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Chemical change: - is a change in which one or more new substances are formed. Exothermic Reaction - Ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf chemical reaction which is accompanied by evolution of heat energy is known as exothermic reaction.

The amount of heat energy produced is written along with the products. This indicates that heat is given ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf. Endothermic Reactions - A chemical reaction which is accompanied by absorption of heat energy is known as exothermic reaction.

The amount of heat energy produced is written along with the reactants. This indicates that heat is absorbed. Vedantu Innovations Pvt. It shows that one molecule of water is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. It shows that one molecule of sulphuric acid is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atom of Sulphur and 4 atoms of oxygen. Chemical Equations - Representation of a chemical change in terms of symbols and formulae of the reactants and products is known as chemical equation of the reaction.

Step I: Writing skeletal Equation A word-equation shows change of reactants to products through an arrow placed between. The arrow may be read as "to yield" or "to form" or "to give" and shows the direction of the reaction.

A complete chemical equation represents the reactants, products and their physical states symbolically and is a balanced account of a chemical transaction.

An equation in which number of atoms of each element is equal on both the sides of the equation is known as balanced chemical equation. A chemical equation is balanced so that the numbers of atoms of each type involved in a chemical reaction are the same on the reactant and product sides of the equation. Equations must always be balanced. Whenever H2O is present on any side, the number of hydrogen on both the sides should be an even number 2 atoms of hydrogen in water.

What that number is, we will find out later. As a result, the number of chlorine atoms will also be. But ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf the product side, the number of chlorine atoms is odd i. The only ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf number of chlorine atoms is in KCl. Let us change it into the simplest even number possible i.

So add these numbers in front of K, Mn and O, K is already. If there are ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf H2O on the product side, there should be 16 H 8 x 2 on the reactants side as.

On the left hand side, there are 16 Cl. Subsequently 10 more Cl atoms are to be accounted. So place 5 in front of Cl2 to make it 10 5 x 2. Information conveyed by a chemical equation 1. Names of various reactants and products 2.

Formulae of reactants and products 3. Relative number of moles of the reactants and products 4. Relative masses of reactants and products 5.

Relative volumes of gaseous reactants and products. Accordingly, the following symbols should be added to make it informative: s for solid, l for liquid, aq if the reactant or product is present as a solution in water, g for gas and vap for vapour. An equation does not reveal. In some cases, terms like diluted dil and concentrated conc may be added. This is overcome by mentioning these above or below the arrow.

This is mentioned separately. Balancing of simple Chemical Equations - The number of atoms of each element should remain same before and after the reaction. Balancing: To make the number of atoms of all ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf elements equal on both the sides in a skeletal equation. A simple equation is balanced by Hit and trial method.

Step 1: Write the correct skeleton ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf. Step 2: Start with the compound that has the maximum atoms or maximum kinds of atoms and the atoms present in it are balanced. Step 3: Balance elements that ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf only once on each side of the arrow.

Then balance elements that appear more than once on a. Step 4: Elementary substances are balanced last of all. Step 5: If required the whole equation is multiplied by some suitable number in order to make all the coefficients whole numbers. Balancing of Ionic Equations: A balanced ionic equation must satisfy mass as well as charge balance. Calculations based on Chemical Equations: We can get a lot of quantitative information from a chemical reaction.

Number of moles of reactants and products can be calculated from a chemical reaction. Combination or Synthesis Reactions: The reactions in which two or more substances combine to form a single new substance.

Types of Combination reactions: 1. Decomposition reactions: are opposite to combination reactions. In a decomposition reaction a compound breaks down into two or more simple substances by the application of heat or electricity. When a substance decomposes due to heat it is called thermal decomposition, while decomposition due to ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf, is called electrolytic decomposition.

Electrolysis: The decomposition ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf a substance by passing electric current through it is called electrolysis.

Similarly, if blue crystals of copper nitrate are heated, they undergo thermal decomposition to give black colored copper oxide, reddish brown ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf of nitrogen dioxide, and a colorless gas of oxygen. When water taken in an electrolytic cell, is acidified with a small quantity of sulphuric acid and a direct current passed through it undergoes electrolytic decomposition to yield hydrogen and oxygen.

If an electric current is passed through molten lead bromide, ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf decomposes to give lead and bromine. Activity Series: The activity series of metals is a list of metals in the order of their decreasing chemical activity. A substitution or displacement reaction is a chemical change in which atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element from the molecules of a compound.

Elements which are higher in the Activity Series displace those elements which are placed below. More electro positive elements displace lesser electropositive elements. Conversely, higher electro negative elements will displace lesser electro negative elements. For e. Precipitation Reaction 2. Neutralization Reactions. Precipitation In all the above reactions a white substance, which is insoluble in water, is formed.

This insoluble substance formed is known as a precipitate. A reaction that produces a precipitate is called a precipitation reaction. Neutralization Neutralization is a type of double displacement reaction, in which, the reactants are a base and an acid, and the products are salt and water. The positive charge of the hydrogen ion of the acid, and ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf negative charge of hydroxyl ions or oxide ions of the base, lose their electrical charge, and become covalent molecule of water.

Classical Concept of Oxidation and Reduction "Oxidation is a reaction in which oxygen is added or hydrogen is removed from a substance. Oxidation and reduction reactions may occur simultaneously, these reactions as "redox" reactions. Example of Redox Reaction. Another definition of Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation: The process of addition of electronegative element or radical or removal of electropositive element or radical.

Reduction: The process of addition of electropositive element or radical or removal of electronegative element or radical. Electronic Concept of Oxidation and Reduction. Corrosion Many metals are chemically active elements and get easily affected by substances like moisture, air, acids. One must have observed iron articles that are shiny when new, but get coated with a reddish brown powder when left for some time.

This process is commonly known as rusting of iron. The problem with iron as ncert 10th chemistry notes pdf as many other metals is that oxidation takes place and the oxide formed does not firmly adhere to the surface of the metal causing it to flake off easily. This eventually causes structural weakness and disintegration of the metal.

Hence metal is attacked by substances around it, it is said to corrode and this process is called corrosion. Corrosion causes deterioration of essential properties in a material. What happens to copper vessels or artifacts when exposed to air and water? They slowly get tarnished by acquiring a thin green oxide layer.

Similarly, silver quickly acquires a 10th Ncert Maths Notes Pdf Java thin black oxide coating in moist air. The heaviest metal lead also tarnishes in moist weather.

The black coating on silver and the green coating on copper are examples of corrosion in which the oxides formed strongly bond to the surface of the metal, preventing the surface from further exposure to oxygen and consequently slowing down corrosion. This unpleasant change in the flavor and odour of a food is called rancidity.

The most important cause of rancidity is the deterioration in fats and fatty foods because of oxidation process. When an oxygen atom replaces hydrogen atom in the fatty acid molecule it destabilizes the molecule. Factors which accelerate fat oxidation include, salt, light, water, bacteria, moulds trace metals iron, zinc.

Usually substances which retard fat oxidation or rancidity are called antioxidants such as BHT, BHA, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and spices such as sage and rosemary.

You can also subscribe without commenting. It also explains prime examples of evolution thoroughly. These notes will be useful for students of many state and central education boards. Biology, Chemistry, and Physics; the branch of Chemistry is interconnected to the other two branches. Oxidation and reduction with many examples. This feature helps the students to locate the various topics easily and learn the definitions conveniently.

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