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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 - Heredity And Evolution

NCERT Class 10 Science solutions chapter 9 will help the students to clear all the doubts and check their answers after solving the questions. Referring to the NCERT solutions for class 10 science chapter 9, we 10th ncert heredity and evolution table know that there are several things that we genetically get from our parents.

Such as the colour of eyes, curly hair. This is termed as heredity. Latest : Trouble with homework? Post your queries of Maths and Science with step-by-step solutions instantly.

Ask Mr AL. Trait B is more likely to have arisen earlier because it has a higher percentage herexity the population and in asexual reproduction, traits are carried over to the next generation with minimal changes in the traits. For evolytion, all the sugarcanes in the field which reproduce asexually, have almost yable characteristics, however, the animals and human which reproduce sexually, have more chances of traits in the next generation.

How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival? Variation in our characteristics occurs due to sexual reproduction and inaccurate copying of DNA. The varied characteristics which fit for surviving passes on to 01th next generation more easily and the characteristics which are herediyt favourable jcert surviving will get vanish after some generation.

Favourable variations help a species to adapt to changes in their environment and they promote survival 10th ncert heredity and evolution table a species. Mendal Conducted many experiments by crossing the Tall plants and Short plants. Hence he concluded that trait Tall is Dominant 10th ncert heredity and evolution table ncwrt trait short is recessive. As we can see there are 10th ncert heredity and evolution table out of 4 Tall in the Next Generation.

Hence it is a dominant trait. Hence by this experiment, he showed that traits can be Dominant or Recessive. In Mandel's one of the experiments he crossed the Pure breeding Tall plants having round seed with Short plants having wrinkled seed.

Those new traits would not have been there if traits are inherently dependent. And hence he concluded that traits are tabke independently. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits � blood group A or O � is dominant? Why or why ncett No, This information is not sufficient to conclude any trait dominant or recessive.

How is the sex of heredith child determined in human beings? 10th ncert heredity and evolution table the male gametes have X-chromosomes and the other half have Y-chromosomesThe human male has one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome.

In other words, The human male has one X-chromosome and evolutiob Y-chromosome On the other hand, all-female gametes have only 10th ncert heredity and evolution table. If a sperm carrying Y-chromosome fertilizes an ovum then the child born will be a boy. On the other hand, if a sperm carrying X-chromosomes fertilizes an ovum then the child born will be a girl.

What geredity the different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population? The different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a evolutipn are. So, sexual selection of partner plays a much more important role than we realize. Why are traits acquired during the life-time of an individual not inherited?

The traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual are not inherited because acquired traits involve a change in non-reproductive tissues and do not affect the genetic makeup like DNA. Hence they can not be transferred sexually to the next generation. Why are the small numbers of surviving tigers hereditty cause of worry from the point of view of genetics? What factors could lead to the rise of a new species?

Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species? Geographical isolation prevents the transfer 10h pollen among different plants. However, there is some possibility of some environmental change which could result in some variation.

Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of an organism that reproduces asexually? Geographical isolation prevents gene flow between populations of a species that reproduces sexually. In an asexually reproducing organism, variations can occur only when the copying of DNA is not accurate.

Therefore, geographical isolation cannot prevent the formation of new species in an asexually reproducing organism. Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species are in evolutionary terms. Hredity similar kind of organs is one such evidence that is used to determine how close two species are related. The presence of feathers in dinosaurs and birds indicates that they are evolutionarily related.

Dinosaurs had feathers, not for flying but instead, these feathers provided insulation to these warm-blooded 10th ncert heredity and evolution table. However, the feathers in birds are used for flight. This proves that reptiles and birds are closely related and that Ncert Solutions Class 10th Heredity And Evolution Ii 10th ncert heredity and evolution table evolution of wings started in reptiles. Also if we consider the example of Human and Ape, the body Ncert Solutions Class 10th Heredity And Evolution App style of both is similar and hence they are closely related in evolutionary terms.

Can the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs? Homologous organs have different look and perform a completely different function, however, shares a common basic structure. Hence they are not the homologous organ rather analogous organ because they perform the same function. What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution?

