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In Tanzania, the age of majority Ordnance, cap age of majority is 18 years. Who is the person of an unsound mind? The section provides specifically that: A person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of making a contract if, at the time when he makes it he is capable of; i.
Understanding it ii. Though the law restricts these persons to enter into contracts, in the present life situation we are living, the matter of entering into contracts is unavoidable.
People of all walks of life do get themselves bound in contracts; majors as well as minors, sane as well as the insane. Think of a man who is mentally challenged who goes to a shop offering to buy something. Think too of a small boy who buys an exercise book for school. This does not end with the practices of buying only; in present day desperate life situation where killer diseases such as AIDS leave children orphaned, we see a lot of them roaming the streets selling various items to elders etc.
But taking a more concerned look into the matter you may find that, this kind of contracts have a greater effect just as much as they are irresistible in our daily life.
The business activities would always be at this risk of losing when they deal with the forbidden groups. He received cash from Cowern in consideration for his promise to deliver to him the hay and straw but he subsequently failed to so deliver the goods.
Cowern sued him for recovery of the purchase price from the minor for the goods he failed to deliver. The court held that: the minor was not liable to repay the money Q. Should the owners of the shops opt for an absolute refusal to dealing with them?
The law provides for this situation. On minors: Though the minor is completely not liable on contracts, he is, both at common law and under the law in Tanzania, liable if he enters into the so called arrangements resembling contracts known as quasi-contracts. This liability is only when the minor enters into contracts for necessaries goods suitable to the condition in life of an infant or minor or other person an to his actual requirement at the time of sale and deliver y 9 and not other wise.
It only imposes a liability on the minor to pay a reasonable price for goods he has enjoyed. And by s. This means the person who supplies the goods to the minor is entitled to two things; i. The reasonable price or ii. Reimbursement form the property of the minor if he can not pay the reasonable price and has this property. The condition here is that the goods must be necessaries and must be provided when the minor is actually in requirement of them. In Nash v Inman 2 KB 1 Simple facts of the case: Inman the minor, whose father was reach, ordered expensive clothes from Nash the tailor.
Held: The court held that, though the clothes were suitable to the minors condition in life, these goods were not necessaries because the minor was well provided with clothes by his rich father. However always remember to answer the following things before you decide to deal with a minor; i. Are the goods or services necessaries? In order to be necessaries they should be: a suitable for his condition in life b he must be in actual requirement of them at the time you deal with him.
On the insane: s. See s. To understand it better see the following illustration If A has promised to sell an item to B, B must give or promise to give something this something is what is known as consideration for this promise. These two promises given by each one of them form a consideration for each others promise.
The most recent English to have given the most appropriate definition of the term consideration is the Dunlop v Selfridge [] in which consideration was defined as : an act or forbearance or the promise of an act or forbearance by one party to the contract as the price of the promise made to him by the other party. This is usually given when the promise is made in return for such performance of an act. Note the present perfect tense used in s.
Note the wording of s. Consideration need not be adequate plenty but it should be valuable money or its worth no matter how insignificant and sufficient in the eyes of the law: ie it should be legal This means consideration need not be enough, it should only be sufficient before the law. It must be something whose worth can be measured against money. In this case it does not matter how small this value is. If you have promised to give your house, which you bought for 2 million shs just for shs.
It does not matter. The shs is enough for a consideration. Held: the chocolate wrappers despite their inferior value formed part of the consideration for the records, the other part being made by the 1. Things of no value do not amount to consideration If consideration can not be measured in terms of its value it can not amount to consideration: See the case of White v Bluett 23 LJ Ex 36 In this case a son promised to stop complaining to his father.
This was held to be no consideration because it could not be measured in value. Performance of an existing duty imposed by law does not amount to consideration When a person has a duty under the law to do or to abstain from doing something, he can not be said to have furnished consideration when he does that duty.
If you promise a police officer that you will give him some money if he arrests a person who has committed an offence against you.
