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The warmup process that a laser printer goes through when power is initially applied to the printer consists mainly of heating the fuser element. The mechanism inside a laser printer is somewhat delicate and, once damaged, often impossible to repair. The drum, in particular, is a critical component: it must not be left exposed to ambient light for more than a few hours, as light is what causes it to lose its charge and will eventually wear it out.
Anything that interferes with the operation of the laser such as a scrap of torn paper may prevent the laser from discharging some portion of the drum, causing those areas to appear as white vertical streaks. If the neutral wiper blade fails to remove residual toner from the drum's surface, that toner may circulate on the drum a second time, causing smears on the printed page with each revolution.
If the charge roller becomes damaged or does not have enough power, it may fail to adequately negatively charge the surface of the drum, allowing the drum to pick up excessive toner on the next revolution from the developer roll and causing a repeated but fainter image from the previous revolution to appear down the page. If the toner doctor blade does not ensure that a smooth, even layer of toner is applied to the developer roll, the resulting printout may have white streaks from this in places where the blade has scraped off too much toner.
Alternatively, if the blade allows too much toner to remain on the developer roll, the toner particles might come loose as the roll turns, precipitate onto the paper below, and become bonded to the paper during the fusing process. This will result in a general darkening of the printed page in broad vertical stripes with very soft edges.
If the fuser roller does not reach Steamboat Springs Mountain Cam Office a high enough temperature or if the ambient humidity is too high, the toner will not fuse well to the paper and may flake off after printing.
If the fuser is too hot, the plastic component of the toner may smear, causing the printed text to look like it is wet or smudged, or may cause the melted toner to soak through the paper to the backside.
Different manufacturers claim that their toners are specifically developed for their printers and that other toner formulations may not match the original specifications in terms of either tendency to accept a negative charge, to move to the discharged areas of the photoreceptor drum from the developer roll, to fuse appropriately to the paper, or to come off the drum cleanly in each revolution. As with most electronic devices, the cost of laser printers has fallen markedly over the years.
By the late s, monochrome laser printers have become inexpensive enough for home office use having displaced other printing technologies, although color inkjet printers see below still had advantages in photo quality reproduction.
Laser printer speed can vary widely, and depends on many factors, including the graphic intensity of the job being processed. The fastest models can print over monochrome pages per minute 12, pages per hour. The fastest color laser printers can print over pages per minute pages per hour. Very high-speed laser printers are used for mass mailings of personalized documents, such as credit card or utility bills, and are competing with lithography in some commercial applications.
The cost of this technology depends on a combination of factors, including the cost of paper, toner, drum replacement, as well as the replacement of other items such as the fuser assembly and transfer assembly. Often printers with soft plastic drums can have a very high cost of ownership that does not become apparent until the drum requires replacement. Duplex printing printing on both sides of the paper can halve paper costs and reduce filing volumes, albeit at a slower page-printing speed because of the longer paper path.
Formerly only available on high-end printers, duplexers are now common on mid-range office printers, though not all printers can accommodate a duplexing unit. In a commercial environment such as an office, it is becoming increasingly common for businesses to use external software that increases the performance and efficiency of laser printers in the workplace.
The software can be used to set rules dictating how employees interact with printers, such as setting limits on how many pages can be printed per day, limiting usage of color ink, and flagging jobs that appear to be wasteful. Color laser printers use colored toner dry ink , typically cyan , magenta , yellow , and black CMYK. While monochrome printers only use one laser scanner assembly, color printers often have two or more, often one for each of the four colors.
To permit a high registration accuracy, some color laser printers use a large rotating belt called a "transfer belt". The transfer belt passes in front of all the toner cartridges and each of the toner layers are precisely applied to the belt.
The combined layers are then applied to the paper in a uniform single step. Color printers usually have a higher cost per page than monochrome printers, even if printing monochrome-only pages. Liquid electrophotography LEP is a similar process used in HP Indigo presses that uses electrostatically charged ink instead of toner, and using a heated transfer roller instead of a fuser, that melts the charged ink particles before applying them to the paper.
Color laser transfer printers are designed to create transfer media which are transfer sheets designed to be applied by means of a heat press. These transfers are typically used to make custom t-shirts or custom logo products with corporate or team logos on them. The CMYK color printing process allows for millions of colors to be faithfully represented by the unique imaging process. Manufacturers use a similar business model for both low-cost color laser printers and inkjet printers : the printers are sold cheaply while replacement toners and inks are relatively expensive.
A color laser printer's average running cost per page is usually slightly less, even though both the laser printer and laser toner cartridge have higher upfront prices, as laser toner cartridges print many more sheets relative to their cost than inkjet cartridges.
The print quality of color lasers is limited by their resolution typically � dpi and their use of just four color toners. They often have trouble printing large areas of the same or subtle gradations of color. Inkjet printers designed for printing photos can produce much higher quality color images. Laser printers offer more precise edging and in-depth monochromatic color. In addition, color laser printers are much faster than inkjet printers, although being generally larger and bulkier.
