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These wars culminated in Prussian victory and German unification. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe? The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike that in the rest of Europe in the sense that it was forced down upon the masses. There was no concept of a British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
The region was in fact inhabited by different ethnic groups English, Welsh, Scot, Irish. Each group had its own cultural and political tradition.
However, as the English state grew in terms of wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other states of the islands. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy, played a crucial role in doing away with the ethnic distinctions and uniting the different groups into a British nation-state, with England at its centre.
The ethnic nationalities were, directly or indirectly, forced to join the English state to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The symbols of new Britain�the British flag, the national anthem and the English language were widely popularised, while the distinctive identities of the other joining states were systematically suppressed. English culture dominated the British nation, while the other states became mere subsidiaries in the Union. Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.
It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities besides allowing it to detain political prisoners without a trial, for two years. The Indian were outraged by this act as it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive, and hurt national sentiments and dignity. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
The image of Bharat Mata as painted by Abanindranath Tagore shows her as bestowing learning, food and clothing. She bears aesthetic quality as denoted by the mala held by her. This is similar to the image of Germania as painted by Philip Veit, where she holds a sword, but looks more feminine.
The other painting of Bharat Mata is more manly in its representation. In it, she is shown as bearing power and authority as denoted by the lion and elephant beside her. The latter image is more akin to the image of Germania by Lorenz Clasen, where she wields a sword and shield, and looks ready to fight. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas. The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas because the Native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and colonisers brought with them.
The Europeans were more or less immune to small pox, but the Native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it.
These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be fought against.
Explain the causes of the Great Depression. The Great Depression was a result of many different factors. The post-war global economy was weak. Also, agricultural over-production proved to be a nuisance, which was made worse by falling food grain prices. To counter this, farmers began to increase production and bring even more produce to the markets to maintain their annual incomes.
This led to such a glut of food grains that prices plummeted further and farm produce was left to rot. Most countries took loans from the US, but American overseas lenders were wary about the same. When they decreased the amount of loans, the countries economically dependent on US loans faced an acute crisis. In Europe, this led to the failure of major banks and currencies such as the British pound sterling.
In a bid to protect the American economy, USA doubled import duties. This worsened the world trade scenario. All these factors contributed to the Great Depression. It affected USA the worst on account of its being a global loan provider and the biggest industrial nation. Why was Martin Luther in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it? Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it because print media helped popularise and spread his ideas.
These writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. His translation of the New Testament was also accepted and read by thousands. This was only possible due to the improvements in print technology which had allowed even the working classes to gain access to books. Write short notes to show what you know about The Vernacular Press Act.
This law gave the government tyrannical rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. If a seditious report was published and the newspaper did not heed to an initial warning, then the press was seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
The French believed that like all other Europeans it was their duty to civilise the colonies even if this meant destruction to local cultures, religion and traditions. It was thought that it might be possible only if the advanced countries established their colonies over the backward and uncivilised people. After the occupation of Vietnam, the French tried to reshape the social and cultural life of the people.
Christianity was intolerant of this easy-going attitude of the Vietnamese and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to revere the supernatural as something to be corrected.
However, the religious beliefs among the peasantry were shaped by a variety of syncretic traditions i. These traditions combined Buddhism and local beliefs. The policy of the French gave rise to many movements. Some supported the French but others inspired movements against colonial rule.
One such movement was founded by Huynh Phu So. It was Hoa Hao. He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal.
He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. The French tried to suppress the movement. He was declared mad and was called the Mad Bonze. They sent him to a mental asylum. But the doctor who had to prove that he was insane became his follower. In , even the French doctors declared that he was sane. The French authorities, however, exiled him to Laos. Many of his followers were sent to concentration camps. Political parties often drew upon their support but they could neither control nor discipline their followers.
Yet the significance of such movement in arousing anti-imperialist sentiments should not be underestimated. Explain the following � a Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examinations. Usually, as many as two-thirds of the students were failed, b The French began by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works � canals and earthworks � built mainly with forced labour, increased rice production, and allowed the export of rice to the international market.
The area under rice cultivation went up from about , hectares in to around 1. Vietnam exported two- thirds of its rice production and by , had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world. A Vietnamese girl sitting in one of the front seats was asked to move to the back of the class, and allow a local French student to occupy the front bench. She refused. The principal, also a colon French people in the colonies , expelled her.
When angry students protested, they too were expelled, leading to a further spread of open protests. Seeing the situation getting out of control, the government forced the school to take the students back. The refuge from the old city drained straight but into the river or, during heavy rains or floods, overflowed into the streets. Thus, what was installed to create a hygienic environment in the French city became the cause of the plague. The large sewers in the modern part of the city, a symbol of modernity, were an ideal and protected breeding ground for the rats.
The sewers also served as a great transport system, allowing the rats to move around the city without any problem. And rats began to enter the well-cared homes of the French through the sewage pipes. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin Free School. To what extent was it a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam? Ideas behind Tonkin Schools :.
How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau? Both were absolutely anti-colonialists and worked to free Vietnam from the French domination. Chau and Trinh, both wanted to modernise Vietnam.
In short, both Chau and Trinh were looking at the same end � a free sovereign modern Vietnam. However, they differed on the means to pursue the same end. Their views on different issues can be briefly tabulated as follows :. How did the textbooks represent Vietnamese during the period of French colonization? To counter the Chinese influence what steps did the French take in the sphere of education? What were the two broad opinions on this question?
How did the long war between the US and Vietnam come to an end? Explain the reasons for the French Colonisers to scrap the bounty programme for rat hunting in How the purpose got defeated? Multiple Choice Questions. Why was the Tonkin Free School started in in Vietnam? Which one of the following was an impact of the Great Depression of s on Vietnam? Which one of the following statements is not true about the Trung sisters of Vietnam? Which one of the following is true about Phan Chu Trinh?
In which famous battle were the French defeated? Which European country colonised Vietnam? Which society did Phan Boi Chau form? In which of the following areas of Vietnam did the French build a canal to increase the cultivation for export?
By whom was the Democratic Republic of Vietnam formed? At which of the following places were the French finally defeated by the Vietnamese in ? By Ncert Solutions Class 10th History Chapter 7 Oracle which of the following persons was the Vietnamese Communist Party established in ? What does NLF stand for? What is referred to as the Ho Chi Minh Trail?
Which of the following was the most important cause of colonisation of Vietnamese by the French?
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