Your promise to give him some money can not be a consideration in exchange for the arrest he has done because he has done what he was legally required to do. Godfrey promised to pay Collins, a witness, who was legally required by court to give evidence if he so gave that evidence. Collins gave the evidence and sued Godfrey for the promised money. Held: the court held that he provided no consideration since what he did was done under the requirement of law iv.
Performance of an existing contractual duty by one party in a contract can not be consideration. Under this arrangement there are two persons A B E. When only 2 days remain and the work does not seem to end, Maria promises to give Marry extra money to finish the job on time and she so does finish on time. The Captain promised the remaining men an extra pay if they finished the journey. They were not given the extra pay and they sued The court held that: they could not be paid the extra money since they did nothing more than what they were legally required to do.
However, if there was practical benefit on the party offering the money, the act of building on time by Marry and that of completing the journey by the sea men would be consideration sufficient in the eyes of the law. Illustration: In Hartley v Ponsonby 1 QB 1 CA Unlike in Myrick, here a number of sea men left the ship so many in number that the ship was on the brink of subsiding. The remaining crew were offered extra pay if they did not follow the others who deserted.
Their act was consideration for the promise of extra pay. Performance of an existing contractual duty owed to a third party, is consideration Shadwell v Shadwell 9 CB NS Court of Common Bench Lancey Shadwell, who was engaged to be married to Ellen Nicholl, was promised a payment by his uncle Charles Shadwell if he went through with the wedding.
When the uncle died, the executor stopped the payments on the grounds that Lancey, since he was engaged with Ellen, he was contractually bound to marry her anyway, thus he had provided no consideration to the late uncle for his promise only by doing so.
The court held that: the act of promising a third party that you will go through with the contract is good consideration. Some of the goods belonged to C, who promised not to sue A if the goods were damaged during the unloading.
It was held that this promise was bound to unload the goods under his contract with B. If Mammilla does an act now and after finishing Alice promises to give her some money, the act by mammilla does not constitute consideration for Alice promise since they happened at different times. This is what is referred to as the past consideration. The general rule is that past consideration is insufficient in the eyes of the law. That past consideration is no consideration is a general rule.
There are some exceptions to it as follows: i. The rules of past consideration do not apply to Bills of exchange e. Where the act done has been requested by the promisor. This is the essence of s. Any person who seeks to enforce a contract must establish that he personally furnished consideration to the other in that agreement. This suggests that, though consideration can be given by a third party on behalf of a party to the contract, this consideration can not be effective.
There are three parties involved here; A, B and C. This is what it means by the consideration must move from the promisee. Their fathers promised each other to pay the bridegroom the husband to be an amount of money. The court held that: the groom was unable to enforce the promise since he had not furnished consideration, even though the promise was made for his benefit.
The privity doctrine concerns the rights the parties under a contract have of suing and being sued on the contract. It follows therefore that, if she had not been the administatrix of her husband estate she would not have won the case i. An intention to enter legal relation is one of the elements that mark the nature of the binding contract. For the purposes of the discussion under this party agreements are classified under two groups namely; i.
Domestic and Social arrangements and ii. Commercial arrangements A. The law generally presumes that in agreements of this kind there is no, between the parties, any intention to make a binding contract.
To be a contract, an agreement must be made with the intent that it be legally enforceable See illustrations below: Balfour v. Balfour, [] 2 K. Simple facts of the case: There was husband and wife. The husband promises the wife an allowance in amity , in his absence to Ceylon Sri Lanka. When the wife divorced the husband, he stopped effecting further payment and the wife sued him.
The court was primarily concerned with the issue as to whether the promise of the husband was intended to create legal relations. It was held that: promises between wife and husband, alongside others, are not intended to result into the contract, even though they may constitute consideration because the parties did not intend that they be attended by legal consequences. Jones v Padavatton [] 2 All ER.
Johns and her daughter Miss Padavatton. The daughter used to work abroad before the mother called her to return to Trinidad and Tobago and asked her to pursue bar examinations in England on consideration that the mother would pay her a monthly allowance during the whole course of her studies there. The daughter failed and the mother stopped paying the allowances but instead she bought a house in London and told the daughter to stay therein and collect rent from the tenants.