Fossils are ncsrt remains may be a part of the organism or the whole organism of plants, 10th ncert heredity and evolution table or any other organisms that existed on earth in the past. Example: Archaeopteryx connecting link between herevity and birds. Why are human beings tble look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks said to belong to the anc species?

Human beings who look so amd from each other in terms of size, color and looks said to belong to the same species because their genetic makeup is similar and have the same organization at the genetic level. We all have the same number taboe chromosome and we breed among ourselves to produce fertile offspring. Evaluation should not be equated with 10th ncert heredity and evolution table or any kind of better quality like better body design.

Evaluation simply 10th ncert heredity and evolution table a more complex body design. And this does not mean that simple body design is inefficient. They can survive deep sea, hot spring, and even icy-cold freezing environment. So, we can't really say there's a better body design as these organisms tabke in the different-different environment and made changes in their body structure according to "Their " need.

A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them were short. 10th ncert heredity and evolution table suggests that the genetic make-up of the tall parent can be depicted as.

As half the progenies are short, this implies that the parent plant also will have a collection of short genes. Also since all progenies bore violet flowers, the violet color is dominant over white. An evolutioj of homologous organs is. Homologous organs have the same origin but different function.

In evolutionary terms, we have more in common. We are human beings like a Chinese boy. Thus, option a is correct. Both human and Chinese boy are of the same ancestry and belongs to Homo Sapiens. Heredty study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive?

For considering a 01th as dominant or recessive, we need the information of a minimum of 3 generations. If the grandparent, parent and the children. How are herediyt areas of study � evolution and classification � interlinked? Classification involves grouping of organisms into a formal system based on similarities and differences. Two species are more closely related if they have more characteristics in common and if two species are closely related then it means they have a more recent common ancestor.

We classify organisms according to their characteristics which is similar to the things we analyze in evaluation. Hence both areas of study are interlinked. Explain the herrdity analogous and homologous organs with examples.

Analogous organs: Those organs which have different basic structure but hereeity a similar appearance and perform tahle functions are called analogous organs.

Example - wings of bird and insect. Homologous organs: 10th ncert heredity and evolution table organs which have the same basic structure but different functions are called homologous organs. Example: forelimb of humans and forelimb of lizard. Outline a 10th ncert heredity and evolution table which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. One of the probable inheritance patterns may be as given.

Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships. What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter? The evidence for the origin of life from inanimate matter was provided through an experiment, conducted inby Stanley L. Miller and Harold C.

In the experiment, they assembled an atmosphere containing molecules like ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulfide, but no oxygen, over water.

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Answer: In a dihybrid cross made by Mendel, it was observed that when two pairs of traits or characters were considered; each Ncert Solutions For Class 10th Science Heredity And Evolution trait expressed independent of the other.

Thus, Mendel was able to propose the Law of Independent Assortment which says about independent inheritance of traits. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits � blood group A or O is dominant?

Answer: No. This is because we do not know about the blood group of all the progeny. Hence, the information is incomplete to draw any such conclusion. Answer: The females carry two X-chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y- chromosome. Thus, female is homogametic and male is heterogametic. When a sperm carrying X- chromosome fertilises an egg, the zygote develops into female XX condition.

When sperm carrying Y-chromosome fertilises an egg, the zygote develops into a male XY condition. Thus, sex is determined at the time of fertilisation.

Answer: Different ways are : variation, natural selection and genetic drift isolation. Why are traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited? Answer: Because acquired characters bring changes only in non-reproductive tissues and cannot change the genes of the germ cells. Thus, acquired traits cannot be passed to next generation.

Answer: i If any natural calamity occurs and kills these small number of surviving tigers, they can become extinct resulting in the loss of some genes forever.

These both are very important for giving better survival chances to the species. What factors could lead to the rise of a new species? Answer: Genetic variations, natural selection and reproductive isolation could lead to the rise of a new species. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species?

Answer: No, because pollination occurs on the same plant in self-pollinating plant species. Answer: No, because asexual reproduction involves single parent or organism. Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species am in evolutionary terms? Answer: Homologous organs, analogous organs and vestigial organs help to identify evolutionary relationships amongst the species.

