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He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in , and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs. What was the Greek war of independence? This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between and against the Ottoman Empire.
The Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation.
Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of recognised Greece as an independent nation. What do you know about Frankfurt parliament? It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions.
It was convened on 18 May, in the Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end, it was forced to disband on 31 May, What was the role of women in nationalist struggles?
Artistic representations of the French Revolution show men and women participating equally in the movement. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
Ideas of la patrie the fatherland and le citoyen the citizen popularised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag replaced the royal standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens. A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation, and regional dialects were discouraged in favour of French as the national language.
Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the French and the German nation. The importance of the way in which they were portrayed lay in the fact that the public could identify with their symbolic meaning, and this would instil a sense of national unity in them. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
The process of German unification was continued by Prussia after the defeat of the liberal, middle-class Germans at the hands of the aristocrats and the military in Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
Over seven years, Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France. These wars culminated in Prussian victory and German unification. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him? Napoleon introduced several changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him.
He formulated the Civil Code of , also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with privileges based on birth. This law established equality before law, and also secured the right to property. Napoleon shortened administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from manorial dues and serfdom.
Transport and communications were improved too. Explain what is meant by the revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
The revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire , men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles.
In Germany, for example, various political associations comprising middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in Frankfurt to form an all-German National Assembly. This Frankfurt parliament drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Though such liberal movements were ultimately suppressed by conservative forces, the old order could never be restored. The monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were clearly based on democratic ideals. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification�a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished, and economic equality had to be pursued as a national goal.
Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe. Apart from wars and territorial expansion, culture also played a crucial role in the development of nationalism.
Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The strength of art in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets and artists in mobilising public opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.
Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to popularising the spirit of nationalism and patriotic fervour in Europe. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consciousness.
Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience. The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated and popularised the Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols. Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. An example of this is how during Russian occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance.
During this period, Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in , many members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction. The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity.
Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century. The development of the German and Italian nation states in the nineteenth century Political fragmentation: Till the middle of the nineteenth century, the present-day nations of Germany and Italy were fragmented into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by different princely houses. Revolutionary uprisings: Nineteenth-century Europe was characterised by both popular uprisings of the masses and revolutions led by the educated, liberal middle classes.
The middle classes belonging to the different German regions came together to form an all-German National Assembly in However, on facing opposition from the aristocracy and military, and on losing its mass support base, it was forced to disband. In the Italian region, during the s, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini sought to establish a unitary Italian Republic.
However, the revolutionary uprisings of and failed to unite Italy. Unification with the help of the army: After the failure of the revolutions, the process of German and Italian unification was continued by the aristocracy and the army. Germany was united by the Prussian chief minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
The German empire was proclaimed in What are the learning objectives of Chapter 4 � The Age of Industrialisation? This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between and against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Briefly trace the process of German unification. The process of German unification was continued by Prussia after the defeat of the liberal, middle-class Germans at the hands of the aristocrats and the military in Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Over seven years, Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France.
These wars culminated in Prussian victory and German unification. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe? The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike that in the rest of Europe in the sense that it was forced down upon the masses. There was no concept of a British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The region was in fact inhabited by different ethnic groups English, Welsh, Scot, Irish. Each group had its own cultural and political tradition. However, as the English state grew in terms of wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other states of the islands.
The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy, played a crucial role in doing away with the ethnic distinctions and uniting the different groups into a British nation-state, with England at its centre.
The ethnic nationalities were, directly or indirectly, forced to join the English state to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The symbols of new Britain�the British flag, the national anthem and the English language were widely popularised, while the distinctive identities of the other joining states were systematically suppressed.
English culture dominated the British nation, while the other states became mere subsidiaries 10th Ncert History Used in the Union. Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act. It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities besides allowing it to detain political prisoners without a trial, for two years. The Indian were outraged by this act as it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive, and hurt national sentiments and dignity.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1. The image of Bharat Mata as painted by Abanindranath Tagore shows her as bestowing learning, food and clothing. She bears aesthetic quality as denoted by the mala held by her. This is similar to the image of Germania as painted by Philip Veit, where she holds a sword, but looks more feminine.
The other Class 10th Ncert History Chapter 2 Quest painting of Bharat Mata is more manly in its representation. In it, she is shown as bearing power and authority as denoted by the lion and elephant beside her. The latter image is more akin to the image of Germania by Lorenz Clasen, where she wields a sword and shield, and looks ready to fight. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas because the Native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and colonisers brought with them. The Europeans were more or less immune to small pox, but the Native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it.
These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be fought against.
Explain the causes of the Great Depression. The Great Depression was a result of many different factors. The post-war global economy was weak.
Also, agricultural over-production proved to be a nuisance, which was made worse by falling food grain prices. To counter this, farmers began to increase production and bring even more produce to the markets to maintain their annual incomes.
This led to such a glut of food grains that prices plummeted further and farm produce was left to rot. Most countries took loans from the US, but American overseas lenders were wary about the same. When they decreased the amount of loans, the countries economically dependent on US loans faced an acute crisis. In Europe, this led to the failure of major banks and currencies such as the British pound sterling.
In a bid to protect the American economy, USA doubled import duties. This worsened the world trade scenario. All these factors contributed to the Great Depression. It affected USA the worst on account of its being a global loan provider and the biggest industrial nation.
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