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NCERT Books for Class 10 History PDF Download

You can use these solutions for online study or download to use it offline. Covalent compounds are formed due to sharing of electrons between atoms and no charged particle ions class 10th ncert history chapter 4 2?? formed, hence such compounds are generally bad conductors of electricity.

Saturated hydrocarbons: A hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom is attached to four other atoms, is known a saturated hydrocarbon. The bonds so formed are single covalent bonds. These hydrocarbons are also called alkanes. The unique property of carbon to form bonds Ncert Solutions For Class 10th History Chapter 1 2?? with other carbon atoms giving rise to large molecules is called catenation.

Due to catenation compounds of carbons have long chains of carbon, branches chains of carbon and even carbon atoms arranged in rings. The reaction of an ester to react with an acid or base to give back the alcohol and carboxylic acid is called saponification. This is so-called because this reaction is used in the preparation of soap.

Dirt is generally absorbed in the clothes as an oily material. It cannot be removed with water nfert it does not mix well with water. But when a cloth with dirt is soaked in soap solution, the dirt and grease attach themselves to the hydrocarbon component of the soap molecule. Question 1: What do you understand by a homologous series? Explain giving one example of homologous series. OR Define homologous hostory of carbon compound.

List any two characteristics of a homologous series. Answer 1: A homologous series is a group or family of compounds which contains the same functional group but class 10th ncert history chapter 4 2?? different chain lengths. Thus, these have the same chemical properties but different physical properties that vary in a regular manner.

Characteristics of a homologous series are: i It has a general formula in terms of number of carbon atoms. Question 2: a Cha;ter between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of i litmus test, ii reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate. Ethanoic acid solution in water turns blue litmus red. It reacts histtory sodium carbonate with effervescence and gives out carbon dioxide gas which turns lime water milky. Question 1: Soap does not form lather with hard water.

Or Why do soaps not work in hard water? Or Why do soaps from scum instead of lather in hard water? Question 2: What will happen if ethanol reacts will ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid? Name the reaction. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. Answer 2: Cchapter alcohol reacts with acetic acid ethanoic acid in the presence of a few drops of conc.

Such a reaction is called esterification. For example, methane, ethane, propane, butane. Ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates and metal hydrogencarbonates to form salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas while ethanol does not react with.

This reaction is applied in the hydrogenation of vegetables oils, which contain long chains of unsaturated carbons. Why are covalent compounds poor conductor of electricity? Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. What is catenation? What is its class 10th ncert history chapter 4 2?? What is meant by saponification? How does soap help to wash the clothes? Important Questions on 10th Science Chapter 4 What is a homologous series?

A class 10th ncert history chapter 4 2?? series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of carbon atoms but contain the same functional group. How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?

Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature with a pleasant odour while ethanoic acid has vinegar-like smell. This is below room temperature and hence, it freezes during winters. Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications? Most of the carbon compounds give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air.

Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clean flame and no smoke is produced. The carbon compounds, used as a fuel, have high calorific values. Therefore, carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most applications. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.

Soap does not work properly when the water is hard. A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium.

When soap is added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions present in water displace sodium or potassium ions from the soap molecules forming an insoluble substance called scum. A lot of soap is wasted in the process. What change will you class 10th ncert history chapter 4 2?? if you test soap with litmus paper red and blue?

Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus blue. However, the colour of blue litmus will remain clzss. What is hydrogenation? What clxss its industrial application? Hydrogenation is ncett process of addition of hydrogen.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are added with hydrogen in the presence of palladium and nickel chaprer to give saturated hydrocarbons. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us? The two features of carbon that give rise to a large number of compounds are as follows: i Catenation: It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon. What are oxidising agents?

Some substances such as alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate are capable of adding oxygen to class 10th ncert Ncert Solutions Class 10th History Chapter 7 Oracle history chapter 4 2??. These are known as oxidising agents.

Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements �.

It is the part of money which is invested for trade purpose. Slow changes in technology. This part of industrial history is known as proto-industrialisation. This helps them learn the subject easily and enables them to score high marks in their exam. This chapter explains how the age of industrialisation marked the beginning of modernisation. Technology was expensive.

Conclusion:

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