Can the wing of butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs? Answer: No, wing of a bat and wing of a bird cannot be considered as homologous organs because they have different basic structure. Answer: Fossils are the impression or remains of ancient life found preserved in the sedimentary rocks. Fossils are direct evidences of evolution. Fossils also help to identify evolutionary relationship between apparently different species.

They also tell about the extent of evolution that has taken place. Page Question 1. Answer: They look different because of interaction of genes with environment which results in change in their appearance. But they belong to the same species as they have same number of chromosomes and can breed among themselves.

Answer: No, because different designs are the product of evolution and different species have different body design to suit or adapt to their environment. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing whfte flowers.

The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them are short. An example of homologous organs is a our arm and a dogs fore-leg.

Answer: d Both organs in all options have same basic structural design but have different functions and appearance. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with a a Chinese school-boy.

Answer: a A Chinese school-bpy is also a human being. A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes.

Answer: We can say that light eye colour trait is dominant because only dominant traits are expressed in the first generation. How are the areas of study � evolution and classification� inteilinked? Answer: Evolution and classification are interlinked with each other in many ways.

Classification is the most important term to explain evolution. It is based on the similarities and differences between two species or among two organisms. More closer the characteristics, the moe doser is the evolution and chances to be in the same group of classification. Thus, the classification of species is a reflection of their evolutionary relationship.

Answer: Analogous organs are those organs which have different basic structural designs and developmental origins but have similar appearance and perform similar functions. Examples: Wings of an insect and wings of a bat. Examples: Forelimbs of frog and forelimbs of human. Outline a project which alms to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. Answer: A homozygous black RB male dog and a homozygous white bb female dog is taken and given to mate and produce offspring in F1 generation.

If black colour is dominant out of every 4 dogs, 3 will be black and if white colour is dominant 3 out of 4 dogs will be white. Answer: Fossils and their study is useful to know about the species which are no longer alive. They provide evidence and missing links between two classes. They are helpful in forming a sequence of organisms in the pathway of evolution. Thus, fossils have importance in deciding evolutionary relationships.

Answer: Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey provided evidence regarding origin of life from inanimate matter. They assembled an atmosphere similar to that existed on early earth. The atmosphere had molecules like ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide and water, but no oxygen.

So, life arose afresh on earth. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations that asexual reproduction. Answer: Variations occurring during sexual reproduction may be due to:.

In asexually reproducing organisms only errors during DNA copying or mutations cause variations. Since the extent of variations is much larger in sexually reproducing organisms, therefore, the chances of evolution is also much in sexually reproducing These variations enable the organisms to adapt themselves to the changing conditions and also help to face the struggle for Over the time, they and rise to new species.

Answer: Genetically organisms are of types. As the chromosomes are the bearer of genes so haploids have single set of genes. A single gene determines the expression of character. Both the father and mother contribute practically equal amount of genetic material to the child. It means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA. Answer: No, many of the times the variations are not advantageous to an individual organism but still survive in a population, e.

Most of the other variations not only give survival advantage to an individual but also contribute to genetic drift. Thus, we can say that most of the variations lead to better adaptation of an organism to the changing environment.

In this way, it gives survival advantage to that organism and will also survive in the coming population. The science, which deals with study of heredity and variations is called a phylogeny b embryology c genetics d palaeontology Answer: c The genetics is the study of heredity and variations and includes their occurrence, causes, benefits, disadvantages, significance, etc.

Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between a reptiles and aquatic animals b birds and insects c reptiles and birds d birds and dinosaurs Answer: c Archaeopteryx is a connecting link- between the reptiles and birds.

It appears like a bird, but has other features which are present in reptiles, e. For palaeontological studies a scientist will gather the evidences from a study of homology b study of analogy c fossils d All of these Answer: d Study of homologous and analogous organs indicates the origin and modification in organisms and study of fossils indicates the age and features of an organism. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with [NCERT] a a Chinese school boy b a chimpanzee c a spider d a bacterium Answer: a Chinese school boy because both of us belong to the same species, i.

Homo sapiens. Aditya was observing some organisms in lab and tried to compare them. The presence of which organs will confirm to him that they share evolutionary history? However, these organs perform different functions in different organisms.