After sometime the mother took back her house and the daughter sued for the allowances that the mother had promised but failed to pay. The court held that: the mother could recover the house because the arrangement was one falling within the category of domestic arrangements. The presumption that domestic arrangements are not intended to create legal relation is in law referred to as a rebuttable presumption i. If the court has a reason to believe that the circumstances and the words used in the domestic or social arrangement are to the effect that this intention was intended by the parties.
See the following case: Parker v. Clark [] 1 All ER. Clarke asked in writing her niece Mrs. Parker to sell her matrimonial home and go to live with Mrs. Clarke and her husband which was big enough to accommodate the two families. The letter carried with it a promise that the Clarks would prepare a will which would devise the house to Mrs.
Parker who accepted the offer in writing also. They later quarreled and the Parkers left. They sued for the promises Although this was one of domestic arrangements the court held that: a There was intention to form legal relation evidenced by the act of the Parkers selling their home while relying on the enforceability of the promises.
If there is reliance on and formalization of the arrangement between the parties i. Like the Clarks did by offering in writing and the Parkers who had relied on their promise to do what they had done accepting in writing in the above case. When a couple are about or have separated. R The couple had separated while there was an outstanding debt arising out of mortgage on their matrimonial home.
The husband told the wife if she discharged this debt he would transfer the house to her. When the wife was done with discharging the debt the husband refused to transfer the house to her as he had promise; he claimed theirs was a domestic arrangement thus there was no intention to create legal relations. The court held that: there was this intention to create legal relations since the general presumption that there is no this intention is not available for spouses who are not living together peacefully or are about to separate or have separated already.
See Simpkins v pays [] 3 All ER. They collectively entered into a competition in some Sunday news paper using the name of the old woman. Later when the name of the old woman won she refused to share out the prize to others. Then the daughter and the lessee sued; The court held that; the rest were too entitled to share the prize since their agreement was intended to be legally binding, regard being had of the circumstances of the case.
See the following cases: Rose and Frank Co. Crompton and Bros. Simple facts of the case: In this case an English company entered into an agreement to sell carbon paper to a firm in New York. R Crompton, the English Company withdrew from the contract and Rose and Frank sued them for breaching the contract. The court: the issue which the court dealt with was whether the parties in a commercial agreement can expressly agree not to form legal relations for business purposes?
In the present case the wording of the agreement made it clear that it was not intended to be binding. It is thus un enforceable. How ever if before the breach of the contract there were goods that were ordered and supplied according to the terms of the contract, the ordering and subsequent delivery are regarded by law as separate enforceable contracts of sale.
The negotiation is however not possible when one party is economically stronger than the other. The chances that there may be a fair negotiation and bargaining is so very diminished. For instance in the following situations: i. When the one party has a strong monopoly over supply of goods and services.
Take an example of any mobile telephone companies in Tanzania. It may not be simple for an ordinary citizen to negotiate the terms with them. Paucity in suppliers may cause the same situation. The party who needs to borrow money and the lender. Like the banker and his customer. Since there is no chance for a fair bargaining with these big, well established economic ventures the ordinary or less strong folks find themselves entering into contracts based on the terms that are set by them.
You have either to accept or to reject them. These are what are called standard form contracts. Usually in these standard form contracts the maker may couple it up with conditions whose effect may be to: i. Exclude his liability e. Partly accept liability while limiting damages iii.
Exclude or restrain remedies e. These conditions are what are termed as Exemption clauses. If the terms are contained in the contract later they are not effective. As he entered into the room fixed for him he found a notice on the wall posted by the management in which they excluded liability arising out of loss or damage to guests belongings.
When his property was stolen he sued the hotel. The court held that: the exclusion clause was ineffective because the contract between them had been made at the reception desk. See Curtis v Chemical Cleaning co. Curtis took a wedding dress to the defendant Co. The makers of the document told her that it only excluded liability for damage to beads.
When in the process of cleaning the document was stained she sued. The court held that the company misrepresented and the woman won. In this case the maker of the terms in that document must prove the following if he wants them to bind the other party that he the other party : i.