Many modern color laser printers mark printouts by a nearly invisible dot raster , for the purpose of traceability. The dots are yellow and about 0.
This is purportedly the result of a deal between the US government and printer manufacturers to help track counterfeiters. Digital rights advocacy groups such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation are concerned about this erosion of the privacy and anonymity of those who print. For these toner cartridges as with inkjet cartridges , reset devices can be used to override the limitation set by the smart chip.
Also, for some printers, online walk-throughs have been posted to demonstrate how to use up all the ink in the cartridge. Toner particles are formulated to have electrostatic properties and can develop static electric charges when they rub against other particles, objects, or the interiors of transport systems and vacuum hoses. Static discharge from charged toner particles can ignite combustible particles in a vacuum cleaner bag or create a small dust explosion if sufficient toner is airborne.
Toner particles are so fine that they are poorly filtered by conventional household vacuum cleaner filter bags and blow through the motor or back into the room. If toner spills into the laser printer, a special type of vacuum cleaner with an electrically conductive hose and a high-efficiency HEPA filter may be needed for effective cleaning.
As a normal part of the printing process, the high voltages inside the printer can produce a corona discharge that generates a small amount of ionized oxygen and nitrogen, which react to form ozone and nitrogen oxides.
In larger commercial printers and copiers, an activated carbon filter in the air exhaust stream breaks down [ citation needed ] these noxious gases to prevent pollution of the office environment. However, some ozone escapes the filtering process in commercial printers, and ozone filters are not used at all in most smaller consumer printers.
When a laser printer or copier is operated for a long period of time in a small, poorly ventilated space, these gases can build up to levels at which the odor of ozone or irritation may be noticed. A potential for creating a health hazard is theoretically possible in extreme cases. According to a study conducted in Queensland, Australia, some printers emit sub- micrometer particles which some suspect may be associated with respiratory diseases.
The machine population studied, however, was only those machines already in place in the building and was thus biased toward specific manufacturers. The authors noted that particle emissions varied substantially even among the same model of machine. According to Professor Morawska of the Queensland University of Technology, one printer emitted as many particles as a burning cigarette: [35] [36]. The health effects from inhaling ultrafine particles depend on particle composition, but the results can range from respiratory irritation to more severe illness such as cardiovascular problems or cancer.
In December , the Australian government agency Safe Work Australia reviewed existing research and concluded that "no epidemiology studies directly associating laser printer emissions with adverse health outcomes were located" and that several assessments conclude that "risk of direct toxicity and health effects from exposure to laser printer emissions is negligible".
The German Social Accident Insurance has commissioned a human study project to examine the effects on health resulting from exposure to toner dusts and from photocopying and printing cycles. Volunteers 23 control persons, 15 exposed persons and 14 asthmatics were exposed to laser printer emissions under defined conditions in an exposure chamber. The findings from the study based on a broad spectrum of processes and subjects fail to confirm that exposure to high laser printer emissions initiates a verifiable pathological process resulting in the reported illnesses.
A much-discussed proposal for reducing emissions from laser printers is to retrofit them with filters. These are fixed with adhesive tape to the printer's fan vents to reduce particle emissions.
However, all printers have a paper output tray being an important source of particle emissions. By their very nature, paper output trays cannot be provided with filters, so it is impossible to reduce their contribution to overall emissions with retrofit filters. After the cargo plane bomb plot , in which shipments of laser printers with explosive-filled toner cartridges were discovered on separate cargo airplanes, the US Transportation Security Administration prohibited pass-through passengers from carrying toner or ink cartridges weighing over 1 pound 0.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Electrostatic digital printing process. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. January Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Xerography.
Main article: Machine Identification Code. Main article: Planned obsolescence. It has been suggested that parts of this page be moved into Toner cartridge. Play media. Goldman, Founder of Xerox Lab, Dies at 90". The New York Times. December 21, In the late s, Xerox, then the dominant manufacturer of office copiers The New Yorker. Retrieved 28 October Reilly Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology. Greenwood Press.
ISBN Allan 1 October Allan Publishing. Kasdorf January The Columbia Guide to Digital Publishing. Columbia University Press. Digital Printing of Textiles. Elsevier Science. Strassmann Strassmann, Inc. Information Week. August 7, Each donation will be used exclusively for the development and creation of increased news coverage. Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil. If you don't follow the rules , your comment may be deleted. User Legend: Moderator Trusted User. Those who work in Glenwood Springs full-time would have first dibs on affordable housing units under proposed program guidelines.
Glenwood Springs councilors approve tunnel design for South Bridge Project Shortened airport runway still on the table pending study results News News. Shannon Marvel smarvel postindependent. Support Local Journalism Donate. Proposed inclusionary deed restricted housing guidelines prioritize those who work in Glenwood Springs Those who work in Glenwood Springs full-time would have first dibs on affordable housing units under proposed program guidelines.
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