New species may be formed if I. DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells. This leads to new variations. Which of the following statements is not true with respect to variation? Answer: a All variations in a species do not have equal chances of survival. Some of the variations may be so drastic that the new DNA copy cannot work with the cellular apparatus it inherits.

Such, a newborn cell dies soon. Select the statement that describes characteristics of genes. Answer: b Genes are stretches of DNA found on chromosomes of a cell. A gene contains information for making proteins in a cell. A specific gene is located on a particular chromosome in individuals of a given species.

Fossils of the information which they provide regarding evolution: Fossils are the remains of ancient life forms, which got preserved somehow in the layers of earth, snow or oil. Information given by fossils:. Genetic drift: The change in the frequency of some genes in a population which provides diversity without any survival advantage is called genetic drift. The various ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population : Differences in population are responsible for the diversity such as, colour of eyes, hair, shape of ear lobes.

Evidence of evolution: Errors in DNA copying mutation and sexual reproduction lead to variations which form the basis of evolution. Characteristics that are common in different kinds of living organisms provide evidence in favour of evolution. Evolution : Evolution can be defined as a naturally occurring slow, continuous and irreversible process of change. The gradual change of living organisms from pre-existing organisms since the beginning of life is called organic evolution.

Whereas, gradual change in elements from one form to another with time is termed as inorganic evolution, i. Inherited traits : are those traits which are passed from one generation to another through specific genes.

Any change in DNA of the germ cells will be passed. Acquired traits : are those traits which are acquired by the organism in its lifetime, e. Speciation : It means the origin of new species from the existing ones. It happens when different populations of the same species evolve along different lines.

How speciation occurs? Complex organs like eye has evolved from rudimentary organs, e. A change that is useful for one property to start with can become useful later for quite a different function e. But later, they might be useful for flight. Some heavy birds and reptiles also have feathers but they do not fly. Some very dissimilar looking structures evolve from a common ancestral design, e. It suggests that, if these selections were not done then there would have been only wild cabbage.

Homologous organs are organs having same origin and basic structure but they appear different and perform different functions in various organisms, e. Similarities in basic structure of homologous organs in different organisms, indifferent groups indicate common ancestry.

Analogous organs are organs, which look similar because they perform same function, but they do not have same origin and basic structure. DNA is a chemical in the chromosome which carries the traits in a coded form. Gene is the part of a chromosome which controls a specific biological function.

He concluded that traits are independently inherited Conclusion Round and yellow seeds Round and green seeds Wrinkled and yellow seeds Wrinkled and green seeds Different species use different strategies for this : In some animals the temperature at which fertilized eggs are kept determines whether the developing animals will be males or females. Some animals like snails can change sex indicating that sex is not genetically determined.

In human beings sex of the individual is determined genetically; means genes inherited from the parents decide the sex of the offspring. There are two possibilities : Autosomes: Those chromosomes which do not play any role in sex determination.

If the sperm having X chromosome fertilizes with ovum with X chromosome then the baby will have XX chromosome and it will be female.

If the sperm having Y chromosome fertilizes with ovum with X chromosome then the baby will have XY chromosomes and it will be male. There are the following possibilities First situation: Crows eat these beetles as they can easily pick up red ones in the green bushes There is a colour variation during sexual reproduction and green beetles appears, it reproduces and its population increases. Acquired Traits and Inherited Traits Acquired Traits Inherited Traits i These are the traits which are developed in an individual due to special conditions.

Speciation: It means the development of one or more species from an existing species The factors that could lead to rise of a new species are : Gene flow: It means the exchange of genetic material by interbreeding between populations of the same species or between individuals within a population.

Evolutionary relationships can be traced with the help of the following : Homologous organs: Those organs which have the same basic structural design and developmental origin but perform different functions and appearance, for example; Forelimbs of frog, lizard, bird, bat and human beings. The current example of such a process is wild cabbage plant from which different vegetables are generated by artificial selection rather than natural selection Selection of short distance between the leaves has led to formation of cabbage that, we eat.

Selection for arrested flower development had led to broccoli, Selection for sterile flowers had made cauliflower, Selection for swollen-stem had formed kohlrabi. Selection for large leaves had formed leafy vegetable kale, Selection for colored leaves formed red cabbage. To sum up we can say that evolutionary relationships can be established by Study of Homologous organs Study of Analogous organs Study of fossils Changes in DNA during reproduction Evolution versus Progress: Evolution can not be called progress from lower forms to higher forms.