He must prove that he has done everything possible to bring those terms to the knowledge of the party he wished the terms to bind. Thomson could not read, when she was injured she sued the company. The court held that: a ticket is one of those documents which should be expected to contain terms and the company had taken reasonable steps to bring the terms to Mrs. In this case the other party as well as the maker of the clause are presumed to know its existence thence there is no need to give prior notice.
This is what is referred to as discharge of a contract. In more explicit terms discharge of a contract happens when the rights and obligations accrued under a contract are extinguished.
There are, thus, various ways by which the contract can be discharged. Performance must be complete and precise. The seller delivered instead mixed cases packed in 30 tins and others in 24 tins.
The court held that: the buyer was entitled to reject the whole consignment. If it is rejected, a contract is not discharged. Death of the promisor does not excuse him from performance unless the contract itself suggests so; otherwise his representatives will have to finish up his obligations see s. Only once a contract is performed correctly the parties are thus discharged from their liabilities under such contract. See analysis of this section below Subsection 1 When a party to a contract promises to do a.
Subsection 2 If it was not the intention of the parties that time should be of essence of the contract i. However, if a contract is comprised of a series of minor contracts see s. Each phase is discharged if accomplished completely and precisely. See Ritchie v Atkinson The contract of carriage was designed in such a way that the Mr. Ritchie, the transporter was to carry goods and get paid per ton. When he failed to finish the rest of the goods Mr.
Atkinson refused to pay him claiming that he had breached their contract. Ritchie sued him. The court held: that he could recover the money for that part of the contract he had performed. Under the law in Tanzania s. Atkinson would be entitled to compensation for any loss occasioned by Mr. Discharge by breach Breach of a contract happens when one side repudiates rejects his liabilities under that contract. There are two types of breach classified according to the time the liabilities are repudiated.
Discharge by frustration The contract can be discharged if it is frustrated; by frustration it means it is physically impossible for a party under the contract to perform his obligations. The events which may possibly frustrate contract are as follows: i. Subsequent illegality see Chandler v. Bowden [] iii. If the basis of the contract does not occur if performance of a contract depends on some event see Chandler v.
Radical change in the commercial purpose of the contract This is when there is an event which is such that because of which the parties are forced to perform something that is different from what they originally intended. The general rule is that, once a contract is frustrated i.
All the sums paid by both parties before the frustration are recoverable ii. All the sums not yet paid should not be paid See s. When an agreement is discovered to be void, or when a contract becomes void, any person who has received any advantage under such agreement or contract is bound to i.
Make compensation for it to the person under the agreement from whom he received it. Provided that where a contract becomes void by reason of the provisions of subsection 2 of s, 56 and a party thereto incurred expenses before the time when that occurs in , or for the purposes of the performance of the contract, the court may if it considers it just i.
Discharge him whole or in part from making compensation therefore or iii. The advantage or the payment should not be greater than the expenses incurred by that part. Discharge by agreement There are two ways by which a contract can be discharged by agreement in one of the following ways: i. Take an example of leases. If there is a new contract entered by the same parties which is to the effect that it discharges the former contract.
This other contract must, however be supported by consideration. Due to this reason there is a little insignificant difference in the two statutes. The cases decided in England basing on the English Act are useful in under this part.
Since the contacts for sale of goods, as the name it self suggests, are contracts, they are also subject to the general principles of the law as provided by the Law of Contact Act.
Free consent ii. Capacity to contract iii. Lawful consideration and object and lastly iv. Intention to create legal relation. The unique aspect as regards capacity to contract under the sale of goods contract can be traced at S. However, a contract for sale of goods has certain unique features that are not provided in the law of contract Act such as, i.
Rights and duties of the buyer and seller, iv. Remedies for breach of contract of sale, v. These unique features are what form the substance of the provisions of the Sale of Goods Ordinance, Cap The transfer of such property is to take place later or ii.
