refuges and more! If you have ever looked into homeschooling, then you are well aware that there are a LOT of different styles out there.
Everything from regular school � online � called eschooling to Radical Unschooling. I really think the decision for this has to come from the family as a whole. Will there be one spouse who is responsible for the schooling?
Do you want to be at the table for hours a day doing school? Do you plan on putting your kids back in school? These are all great questions to ask yourself before choosing what direction you want to go with schooling. Traveling full time and homeschooling is NOT homeschooling when you live in one location. The amount of effort and the inconsistency of traveling leads to a much more unstructured life. Check out our post on Unschooling Resources. Each state has its own set of rules on how they manage homeschooling.
Then states like Wisconsin where we are from say you have to report each year that you are homeschooling and commit to teaching X amount of hours a year. Then other states have much stricter rules that say you have to do yearly testing or have a teacher come to your home to evaluate your child. Be sure to research what your home state says and if you plan on becoming residence of another state when you are traveling be sure to understand those rules too.
When talking to families on the road there are a lot of variety of homeschoolers. You have your Roadschoolers, Worldschoolers, Unschoolers and your traditional homeschoolers text book and curriculum followers.
In our case we choose to go the route of Unschooling. We actually chose this route before we knew we were going to travel full time. Lucky for us the two go hand in hand really well and we are very happy with the choice. We also know a lot of families who start with a stricter curriculum based approach and then move to Unschooling. It just really makes sense when you are on the road. We are by no means experts when it comes to Unschooling so we alway point people to the experts who have grown adult unschooled kids.
Also note that they experts are in the Radical Unschooling realm � which takes the unschooling concept and brings it into your every day life � not just the schooling aspect. Here is our post on Unschooling Resources. Here is a list of our favorite blogs of other families or couples who are or have traveled full time in an RV:. Exploring The Local Life. Follow Your Detour. Fulltime Families. Ditching Suburbia. The Wanderpreneurs. Our Channel :! Less Junk More Journey. Keep Your Day Dream.
Project Trek. The RV Entrepreneur. Us � Crazy Family Adventure. Zula Life. The Mom Trotter. Lanes Less Traveled.
Big Hearts Tiny Spaces. The Wanderprenuers. Elementary Explorers. To The Woods Travel. The Runaway Parents. Oils And Grace Tribe.
Full Time RV Family. RVE Entreprenuer. RV Tips. Follow Your Detour by Lindsay Mckenzie. If you are good with staying in one location at one campground work camping may be for you.
We tried it and only had to work a couple of hours a day for a free stay at a campground for a month. The problem was we then had to go home and continue with our regular jobs. This made for a long day!
But for some people I know it is a great fit. Check out this site to learn more: Live Camp Work. We have never done this, but have heard from multiple people who have done and continue to go back each year to do it again. Basically you get a job working for Amazon during the busy holiday season.
My understanding is it is a labor intensive job and you work a lot of hours. May be a great way to get yourself on the road or to make some extra money to subsidize your income throughout the year. This is what we did. I started a virtual business where we do social media and Pinterest for small businesses.
I highly recommend this approach since it gives us a lot of flexibility.
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