They went forward and backward. Moved in and out of Africa. Sometimes come back to mix with each other. Factors Responsible for Sex Determination: Environmental: In some animals, the temperature at which the fertilised eggs are kept decides the gender.

Example, in turtle. Genetic: In some animals like humans gender or individual is determined by a pair of chromosomes called sex chromosomes XX � female; XY � male.

Acquired Traits: These are the traits which are developed in an individual due to special conditions. They cannot be transferred to the progeny. They cannot direct evolution, for example, the low weight of starving beetles. Inherited Traits: These are the traits which are passed from one generation to the next.

They get transferred to the progeny. They are helpful in evolution, for example, the colour of eyes and hair. Genetic drift takes place due to: severe changes in the DNA. Evolution and classification. Both evolution and classification are interlinked. Classification of species is a reflection of their evolutionary relationship.

The more characteristics two species have in common the more closely they are related. The more closely they are related, the more recently they have a common ancestor. Similarities among organisms allow us to group them together and to study their characteristics. These are the organs that have same basic structural plan and origin but different functions. Analogous Organs: These are the organs that have different origin and structural plan but same functions.

Example, wings of a bat elongated fingers with skin folds , wings of bird feathery covering along the arm � different structures but same functions. Fossils: The remains and relics of dead organisms that lived in the remote past. Fossils provide evidence of evolution. Example, a fossil called Archaeopteryx has feathered wings like birds but teeth and tail like reptiles hence suggesting that birds and reptiles had a common ancestor.

Causes of variations: Different combinations of genetic material. Some positive gene mutations. Interaction of genes with environmental changes adaptations. Importance of variations: It forms, the. It causes adaptations due to which organism can easily adjust to its changing environment.

Accumulation of variations forms the basis of evolution. Expressing allele of a gene : Homozygous dominant in capital letters, e. Homozygous: When both alleles of a particular gene are the same, e.

F 2 ratio : Phenotypic is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 and Genotypic. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes of which 22 are similar in male and female and are known as autosomes. The remaining one is sex chromosome which is XY in males and XX in females. Males produce two types of sperms X and Y, while female produces one type of egg X. If a X type of sperm fertilizers the egg then the sex of baby will be female XX.

If Y type of sperm fertilizers the egg then the sex of the baby will be male XY. Information given by fossils: They reveal that the life forms which existed earlier do not exist today which indicate that the living forms are ever changing evolving.

They are used to guess the time when a particular organism existed on earth. It is done through carbon dating. If these variations give survival advantage, then such traits are selected in nature and such traits increase in a population. Due to genetic drift. This occurs due to geographical or reproductive isolation. It results in the change in gene frequency in a particular: population.

Migration which leads to gene flow in and out of the population. The mutation caused due to particular type of environment. It occurs when two populations are isolated both geographically and reproductively leading to almost no gene flow between the two populations.

Over generations, genetic drift will accumulate different changes in each sub-population. Natural selection may also operate differently in these different locations. Together natural selection and genetic drift will cause such changes severe changes in the DNA that these two groups will not be able to reproduce with each other even if they happen to meet.

When DNA changes occur to larger extent, it may lead to change in the number of chromosomes or gene expression, eventually the germ cells of the two groups cannot fuse with each other. This leads to emergence of new species.

Estimating Age of Fossil: There are 2 methods : Relative method : On digging, the fossils which are closer to the surface are more recent than the fossils found in deeper layers.

Dating fossils carbon dating method : It is done by detecting the ratios of different isotopes of the same element i. Evolution by stages : Complex organs like eye has evolved from rudimentary organs, e.

The discovery of fossils explains how far an animal has evolved in the course of time. The presence of a Y chromosome in a sperm determines the gender of a child. The theory of evolution of species by natural selection by Charles Darwin. Apart from this, it is also advisable to take the Heredity and Evolution mock test on Embibe. With the help of the test, you will get a better idea about where you are standing.

If you have any queries, feel free to post them below. We will get back to you at the earliest. Stay tuned on embibe.

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