If it is subject to some conditions which have to be fulfilled later the contract is called an agreement to sell. The whole of it may be made orally or iii. Part of it may be made orally and another part may be made in writing or iv. It may be implied from the conduct of the parties See s.
However, the specific name for a consideration under the current law is provided under s. This is how the consideration in a contract of sale of goods can be fixed. See the definition as provided by s. A warranty means an agreement with reference to goods which are the subject of contract of sale, but collateral to the main purpose of that contract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages, but not a right to reject the goods and treat a contract as repudiated.
By subsection 1 warranties mentioned under this part are originally conditions to a contract but they become warranties if the buyer either i. Section 15 deals with implied conditions as to description of goods S. If, according to the contract of sale, the goods ordered were to be of a particular description the goods delivered must not be otherwise than described.
Illustration: i. If, say you ordered a black car and red was delivered; or ii. Seven cars and six were delivered or iii. Under this circumstance if what is delivered is does not correspond with the description it is a breach of an implied condition as per s. Note, however that, when the purpose for which a particular product is required is apparent, the purpose is implied.
A lorry Catapult Clothes etc In Godley v Perry [] 1 ER 36 A small child bought a toy plastic catapult which broke as he used it causing him to lose his eye. The pants contained a chemical substance which the manufacturers were supposed to wash away.
The court held that the buyer had impliedly made known to the seller the purpose for which he bought the underpants i. It was intended to be worn , the pants was held to be not reasonably fit for that purpose. Note if he does not examine the goods, the buyer according to this section will be bound by the obligation that the goods will be of merchantable quality. The concept of trade usage recognizes that words and practices in that area have specialized meanings in different areas of business.
Though these common understandings may not be set out explicitly in a written sales or service agreement, the courts will generally employ them when construing a commercial contract. See the following illustrations: The soda companies usually supply soda in bottles which the buyer is supposed to return to the company later, unless he buys them too. In this case the company is said to supply soda and the bottles though the bottle is just used to simplify the delivery of soda which is the subject matter of the contract of sale.
If the bottle is defective there can be breach of a contract, despite the fact that the soda is just in good order. See the case of Geddling v. Marsh [] 1 KB Mineral water was sold to the buyer so that the buyer was required to return the bottles to the manufacturer. When one of the bottles was defective it burst the buyer was injured.
He sued the manufacturers The court held that the buyer could recover damages under s. When the bomb exploded the buyer sued the suppliers for damages. The court held that the bomb had been supplied under that very contract, no matter how erroneously.
Section 17 provides for a number of implied conditions under a contract of sale by sample. The section provides as follows A contract of sale is a contract for sale by sample where there is a term in the contract, express or implied, to that effect. According to subsection 2 of this section, when there is a contract for sale by sample there are the following implied conditions: a There is an implied condition that the bulk the whole mass of goods shall correspond with the sample in quality; b There is an implied condition that the buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample; c There is an implied condition that the goods shall be free from any defect, rendering them unmerchantable, which would not be apparent on reasonable examination of the sample.
The shopkeeper from whom the boy bought the catapult had purchased the bulk by sample from a whole seller, before he bought he had tested the sample, there was no defect. The court held that: i. This part therefore is intended to establish the moment when this transfer of ownership happens in a contract of sale of goods. For this purpose the goods are categorized into two groups and thus the transfer shall be discussed under those groups: i.
There are times when the parties do not, in the contract of sale, show at which time they wish ownership in the goods to pass, when this happens s. It provides rules which are useful to determine their intention s.
Here the property will not pass until some thing is done to put the goods in a deliverable state. Note: any time such thing is not done yet the goods will remain at the sellers risk until the thing is done. The rule thus reads: Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods in a deliverable state, but the seller is bound to weigh, measure, test, or do some other act or thing with reference to the goods for the purpose of ascertaining the price, the property does not pass until such act or thing be done, and the buyer has notice thereof.
In this case the property will pass only when the buyer i. The buyer so approves or does any act that has the effect of adopting the goods. If the seller had not allowed him a fixed time for his approving the goods then the property will pass on the expiration of reasonable time.
The section thus reads When goods are delivered to the buyer on approval or "on sale or return" or other similar terms the property therein passes to the buyer:- i When he signifies his approval or acceptance to the seller or does any other act adopting the transaction; ii If he does not signify his approval or acceptance to the seller but retains the goods without giving notice of rejection, then, if a time has been fixed for the return of the goods, on the expiration of such time, and, if no time has been fixed, on the expiration of a reasonable time.
What is a reasonable time is a question of fact. Transfer of property in unascertained goods13 According to s. Property can pass only when the goods are appropriated to the contract14 Read s.
This means that when the property has been transferred, it passes with the risks. The word risk may mean any of the following i. Rules of frustration apply to these two situations c. Unless under the following circumstances: i. This is a common law principle imbedded in the legal maxim nemo dat quod non habet. Delivery and acceptance and payment for goods are duties of the seller and buyer respectively. Where are goods to be delivered? What if the seller delivers goods in wrong quantity or description?
Read s. If it is in excess he may accept the amount he ordered and reject the rest. Any thing beyond this is not deemed on the part of the buyer as acceptance. These clauses are to the effect that, the supplier of goods on credit may express in the contract of sale that title to the goods will not pass to the purchaser until they are fully paid for.
This means that as long as the goods are not paid for, they remain the property of the supplier despite the fact that they are in the possession of the company. Agency is not defined any where in the Act but s. Thus, an agency is created by the principal giving an authority to an agent to do an act or acts in business dealings with third parties. Formation: An agency is a consensual relationship that may be formed by agreement, by contract, or by law.
No formalities are required ii. No consideration is required s. Consent of the parties is required iv.
Legal capacity. The principle The principle must have a legal capacity. But this is true as long as it is between the principal and third persons i. Otherwise an agent must be of the age of majority and of sound mind. Legal significance of this authority Once an authority has so been granted, the acts of the agent can bind his principle.
This means that everything that the agent does within the authority granted are counted to have been done by the principle himself and the principle will be liable for them. The nature of authority There can be an authority arising out of two different situations as follows: i. Actual Authority As between the principle and agent According to s.
This happens when it is usual for a particular type of agent to carry certain functions, if the principle appoints an agent of this type he is taken to have authorised such acts. Illustration For instance when you appoint a lawyer to represent you in a court of law, you are considered to have authorised him to do any act associated with such representation unless you expressly restrict him to do them.
Apparent or ostensible Authority as between the principle and third party Ostensible authority arises when at any time the principle gives the agent the appearance of authority. The act of the agent done in this situation will bind the principle even if he is actually exceeding his authority. The restriction can be done by the principle telling the agent simply not to do certain acts which if he does the agent will be liable to the principle. Effect of restriction If this restriction is not known to the third party who acts in good faith the principle will be bound by the third party.
See Folkes v King [] The agent was given an authority to sell a car for the price not below The principle would not be bound if he disclosed to the world at large his restriction so that every body has knowledge of it. They usually hold a broad authority to act, e. Example an agent who sells products for a principal to a third party undertakes to guarantee to principal that this third party will pay for the goods. In other words it can be said that a del credere agent, besides acting for the principal, he also acts for the third party but as his guarantor.
Traditionally known as a "servant. Agency by Agreement: An agency relationship based on an express or implied agreement that the agent will act for the principal. This implies that when an agent does an act without authority, the Principal may ratify the transaction and accept liability on the transactions as negotiated. Ratification may be express or implied see s. Agency by Operation of Law: this is when the law presumes that a certain relation is that of agency.
Agencies recognized by courts � e. Agency by necessity Any person may be an agent by acquiring an authority from the pressure arising out of necessity. There are four conditions to it i. There must be a situation which puts the property in danger. Eg for instance, when a person who has been put in control of the property is a transporter and the property is perishable goods.
If the person in control of the property does any thing, he must do it in good faith and it must be done in an attempt to protect the property. The obligations of the agent are the rights of the principle and vise versa.
Loyalty: An agent must act solely for the benefit of his or her principal, and not in the interest of the agent or a third party. Moreover, any information or knowledge obtained in the course of the agency is confidential. Obedience: An agent must follow all lawful and clearly stated instructions of the principal. When the agent acts otherwise, if any loss be sustained, he must make it good to his principal, and, if any profit accrues, he must account for it.
Vittorio Gregotti photographed in He was 92 years old. Graduating from the Politecnico di Milano with an architecture degree in , he first worked as an editor at Casabella , becoming editor-in-chief in He founded Gregotti Associati International in and went on to design a number of notable works, including the Marassi stadium in Genoa, the Arcimboldi opera theater in Milan, the Barcelona Summer Olympics stadium, and large-scale housing. To honor Gregotti, the interview can be read here.
Follow Log on Instagram. Barber on air-conditioning. From classical sculpture to video game graphics, from Renaissance frescoes to Instagrammable buildings, Log 46 Summer brings together architects, artists, and historians, both new and established voices, who examine the multiple forces that shape architectural discourse.
This issue also features reviews of a number of recent books: Henry N. Log 44 Fall marks 15 years since Log 1 rolled off the presses in September We celebrated the dynamic longevity of this important platform for critical thinking and the exchange of ideas about architecture and the city at the Center for Architecture in NYC on December 3, In the 15th anniversary issue of Log , number 44, architects representing diverse perspectives each question, in different ways, the place of architecture and architectural discourse in the world today.
Renee Kemp-Rotan and Ludovico Centis evaluate monuments to the complicated American histories of racial injustice and nuclear weapons development. Log 44 also takes stock of the World Trade Center site 15 years after the competition to rebuild Ground Zero in an interview with Daniel Libeskind and an analysis by Fred Bernstein.
Paul Virilio photographed in Announcement that French cultural theorist and planner Paul Virilio died last week came September 18, the day after his funeral in Paris. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN p. Retrieved January 1, Charles T.
New York Times. March 7, Retrieved January 23, Harry S. Truman Library. June 19, April 23, Kennedy Finds a Historical Desk for President. February 7, ProQuest Kennedy's decision to move the Resolute Desk into the Oval Office. March 27, Retrieved December 21, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 1, Hachette Books. Retrieved December 27, Presidential Studies Quarterly. JSTOR The New York Times. November 27, Retrieved December 12, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum.
Celebrating JFK. May 26, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. Bantam Books. January 22, Whitcomb, Claire. William J. Clinton Library. Retrieved January 18, The Guardian. Retrieved November 18, September 5, Time Magazine. April 04, Retrieved January 25, Martin's Publishing Group. Archived from the original on January 21, Archived from the original on October 3, Retrieved January 21, Archived from the original on April 30, The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Retrieved January 20, February 6, Royal Collection. Retrieved January 8, The consummate Renaissance man: A tribute to Robert C. Woodcraft Magazine. Issue Kennedy Presidential Library. Retrieved December 29, Clinton Presidential Center. George W. Bush Presidential Center. Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center. New-York Historical Society. The President's Hall of Fame.
Treehouse Children's Museum. Louis Post Dispatch. March 1, American Village Citizenship Trust. University of New England Library Services. The Oval Offices. AA Files No. Rogue Valley International�Medford Airport. September 16, Presidential desk on display at History Museum. The News Herald. June 24, Retrieved February 10, Oval Offices, by Way of Hollywood. April 13, Hoffy Tours. February 16, Hillary Clinton leaves through her emails for nearly an hour at resolute desk in art exhibit.
The Hill. September 11, Woodshop News. January 7, Updated September 1, April 9, Resolute Desk. Own your own Oval Office. September 18, Abbott James A. Van Nostrand Reinhold: Matthews, Elizabeth. HMS Resolute.
Auxilium ab Alto Press: Owen, Roderic. The Fate of Franklin , Hutchinson: ISBN X. White House Historical Association: , Oval Office desks. Senator from Massachusetts � U.
Representative for MA � States House of Representatives elections: U. Senate elections in Massachusetts: presidential primaries presidential campaign Democratic National Conventions: U. President ".
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